نشریه تاریخ ایران اسلامی
سال هشتم شماره 1 (بهار و تابستان 1399)

In the history of Iran, king succession is marked as an important issue with strong impacts upon all sociopolitical and economic affairs. Possibly, it could be enumerated as an element of identification of a government’s political stability. In the Safavid era, the issue of king succession came with economic and political consequences that left significant implications in the Safavid governance and dignity of king, leading to debilitation of Safavid government. Ineffectual succession mechanisms and dearth of a codified law caused different forces, including women and military forces, to engage in succession processes. These forces made their utmost attempts to influence the king and derail him toward their own interests. Elapsing most of their lifetime in king courts, Safavid princes were ignorant of governance policies. They, accordingly, were much easy to get magnetized by these currents. Making use of a descriptive-analytical methodology, this study makes attempts to provide replies to the question how power leverages embedded in the pyramid of governance caused disputes in the issue of king succession. According to the findings of this research, disturbed internal situations, invasion of neighbors to borders, and faltered king's position as an absolute guide were the most significant consequences of the crisis in the issue of king's succession.

 The formation of the Safavid state in 907 AH is a turning point in the history of Shiism and a new chapter in the relationship of Shiite scholars with Safavid kings. The present article tries to explore the relations of Shiite scholars with Safavid kings by emphasizing the period of Shah Ismail and Shah Tahmasb Safavid (982-907 AH). The results of the research indicate that the relations of Shiite scholars with Safavid kings in the period under discussion had different aspects from thought to action and had both negative and positive approaches. In connection with this issue, emphasizing the need to establish a government during the absence, theoretical justification for the establishment of the Safavid government, justifying the legitimacy of Shiite governments, especially Safavids, the need to hold Friday prayers, giving gifts to Safavid kings positive approaches and the absence of Friday prayers during the absence, Paying gifts to Safavid kingsAnd the non-holding of Friday prayers in the evening of absence and also the lack of need for political positions to be accepted by the ulema have been the most important negative approaches in the relations of some other Shiite ulema with the Safavid kings in the period in question.And the non-holding of Friday prayers in the evening of absence and also the lack of need for political positions to be accepted by the ulema have been the most important negative approaches in the relations of some other Shiite ulema with the Safavid kings in the period in question.

At the beginning of the Abbasid state) of 132-656. AH) flourished Calligraphy market. and for fancy and beauty, was found several ways in writing. The types of Kufic writing was more than fifty different .And the first Nask writing found a large variety because of the font size and writing formation that wasn’t to recognize and read and write all of them easy task.At this time appeared fonts or methods brighter and better. That the writing are known six pens.Abu Ali mohammad ibn Ali ibn e Hussein Abdullah Baydawi Shirazi (272- Shawwal 328 AH / March 886 AD -940, wellknown as Ibn Moghleh, scholar, calligrapher and Abbasid minister and the inventor of the six different pens .in fact, Ibn Moghleh distincted this writing between the different writings and made them regularly.He created first interlaced Kufic script and first Nask writing and the new initiative, creations six pens. First, he created simple linear and legible and it called (mohaqaq) and it was made regularly .. Then,he succesd In shaping and creating the Nask writing.and after them ,he invented to shape the Ragha and Toghih writtings. Most of scholars,regarded Ibn Moghleh whom the first initiator and originator of Islamic calligraphy as an art that After him , his students learned his way and in particular,they brought the Sols writing to perfection . 

The political function of the pulpit is one of the multiple functions of the Shiite pulpits, which has been the source of action and reaction during the constitutional period to inform and stage the people, to stage a public uprising and to demand social justice.Hence, the authors try to answer the question, "What were the causes and factors of the political function of the pulpit of the proponents and opponents of the constitution?" Test the hypothesis that the pulpit media in the constitutional period (both proponents and opponents) of elements such as the sanctity of the pulpit as a behavioral symbol of the Holy Prophet (PBUH), the social influence of the clergy and preachers, the spread of Shiite rites and rituals, expressing the needs of society and Other factors have been exploited and the political efficiency of the revolutionary pulpits, as the main factor of the popular movement and uprising until the establishment of the National Assembly, has been significant and undeniable. Proponents and opponents of the constitution from the beginning of the constitutional movement to the end of the Qajar period through the pulpit attracted a wide range of society and took different positions, the causes, factors and some of its effects will be discussed in detail in this article. This article has been written in an analytical-descriptive manner based on various historical sources and available documents.