مجله دانش و تندرستی در علوم پایه پزشکی
سال هفدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

To prevent and reduce injuries when using the facilities of parks, it is necessary to provide safe public ‎‎spaces which have a great impact on various aspects of life quality and social sustainability of the city .Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the safety of parks in the cities of Iran.‎

This is a systematic review conducted through searching international databases of Scopus, ‎PubMed, web of sciences, and local scientific databases including Civilica, SID, and Magiran and finally using ‎Google search engine until August 2020‎ .‎The inclusion criteria included full articles in English and Farsi ‎languages. Key words included "urban park", "playground", "safety" and "Iran". Also, other information obtained ‎from these studies was analyzed using the collected questionnaires.

21 studies met the inclusion criteria, the results of which showed safety indicators were weak to moderate in parks of the metropolitan areas‎. In the other cities, study indicators have been reported to be poor. Children's play ‎equipment also did not fully comply with safety standards. Also, park lighting was not desirable and in terms of ‎physical access, they were not designed to meet the needs of people with disabilities and children of all ages.‎

According to the results of this study, to prevent the occurrence of injuries and damages ‎caused by playing in parks, safety issues should be considered in environmental planning. It is recommended to pay attention to cases related to child safety, play ‎equipment, health and environmental ‎safety.

Nasogastric tube (NGT) insertion in anesthetized patients and in patients with depressed levels of consciousness is a challenging process with a high rate of failure. Therefore, the current parallel clinical trial study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the lateral position on the success rate of nasogastric tube insertion in patients with low level of consciousness.

The current study type was a randomized clinical trial in which 170 patients with low level of consciousness and admitted to intensive care and general departments of Ganjavian Hospital in Dezful city were randomly selected and divided into two groups using permutation blocks of six according to the inclusion criteria. Control (85) and intervention (85) were allocated. The data collection tools included demographic and medical information forms and checklists. SPSS version 16 was used for data analysis.

The results show that the duration of tube placement in the intervention group was 64.63 seconds and in the control group was 99.80 seconds, the most common complication is gag reflex in the intervention group 35.30% and in the control group 52.94% The placement of the first time in the intervention group was 63.53% and in the control group was 30.59%. Complications duringtube placement (P=0.002), time spent (P<0.0001), number of attempts to succeed in tube placement (P<0.0001) in the intervention group significantly less than the group Was in control. In general, the success rate of tube placement in the intervention group was significantly higher than the control group (P=0.001).

According to the findings of the present, using lateral position for NGT insertion in patients with depressed level of consciousness is recommended to the treatment team, especially nurses because this method reduces the complications and the number of attempts to achieve successful intubation, in addition to increasing the success rate and saving nurses’ time

Carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is an edible plant that is widely used in food industry and traditional medicine. This herb has pharmaceutical properties traditional medicine to treat cough, bronchitis, diarrhea, blood purifier and increased of appetite, lung swelling reliever, expectorant, improvement of lung cancer, cholesterol reducer and sexual enhancement. Today, in spite of confirmation its traditional benefits, the new therapeutic properties of this plant have beenknown and introduced.The aim of this review study was to determine therapeutic applications in traditional medicine, pharmacological and phytochemical properties, and new experimental studies of carob.

This study is a systematic review based on the PRISMA checklist with the keywords "Ceratonia siliqua", "therapeutic effect" and "experimental studies" without any time limit. 181 articles including review and original research related to its properties were extracted from PubMed, SID, Since Direct and Google search engines, and after a few steps of monitoring titles, reviewing abstracts, and deleting irrelevant items (botany and plant proliferations), 46 articles contains therapeutic application of carob in traditional and its experimental studies were finally selected and entered into the study.

In traditional medicine of different countries for carob, several therapeutic properties have been proposed, most of which are attributed to the antioxidant content, the presence of tannins and saponins. Carob has a variety of compounds with anti-diabetic, anti-proliferative and anti-cancer properties. Recently, a lot of research has been done to identify and confirm the medicinal properties of carob and its various properties, including the effect on reproductive parameters, antimicrobial and antidiabetic properties, liver and kidney protection and gametes cryoprotectant.

Carob has a variety and of biological properties. It is a valuable plant in medical research that helps improvement of health and prevention of some diseases.

Testing C-reactive protein with a decrease in blood lymphocytes can help in the rapid diagnosis ofCovid -19 disease. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the relationship between C-reactive protein levels and lymphopenia on mortality from Covid 19 disease.

The present study is a cross-sectional analytical study that was performed on 179 patients with Covid-19 referred to Imam Hossein Hospital in Shahroud. Subjects with positive PCR test, presence of C-reactive protein and lymphocytes in the experiments, outpatient referral or hospitalization in normal wards, ICU, and CCU of the hospital were included in the study. Chi-square and independent t-tests were used for statistical analysis using SPSS software version 23. The significance level was considered 0.05.

179 patients were included in the study, 51.4% of whom were male.The mortality rate in the lymphopenia group was 15.9%, which was higher than the group with normal lymphocytes, and the mean age of those who died of the disease was significantly higher than those who improved (P=0.01). The results also showed that the mean age in people with high CRP is higher (P=0.01).

According to the present study and the higher mortality rate in patients with lymphopenia, lymphopenia can be suggested as an indicator of the prognosis of patients, and also CRP can be considered a factor for the risk of mortality in patients.

Excessive intake of nitrite and nitrate threatens human health. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of nitrite and nitrate in some summer vegetables cultivated in Bastam region of Shahroud.

the study was conducted in the summer. The study area was divided and a total of 25 summer vegetables, 15 soil samples, and three water samples were measured to determine the levels of nitrate and nitrite according to the Standard instruction (No. 4106).

The total average of nitrate in cucumber, tomato, potato, eggplant and onion was 850.1 ± 65.2, 642.1± 25.4, 48.6 ± 2.5, 14.8 ± 4.5, 791.3±52.1 mg/kg fresh weight, respectively and this level for nitrite was equal to 9.23 ± 0.1, 7.2 ± 0.8, 0.52 ± 0.04, 0.9± 0.05, 5.3±0.32 mg/kg fresh weight that all values were less than the standard level.The level of nitrate and nitrite in the soil was 1250.68 ±562.2 and 98.1 ± 15.2 mg/kg soil weight, respectively. The level of nitrate and nitrite in the water was 5.68±2.2 and 0.23±0.2 mg/l, respectively.

Due to the high consumption of vegetables and summer vegetables in summer and spring, which are also the fertilizing seasons for plantsand shrubs,it is recommended that managers and farmers pay more attention to the process of cultivation and fertilization of agricultural products, as well as frequent monitoring of the level of nitrite and nitrate in the country's vegetables.

Green synthesis as a new method of synthesis of nanoparticles with a simple, biocompatible, safe, and economical approach can be an alternative to chemical and physical processes. Fungi can convert some toxic ions into less harmful forms, including nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with a size of 1 to 100 nanometers have unique quantum properties. Today, the problems of drug resistance have been seen in different species of fungi. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are substances that have been reported to have antifungal properties. The present study aimed to investigate the antifungal effect of biosynthesized SeNPs using Aspergillus fumigatus.

For this purpose, SeNPs were biosynthesized with a specific concentration using A. fumigatus. The presence of nanoparticles was confirmed by various methods, including UV-Vis, FT-IR, FE-SEM, EDX, XRD, DLS, and Zeta potential. Then, susceptibility determination based on the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) testwas performed on standard fungal strains treated with SeNPs.

After confirming the results of nanoparticle biosynthesis, the MICs for Itraconazole and Amphotericin B against the standard fungal strains were 8 and 4 μg/mL respectively. In comparison, MIC values for SeNPs-treated samples were reduced to 1 μg/mL and below.

Due to the increasing resistance of opportunistic fungi to target antifungal drugs, the use of biosafety SeNPs even at low concentrations can have favorable inhibitory effects on the growth of fungal pathogens

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with thrombotic events due to platelets’ defects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance training with and without blood flow restriction on markers of platelet activation in T2DM patients.

Forty-one T2DM patients (age, 50.2±9.3 years, BMI, 31.0±5.2 kg/m2) were randomly divided into three groups of control (CONT), resistance training (RT), and resistance training with blood flow restriction (RTBFR). The subjects in RT group performed 8 weeks of resistance training (knee extension exercise) included three sets of 20 repetitions at 20% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) for the first 2 weeks. Thereafter, the training intensity increased by 20% and the number of repetitions decreased accordingly, every two weeks. Subjects in RTBFR group performed 8 weeks of resistance training encompassed3 sets of 15 repetitions at 20% of 1RM with blood flow restriction for the first 4 weeks. For the last four weeks of training the training intensity increased by 30%. During this period, the subjects in control group followed their normal life. platelet indices, fibrinogen and markers of platelet activation were measured one day prior to the first training session and 48 hours after last training session.

Within-group comparisons revealed significant changes in platelet indices and markers of platelet activation following 8 weeks of resistance training (P<0.05). However, between-group comparisons showed higher reductions in P-selectin and increases in CD41 in RT group compared to RTBFR, whereas, reductions in fibrinogen levels occurred more pronouncedly in RTBFR group than RT group (P<0.05).

Based on the findings of the present study, it could be concluded that resistance training improves platelet activation in T2DM patients and that lower intensity resistance training with blow flow restriction results in similar adaptations in platelet factors compared to higher intensity resistance training in T2DM patients. Therefore, the RTBFR method could be a safer RT protocol prescribed for diabetic patients.

Methotrexate (MTX) is a cytotoxic drug that is prescribed for some diseases and tumors that its use is limited due to some side effects. Propofol, a drug with antioxidant properties, is one of the most desirable sedatives and anesthetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of propofol against MTX-induced hepatotoxicity.

24 rats were divided into 4 groups: control group (distilled water gavage), propofol group (10 mg / kg three times a week), methotrexate group (20 mg/kg on days 17 and 18) and propofol-methotrexate group. There were intraperitoneal injections and the duration of the study was 21 days. Animals were anesthetized and plasma was collected to estimate AST, ALT, LDH, and total bilirubin. Liver tissue was isolated for histopathological study.

There was observed that propofol significantly reduced the levels of AST and ALT (P<0.0001), but its effect on reducing ALP and LDH was not significant. Changes in total bilirubin were not significant in any group. In the histopathological study, in "MTX group" were seen cell necrosis, cell degeneration, leukocyte infiltration, congestion of central vein and sinusoid dilation. Injury was significantly reduced in the "pro-MTX group" compared to the "MTX group"(P<0.0001).

The results of the present study showed that propofol has protective effects against methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity, but for clinical application, there are needed further studies.