نشریه پژوهش انحرافات و مسائل اجتماعی
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار 1401)

The aim of this research was to identify the challenges faced by the PhD graduates, specifically in the areas of work and occupation, as well as the related problems of their education, research, possibilities, and expectations during and after university study. The theoretical approach in this research was Mertonian, and the statistical population consisted of those who graduated from 16 superior universities in Iran between 2014to2019. They were 16069 out of which 12434 were available through email and received our e-questionnaire. One of the important findings of this survey was that at the job market level the universities were the bigger consumer of PhD holders, employing them more than other sectors such as economic, industry and services. Moreover, female graduates in compare to male had fewer opportunities for employment (54% versus 79%). The respondents complained about salary and job privileges and expressed their inclination to immigrate to other countries (more than 70%).

Internal migration and movement occur in response to a wide range of factors with different effectiveness. One of the important and key contexts for the formation of internal migration is spatial inequality in facilities, opportunities and development components. In this regard, the article uses the secondary analysis of the 2016 census data at the provincial and county levels to investigate the impact of youth unemployment and unequal regional development on internal migration in Iran. The results showed the spatial clusters of unemployment and underdevelopment in the country and inequality in access to economic and social resources and opportunities on the one hand, and regional differences in migration rates, on the other hand. The highest level of development and the lowest unemployment rate of young people, as well as high immigration in the central regions of the country, especially the capital. In contrast, the western, northwestern, eastern and southeastern border regions have the lowest level of development and the highest unemployment and emigration rates. Therefore, internal migration is a dynamic, multidimensional process that arises from structural conditions and regional inequalities.

The aim of this paper is to study the relationship between internal migration patterns and environment-oriented social security factors by pathological approach. The research method is the secondary analysis of census data; universe of study contains 31 provinces of the country in year 2011.Based on the two percent census file, the sample contain 95093 migrated people. The theoretical framework of present article is social disorganization theory which extensively analysis the impacts of newly immigrants on the efficiency and ability of society for social controls. The results show that about 16 percent of the total internal migration, potentially pathological migrations (PMs). The destination of most PMs is Tehran, Hamadan, Razavi Khorasan and Alborz Provinces. Nearly 80 percent of PMs are between the 15 – 35 years old. Also, there was a significant positive correlation between PMs and the social environment insecurity index (r: 576, sig: 99. 9), But there was not a significant correlation between total net migration and PMs. According to the results, migration, by itself, not lead to the occurrence of social problems, but the quality of migrants and the mechanism of adaptation to the destination are contexts of social security.

In recent years, the social and cultural field of urbanmanagement in Municipality Tehran has always faced the challenge of critics the adaptation of activities, description of the duties due to deviation from its basics. Accordingly, in the present study, the pathology of social activities of Tehran Municipality has been studied. In this study, in accordance with the theoretical framework of the subject, three main categories include conceptual adaptation; legal compliance and organizational compliance were considered for pathological measures. The research method was such that the list of social and cultural activities of the municipal organization in the form of a Delphi questionnaire was given to 10 experts and they were asked to evaluate each activity in three separate scales. According to the results, the most important challenge in the field of social and cultural activities of Tehran Municipality in the first place is the entry of this organization into some fields and activities that are outside its inherent and legal duties. In the second place, there is parallel work and overlap of some of these activities with other organizations, and finally, in the third level, the dominance of the theatrical approach is in some activities of Tehran Municipality. Accordingly, the application of the present study relies on a comprehensive review of activities in terms of the combination of three indicators. This revision shouldperform on the base of final score calculated for each activity and as a result, the activities of each area were classified into three categories: "continuity", "adjustment" and "change".

Nowadays management of discharged materials is considered as one of the factors influencing sustainable urban development plans and recycling waste materials is very important in the areas of environment and urban management, and source separation of waste itself is the main pillar of recycling.The purpose of this study is to identify and examine social factors and practical conditions for participation in source separation of waste. The study also is going to determine the roles of each factor and the ratio of their share portions. The methodology used for this research is cross-sectional surveying. The society of the research is composed of 15-75 years old Tehranian citizens. The statistical sample also includes 384 persons. Multi-stage clustered random sampling is used and data were collected by questionnaire. The general framework of the research model includes three groups of variables including social factors (social capital, socio-economic status, satisfaction of the municipality), practical conditions and economic benefits of source separation of waste. Results showed that trust in the Municipal Organizations, economic benefits of source separation of waste and practical conditions are associated with participation in source separation of waste. Multivariate regression analysis showed that 47% of the variance of participation at source separation of waste is explained by the model. Results showed that practical conditions have an important role in participation in source separation of waste in Tehran city.

Priority setting helps maintain a clear focus, and according to the limitation of resources, it is necessary for reducing and controlling the burden of social problems better resource allocation. The present study aimed to identify and prioritize Iran's most critical social problems. This study was conducted in two steps. In the first step, a framework for classifying social problems was developed by reviewing the literature. Based on this framework, a list of social problems was prepared and categorized. In the second step, by studying the articles and books published in the field of social health, 20 experts in this field were selected and provided with the framework. Utilizing the Delphi method, the experts were asked to rank the mentioned list based on the three criteria including; prevalence, severity, and importance. Expert opinions were taken in three rounds. The country's social problems were categorized into three categories in order of priority. Although problems in society are numerous, the ten problems that have been assigned the highest priority in the present study are unemployment, corruption, income inequality, expensive housing, mistrust, poverty, reduction of productive investment, addiction, crime, and desperation. Planning for interventions and conducting social health research in the coming years should consider the aforementioned high-priority social problems that impose the most significant burden on society. The diverse social problems prioritized do not have exactly the same causes, consequences, and ways of control; therefore, identifying specific solutions to control them should be the next step in the process of social health planning.