مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال نهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 43، مهر و آبان 1401)

Positive parent-child interactions prevent psychological, developmental, emotional and social harm in children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of psychological interventions on parent-child interactions in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

The research method was a systematic review and the statistical population included all national research using the keywords of parent-child interactions, parenting, attention deficit-hyperactivity in databases of, Society of Humanities portal, Jihad University Scientific Information Center, Noor Specialized Journals, Iran Institute of Information Science and Technology and, database of publications of the country. Amongst them, 334 studies were selected using the purposive sampling method, whereas, 11 studies were methodologically acceptable in this study. All of studies were analyzed according to the instructions of PRISMA.

The results showed that most of the researches are related to the years 2019-2020. Tehran and Isfahan have the most researches, hence, in recent years, the attention of researchers to the subject of various interventions in the field of parent-child interactions has increased. Moreover, neurofeedback-related interventions (40 sessions) and multidimensional parenting (16 sessions) had the largest shares in terms of intervention sessions.

The results indicate the importance of various educational interventions aimed at improving parent-child interactions and their effectiveness in reducing mental stress, behavioral problems and attention problems in children with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Therefore, behavioral education programs with parental participation and the use of multidimensional and integrated interventions are the most effective therapies which can be placed at the top of the planning of researchers and therapists in this field.

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has challenged the global health system and put much psychological pressure on nurses who are responsible for providing primary health services.

The present study aimed to predict psychological vulnerability based on the pathological personality traits and uncertainty intolerance of COVID-19 ward nurses.

The present research was a descriptive correlational study. The statistical population consisted of 153 nurses working in the COVID-19 wards in Tohid, Kowsar, and Be’sat hospitals in Sanandaj, Kurdistan, Iran, within winter 2020 to spring 2021 using convenience sampling. The Psychological Vulnerability Scale, Pathological Personality Traits Scale and Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale were used to collect the data. Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used to analyze the data using SPSS-22 software.

The results of correlation analysis showed that the psychological vulnerability variable was significantly associated with pathological personality traits and uncertainty intolerance in nurses (P<0.01). Additionally, based on the results of regression analysis, 59% of the variance of the psychological vulnerability variable was predictable with the help of predictor variables (i.e., pathological personality traits and uncertainty intolerance) (P<0.01).

Pathological personality traits and uncertainty intolerance play an essential role in the psychological vulnerability of nurses during COVID-19. It is recommended to provide nurses with necessary psychological training to strengthen their positive emotions and improve uncertainty tolerance.

Decision-making is an area of ​​human life that the cognitive sciences have long dreamed of drawing a complete profile of it.

Considering the importance of identifying the role of priming money in everyday decision-making and also the lack of focus on this area, this study was conducted to investigate the mentioned priming on aspects of risk assessments and optimal selections among given options.

The research method was quasi – experimental with comparison group. The statistical population was all students of Allameh Tabataba'i University in Tehran in 2020-2021. From students of Bachelor of Science and Master of Science, 30 students were purposefully selected, then randomly divided into experimental and comparison groups. Data were collected using IOWA Gambling Task (IGT) and Barrat Impulsivity Scale and then analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-24 software.

Significant differences were observed in the selection of cards from the advantageous decks in experimental group (M:31.26; SD:12.34) compared to the comparison group (M:22.06; SD:12.14) in the IGT (P<0.05).

According to the findings of this study, priming money in laboratory situations have the ability to influence the cognitive dimensions of everyday decision making and in particular, improving the selective function and the prediction of estimated value result in choosing more cards from the advantageous decks in the IGT.

The increase in immobility in all sections of society, especially children and adolescents, has become one of the most important concerns in the health status of this age group.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of watching models of teaching physical activity on cognitive-motor components and physical competence among children.

The current research was a semi-experimental study with two experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all 8-10 year-old boy students of Khoi city in the academic year of 2021-2022. 30 males with aged 8-10 years were voluntarily selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group. To data collection, we used the Canadian Physical Literacy Assessment Tool (CAPL), Physical Fitness Scale, Progressive Aerobic Fitness Test, Health-Related Physical Fitness Test and Basic Physical Education Training. Univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to compare the groups using SPSS-20.

The results of the covariance test showed that virtual education using watching video models and teaching the basic concepts of physical activity have a significant positive effect on the physical competence and cognitive-motor dimensions among children aged 8 to 10 years (P<0.05).  Also, the results showed that the group effect is significant (P=0.001, Eta square=0.70, F=56.65). Therefore, the amount of cognitive-motor dimension in the post-test has a significant difference.

Based on the results, the virtual education using watching video models and teaching the basic concepts of physical activity increases cognitive-motor function, physical literacy and physical activity among children. Therefore, researchers, teachers and parents of children are recommended to use this method of education to improve the level of physical activity and cognitive-behavioral components of children.

Addiction is recognized as one of the major public health concerns around the world, with various negative consequences for individuals and communities.

This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of existential anxiety in the relationship between childhood emotional trauma, social support, and tendency to change in addicts.

In this correlational study, structural equation modeling was applied. The study population consisted of male and female addicts, presenting to rehabilitation centers in Yazd Province, Iran, in 2019. Two-hundred addicts were selected using available sampling among individuals presenting to the rehabilitation centers of Yazd Province. To collect data, the Existential Anxiety Questionnaire by Wims et al. (2004), Childhood Injury Questionnaire by Bernstein et al. (1994), Perceived Social Support Scale by Zimet et al. (1988), and Miller and Tunigan’s Change Tendency Questionnaire (1996) were used. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling, multiple regression analysis, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient test in SPSS-24 and AMOS-24.

The results showed that emotional trauma and social support directly reduced and increased the addicts’ tendency to change, respectively (P<0.05). The findings also showed that emotional trauma and social support indirectly affected the addicts’ tendency to change through the mediating role of existential anxiety (P<0.05).

The mediating role of existential anxiety in the relationship between childhood emotional trauma, social support and the readiness to change in addicted people was significant, therefore, providing more social support, emotional discharge regarding childhood traumas, along with planning to reduce existential anxiety using psychological interventions can increase the readiness to change and quit in addicted people.

Migraine headache is a common, painful, severe and debilitating in chronic conditions which can be characterized by recurrent and unilateral moderate to severe attacks.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment on pain anxiety, distress intolerance and sleep disorders in psychosomatic patients who suffer from migraine.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study that benefited from a pretest-posttest design with a control group. The statistical population included patients with migraine referred to a psychiatrist in Urmia in the second half of 2020, who were randomly divided into control and experimental groups with 15 patients in each group. Measurement tools included Distress Intolerance Questionnaire (Simmons & Gaher, 2005), Pain Anxiety Scale (McCracken & et al, 1992) and Sleep Disorders Questionnaire (Mohammadi & et al, 2009). Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS-26 software.

The results showed that considering ETA squares, there was a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups (p<0.001). Therefore; it can be claimed that changes and improvements in about 92% of pain anxiety, 91.6% of distress intolerance and 82.1% of sleep disorders have been due to the effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment intervention.

The results showed that transdiagnostic treatment can be used in conjunction with drug interventions for migraine patients who can also be effective in reducing emotional symptoms, pain anxiety, distress intolerance and sleep disorders in these individuals.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects 3-7% of children.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of deductive-social feedback and attention instructions on the performance of targeting skills in children with attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder.

This research is a semi-experimental type. Its statistical population was formed by male students suffering from attention/ hyperactivity disorder in Isfahan city with an age range of 7-10 years in 2020. 48 right-handed students were randomly selected as a statistical sample based on the results of the Connors children's behavior rating scale and randomly divided into four groups of 12 people. In order to collect data Personal Information Questionnaire, Edinburgh Handedness Inventory, Ulrich's Gross Motor Development Test, Anderson's Over Shoulder Throw Scale (1999) and Luciana et al. (2012) Over Shoulder Throw Targeting Task were used. Data were analysis with using one-way ANOVA test and Bonferroni's post-hoc test using SPSS-18 software.

The results showed that the studied groups had significant differences in the qualitative and quantitative development of hand targeting skills (P<0.05). The results of Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the positive analogical-social feedback group had better and significant external attention than the other groups (P<0.05), the other groups did not differ significantly in the retention stage (P>0.05).

The results showed that the comparative-social positive-external attention group performed better, so it is suggested to use this method in teaching and learning goal-setting skills.

Eating behavior has been associated with higher risks of chronic disease. However, there are a few studies on eating behavior considering the role of socioeconomic status (SES).

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between socio-economic status, eating behavior, and physical activity of students in Qazvin during COVID-19 pandemic.

This was a descriptive-correlational study and the statistical population was all students in District 1 of Qazvin in 2021. The participants were 110 students aged 11-13 who were randomly selected from 16 educational centers in urban and rural areas of Qazvin. For collecting data, a researcher-made questionnaire with socio-economic status, nutrition based on Food Frequency Questionnaire and physical activity based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were used. Research data were analyzed by t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple-regression, using SPSS-20 software, at the statistical level of 0.05.

The results of Pearson test showed that family income level has a significant relationship with nutritional status and physical activity of 11-13 year old students (p=0.011 and p=0.003). Also, the results showed that the socio-economic status of parents predicts 50% of students' weight, height, physical activity and nutritional status.

The social and economic status of parents affects the nutritional status and physical activity of children. Providing the research findings to organizations and institutions related to children and adolescents in Qazvin province, families can be familiarized with the factors affecting the physical health of their children and they can be trained.

Weakness in visual perception is one of the cases noticed in children with learning disorders, and strengthening this weakness improves their academic performance.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the educational package based on lateral dominance in visual recognition, visual memory and visual completion of 7-12-year-old children with learning disorders.

The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. A total of 30 children (18 female and 12 male subjects) from elementary school children diagnosed with learning disorders in the psychological clinics of Tehran, Iran, in 2020 were conveniently and voluntarily selected and then randomly assigned to two experimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups. The Edinburg Handedness Inventory (1970), Delacato’s Neurodevelopmental Table (1997) and Gardner’s Visual Perception Test (1982) were used to collect the data. The SPSS-25, descriptive-inferential indices, univariate analysis of covariance and multivariate analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the educational package based on lateral dominance affected the visual recognition (P<0.01, F=31.38) and visual memory (P<0.1, F=14.68) components of children with learning disorders in the experimental group and did not affect the visual completion component.

Lateral dominance exercises help students perform better in visual perception. Therefore, it is suggested to include lateral dominance exercises in the treatment program for children with learning disorders to improve their visual perception.

Sleep status is one of the most important components of health-related quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

This study aimed to investigate the correlation of sleep quality with health indicators and disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

In this cross-sectional, analytical study, a total of 250 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, referred to the specialized rheumatology clinic of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (Sanandaj, Iran) during 2019-2020, using the Standard Questionnaires of Visual Analog Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Multidimensional Questionnaire of Fatigue and Disease Activity. To analyze the data, Spearman's correlation test, independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression analysis were performed in SPSS-23.

A total of 42 male patients and 208 female patients with rheumatoid arthritis were included in this study. The sleep quality of 98% of the participants was inadequate. A higher pain intensity (P<0.001), higher disease activity (P<0.05) and depression and mental fatigue (P<0.01) were associated with the patients’ lower sleep quality.

The results of the present study revealed that depression and mental fatigue, pain intensity, and disease activity were associated with a lower sleep quality of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Therapists are recommended to consider the sleep status of these patients, as well as the mentioned variables.

Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in the world and psychological components play an important role in cardiovascular diseases.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of mindful self-compassion treatment to sleep quality, rumination and self-compassion in people with cardiovascular diseases.

The study method was a clinical trial with a control group. The statistical population included all patients who had sought professional help in Imam Ali and Imam Reza hospitals in Kermanshah from October-December 2020. Using purposive sampling method, 20 people were randomly assigned to the two groups. The experimental group received 8 sessions of mindful self-compassion treatment and the control group received a CD and a relaxation training manual. Participants completed a demographic data collection form and questionnaires on Sleep Quality, Ruminant Response Style and Self-Compassion. The data were analyzed using SPSS-22, the descriptive statistics and the repeated measures ANOVA.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of sleep quality based on time (P≤0.001) and intergroup differences (P<0.05). Also, based on time, time and group interaction, and intergroup differences in terms of rumination and self-compassion, there is a significant difference between the two groups (P≤0.001).

Based on the results of this study this treatment affects the psychological and physical symptoms of heart patients. Therefore, it is suggested that this treatment be used to improve sleep quality, rumination and self-compassion in cardiovascular patients.

According to previous research, an individual’s mood affects selective attention and false memory, but the answer to the question of which type of mood (negative or positive) and emotional situation (negative or positive) creates the highest false memory requires further research.

The present study was conducted to determine the extent and manner of the effect of mood induction and situational-emotional load on false memory based on the misinformation paradigm with emphasis on controlling cognitive and emotional factors.

The research was conducted with a quasi-experimental block design. Of the students of Kurdistan University in the academic year 2018-2019, 90 subjects (45 girls; age range= 18-33 years) were selected by the recall and voluntary method. The Stroop cognitive assignments, point scanning, n-back and misinformation paradigm, as well as the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), were used to collect the data. Data were analyzed using SPSS-24 through one-way and two-way Kruskal-Wallis and U-Mann-Whitney methods.

Negative emotional load of the task caused the highest amount of false memory (p=0.001) and the positive emotional load and the lack of emotional load caused the lowest amount of false memory (p=0.001). The type of mood induction did not affect the amount of false memory (p=0.578). The highest false memory was created in association with negative mood induction and negative emotional load of the task and the lowest false memory was created in association with positive mood induction and the task without emotional load (p=0.019).

This study shows that the effect of the emotional load of the task on creating false memory is greater than mood induction. It is suggested that in future research, the effects of the emotional load of the task and mood induction on false memory (in two stages of decoding and retrieval) at different arousal levels should be investigated. In addition, the findings of this study should be reviewed to determine the applicability in judicial and clinical settings as well.