نشریه پژوهش ملل
پیاپی 79-80 (شهریور 1401)

In the political map of Latin America, progressive forces are showing more power day by day than in the past. The selection of Gustavo Petro in Colombia is the latest example. Based on this, the purpose of this article is to investigate and identify the causes or factors that lead to the continuation of progressive leaders in Latin America, especially in the last two decades. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the question raised in this article is what is the new promotion process in Latin America? In response, we come to the hypothesis that in this century, the process of progress in Latin America can be divided into two periods before and after the death of the former president of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, in 2013; Fut Chávez, as a charismatic leader, faced the trend of the general trend towards leftism with a few years break. On the other hand, the inattention of the right-wing rulers in Latin America to the demands of the generally poor segment of society, low economic growth along with structural weaknesses, low investment and productivity with strong inflationary pressures, fragility of the health system, erosion of institutions and high levels of poverty. has provided the conditions for the emergence of progressives in this region more than in the past. The findings of this research indicate that we have seen an increasing trend towards left wing in Latin America during the last two decades and this factor, more than anything else, is a reflection of the cry of Latinos against the indifference of right-wing leaders. According to public demand, it has been disregarding social justice and opposing the interventions of the United States of America in the internal affairs of these countries.
 

The Islamic Republic of Iran has tried to influence the Islamic countries of the region by using its own cultural tools and somehow use them in the discourse of active diplomacy. One of the important and influential geographical environments for Iran is the country of Iraq. This country has a special affinity with Iran due to its political, religious and cultural nature. During the historical developments of Iraq, many thinkers such as Sadr and Hakim played a major role in the developments of their country with the influence of Iranian culture and political ideas. The main concern of this article is raised in the form of this question: What is the role of the cultural discourse of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Iraq and what tools does it use on its target society in Iraq? An attempt has been made to answer the above question by analytical-descriptive method and using library resources. The main hypothesis is that “due to the high cultural and religious affinity of Iran and Iraq, Iran has tried to create a kind of favorable dialogue for the realization of its regional policies by using cultural tools and religious commonalities.” For this purpose, the researcher explains and analyzes the common cultural indicators of the two countries.

As one of the largest economies in East Asia and the world, India is a member of various international organizations. The purpose of this article is to show what benefits India seeks from membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS, and what is the commonality of India's interests from membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and the BRICS group and what are the differences between India's interests from membership in these two groups? This article has been written with a descriptive-analytical method, using library resources and by extracting and classifying the statistics and figures of economic exchanges. The findings indicate that the commonality of India's membership in these two organizations is the issue of fuel import and goods export, and from being a member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, in addition to economic benefits, India is also looking for security benefits. Finally, we came to the conclusion that the issue of energy supply and drug export is one of India's main priorities for membership in both organizations.

Democracy is still not institutionalized in Afghanistan and it has a long way to go before democracy is institutionalized in this country. One of the major internal obstacles on the way to the realization and institutionalization of democracy in this country is the existence of tribal and ethnic political culture of some of its residents. In this country, styles, values, beliefs, feelings, beliefs, looking back, orientations, social traditions and some social structures are some of the inhabitants of this ethnic and tribal land. Of course, this should not be denied and ignored that many young generations of Afghanistan have violated many beliefs, red lines and ethnic taboos. In the third presidential election in Afghanistan, it was seen that the political culture of some young people in this country is participatory. Therefore, the main goal of this article is to determine how effective political culture has been in the political development of Afghanistan. Since the Afghan society is a traditional and tribal society, its political culture is also a tribal political culture. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical and the method of collecting library information. The findings show that there is a direct relationship between elections and the political culture of each country. Elections have the same situation as the country's political culture. If the political culture is moving towards democratization, it can be seen that the elections in Afghanistan are also moving towards democratization.

The Holy Qur'an, which was revealed to the Prophet of Islam as the last divine book, has long been faced with different interpretations and perceptions, both by European orientalists and Islamic commentators. The purpose of this article is to examine the verses of the Quran in order to determine the externality of the revelation of the verses of the Quran and to reject the theory of the internality of the verses of the Quran. Due to the externality of the revelation of Qur'anic verses, its scientific investigation is necessary, and on this basis, using the analytical-descriptive method and relying on library and electronic sources, while examining the verses of the Qur'an, the present article examines the externality of the Qur'an in rejecting the theory of the Prophetic Dreams. The findings show that the externality of the Qur'anic verses is due to the presence of verses of the Qur'an that directly address the Prophet of Islam, the presence of verses in which Gabriel is mentioned as the guardian angel of revelation, the presence of verses that indicate the revelation of the verses to the Prophet, and the presence of verses in which the Prophet was threatened.

This article aims to investigate the multiple dimensions of the role of the third party (objection, appeal and entry) in arbitration awards in accordance with the Civil Procedure Law and the International Commercial Arbitration Law of Iran, as well as the existing doctrine in this topic, such as the group of companies, staple and setting aside the pard. Considering the expansion of the arbitration issue, especially after the spread of the corona disease and the complexity of commercial contracts, which often have a precondition for arbitration, it is important to examine the role of a third party in arbitration. Especially since the role of the third party is an extraordinary thing in judging; It is explained that the arbitration rulings are only valid for those who have signed the arbitration agreement. But as we have a jurisprudential rule, "We are general except for special" means there is no law unless it takes some kind of exception. As a result, in special circumstances, it is possible to file a lawsuit and enter a third party and protest in the arbitration matter. Articles 417-421 and 475, 476 of the Civil Procedure Law, as well as the mentioned doctrine, somehow refer to these conditions. In this article, we are trying to answer the question, what are these conditions and how can they be achieved? And also what are its shape rules? After expanding the conceptual space of arbitration, questions are addressed. The research method in this article is analytical-descriptive and the method of collecting library materials.

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the cultural and literary activities of Shamsuddin Shahin in the Emirate of Bukhara. Although Shahin's literary heritage is very rich and well-known in Vararud (Across the River); But most of the researches of Tajik writers about him are in Cyrillic script. In addition to his great poetry, Shahin was one of the famous figures of his time in promoting religious sciences and correct governance methods. For many years, he provided a perspective to improve the education and science system needed by the society and keep up with the times, and he gave useful advice to the Amir for the reform of the governance system and better methods of running the country. But the corrupt courtiers considered any kind of improvement in the governance system to be their destruction and the end of the mission, for this reason, Shahin was somewhat isolated and unloved by the special circle of the Amir. On this basis, the need to know him is tangible for other Persian speakers and people of literature who read and write in the script of their ancestors (Persian). In this article, first Shahin's biography is compiled using printed works, then his intellectual heritage is examined and studied, and at the end, the reaction of the Emir of Bukhara and courtiers against the mentioned progressive ideas and activities is discussed.