پژوهش نامه انتقادی متون و برنامه های علوم انسانی
پیاپی 107 (مهر 1401)

The book “History and Theory in Anthropology” by Alan Barnard, a leading researcher and author of anthropological studies, especially anthropology in South Africa is among valuable works in the field of anthropology. In this book, he examines the theoretical nature of anthropology throughout history and the views of prominent scholars and thinkers of this science and their comparisons, as well as the rooting of theories and schools of thought presented in the field of anthropology. The purpose of this book is to examine the pioneering views of anthropological studies, evolution in all its dimensions, the theory of disseminators in cultural areas, functionalism and structural functionalism, pragmatic theories, processing, and Marxist views, various aspects of relativism, structuralism and post-structuralism, postmodernist views and recent interpretations. Although this work should be regarded as an overview of anthropological theories and related problems since it lacks the details of theorists, approaches, and ideas, its very briefness of the terms and contents, its conceptual clarity and explanation have been diminished and it requires revisions.

This paper seeks to address aspects of contemporary Iranian anthropology by focusing on one of the works of Margaret Mead, a prominent American anthropologist. One of these aspects goes back to the introduction of a less-known work by Margaret Mead in Iran. In this regard, the position of classical works in Iranian academic anthropology is discussed. Anthropology, in the work of Margaret Mead, is based on philanthropy, presence, understanding, theorizing, as well as futurism in the past. The principles of understanding this type of anthropology is imagination, writing, philanthropy, movement, and seeing. Without addressing the classics in anthropology education, current Iranian academic education pays less attention to these basic works in anthropology. Iranian university anthropology, its curricula, the quantity and quality of student participation in curriculum design and development, need to be reviewed and revised. Reviewing classical works, extracting hidden and obvious principles in these texts and compiling curricula based on those principles according to the needs of this science taken from the opinions of students and graduates, will be effective in improving this area.

Moral psychology is one of the emerging disciplines in interdisciplinary studies in the field of moral philosophy and psychology. Moral psychology seeks to bridge the boundaries of science and philosophy in the field of psychology and ethics. “The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion” by Jonathan Haidt is one of the most influential works in this field. In this paper, the authors have tried to bring the boundaries of psychology and ethics closer to each other. Haidt seeks to suggest a way of thinking about two divisive issues in human life: politics and religion. For this purpose, he has used the available resources in the fields of philosophy, moral philosophy, psychology, social sciences, and genetics. Much of the book's data is lived and experienced by the author himself. This has made the present book an excellent one in the field of psychology and ethics, especially in the field of moral intuitionism and social intuitionism. The author believes that understanding and empathizing with the political and religious views of others or, in his words, validating the moral matrices of others, eliminates divisions between people. Due to its very simple language, coherent and empirical analyzes, this book can be made available to the general public, both academics and non-academics.

The study of the history of the Median state is of high importance as Medes were the first group among Iranian people who formed a large kingdom in the western and central parts of the Iranian Plateau. About two centuries ago, our only source for the study of these people were narratives of classic authors and sporadic references of the Old Testament. From the 19th century onward, because of the deciphering of Mesopotamian and old Persian cuneiform inscriptions and the development of archaeological studies, our knowledge of the Median kingdom has remarkably increased. One of the first orientalists who did good research on the Median state and culture, using new sources and materials in his work, was George Rawlinson whose book has recently been translated into Persian. In the present paper, we review the book of “Media” written by Georg Rawlinson which has been published around 150 years ago. We show that although it was considered as leading research at the time of first publishing, its scientific value has decreased inevitably as a long time passed over its writing time. Despite this fact, publishing this book in Persian could be considered a positive step because the book is of high significance in reviewing the development of studies relating to Medes and Media.

The book “Homo Deus” can be considered the final product of the Harary project. In this book, he seeks to answer the question, “What does the future hold for mankind?”. According to the historiographical theory that Harary had adopted in his previous work “Homo Sapines”, he pursues arguments in his new work “Homo Deus”, based on the theory of evolutionism, with the difference that the possibilities and opportunities that artificial evolution or human intervention in the process of evolution may have the largest share in shaping his futuristic ideas. This article seeks to explain the relationship between the necessities that the capitalist system faces in order to survive, with a critical approach and focusing on the two concepts of “Determinism” and “Totalitarianism”. The main idea of this article is that the Harary project lays the groundwork for a kind of totalitarian utopia of capitalism. Criticism of this issue has become necessary due to the political implications of the Harary project.

Born in the second Hijri century, Jahiz is one of the most brilliant thinkers of his time who has had deep ideas about translation and meaning. It can be argued that these ideas are at the same level of importance of those of modern ideas. In this article, these ideas of Jahiz are investigated, based on what he has said in his book “Al-Hayavan”. Therefore, after "introduction", first Jahiz and particularly his book “Al-Hayavan” is introduced; then his ideas about translation and meaning are analyzed. In that book, he has explained the difficulties of translation, the capabilities translators need for translation, and the severely difficult task of translating religious texts. He also believes it is imperative for translator to have the same command of the languages from which and to which he translates. For Jahiz, the knowledge a translator needs to have about the subject matter of the text in his hand must be at the same level of the knowledge the writer of the text has about it. These ideas are at the same level of clarity and exactness to the ideas provided by modern thinkers and theorists. Moreover, whatever Jahiz has said about translation, clearly indicates he has had a clear and exact understanding of meaning and the known and hidden layers of the meaning of a text.

Thought reviews and critiques of thought go back to ancient Greece and Aristotle's Poetry. Criticism aims to refine the public taste and educate the author's thought; in the meantime, critique of the books can also improve the quality of content and beauty. This study investigates the book "Analysis of the Immaculate Conception of the Qur'an in the Teachings of the Qur'an and Sunnah" based on the analytical-descriptive method. The weaknesses include lack of compelling title, typographical errors in the form of inaccuracies in the citation, ambiguity, repetition, generalization, lack of reference to the necessity of research, and lack of footing. The reason for this is that some content is basic and there is no innovation in the content category. At the same time, it has the following strengths: beautiful calligraphy with good handwriting, annotations, and many footnotes that sometimes show up in vague descriptions of words and expressions, and beautiful layouts. Besides, the design on the cover could be much more beautiful than it is, for example, a picture of the miracle of the creation of the heavens or a picture of the staff of Moses, which turns into a dragon. Regarding the content, it also has strong points such as: coherence and logical order of the contents and its sequence and specialized view on the subject of miracles.

The book "The Science of Literary Society" written by Anwar Abdul Hamid Al-Musa is one of the recent works in which the author comprehensively deals with the emergence and growth of literary sociology from the beginning to the present day. As well as a chapter on Arabic works in this area, their critique is also given. In order to introduce this book, we decided to examine this work based on a descriptive analytical method from both formal and content aspects to finally reveal the advantages and disadvantages and the success rate of the author in writing this work. Based on the results, we can consider the psychological and eloquent style, observance of writing rules, fit of the content with the title and logical sequence between the contents, strength and accuracy and neutrality in the analyses and critiques, among the advantages of this book. Type and size of fonts, lack of novelty in the title and its generality, failure to achieve the purpose of research, mere collection of materials, inappropriate and unscientific citation method, repetition and content, non-problematic work, bias in quoting content and conclusion, and being inadequate, are considered among the most important flaws and shortcomings of this work.

More than being a "tool" for translating knowledge and awareness from one language to another, translation is a "process" for reflecting cultural and social concepts. To improve the quality of such reflection, new perspectives on translation, linguistics, and discourse can be used. One of the new perspectives on translation is the proposal of the Spanish Carmen Garcés (1994), which has four levels: "semantic-lexical", "syntactic-word-constructive", "discourse-functional" and "stylistic-practical". With the help of these four levels, it is possible to investigate the increase, maintenance, and decrease the original text information in the translated text. By counting the positive and negative features of translation, the adequacy and acceptability of translation are also evaluated in this theory. In the following article, based on this theory, we critique the translation of Habibullah Abbasi from the book "Sufism and Surrealism" written by Adonis. Although the translator has increased the volume of the translated text by adopting the method of "synonymy" and bringing more or fewer captions, according to the criteria set by Garcés, his translation has the feature of preserving the information of the source text. In spite of the criticisms that can be leveled at the translator's method of translating terms and the type of word-for-word translation, in general, his translation has a degree of adequacy and acceptability as stated in Garcés' theory.

The book "The Concept of Criticism in the Modernist Movements in the Arab World" has been reviewed. The most important criticism of this book is that it has inconsistent claims, while the author intends to discuss the criticism, he forgets that criticism is a modern action and therefore suffers from traditionalism and postmodernism. Throughout the book, and in spite of propositions that evoke hope for critique and progress, the author is either caught up in traditionalist retrogression or preoccupied with postmodernist bizarre and pompous gibberish. These two factors have led the author, from another point of view, to consider criticism as matter related to the realm of philosophy of consciousness: as if the Arabs reach a critical stage in their mentality and subjectivity, their societies will also prosper and get progressed. These contradictions are especially evident in the fact that the author does not pay attention to modern values ​​(freedom, happiness, and integrity). Any research on criticism that does not appreciate the practical results of modernity cannot be considered serious and honest research. This is the focus point of this article. In order to critique this cognitive disorder, I have examined the book by the method of hermeneutics of suspicion.

The ideas and thoughts of great thinkers are boundless, and their intellectual foundations effects on the construction of thought and the nature of the transformation of other societies. Michel Foucault (1926-1984) is one of the most controversial theorists in the second half of the twentieth century, whose intellectual innovations have been seen from different perspectives and in different societies. A text that has been actively seeking to exploit Foucault's intellectual categories to represent a new interpretation aimed at answering the questions of Arab societies in the intellectual-philosophical field over the past three decades. Each of Foucault's commentators has tried by applying modern methodologies and presenting a new reading of his heritage, historiography of Islamic thought and the design of modernism and pluralism in his intellectual project with the aim of overcoming the existing problems in these societies. The focus of the present paper is the introduction, theoretical critique, and analysis of Michel Foucault's book “In Contemporary Arab Thought”, written by Al-Zawawi Baghura and translated by Majid Manhaji. Negah-e-Moaser press published the Persian version of this book in 2020.

One of the most important issues in constitutional law is the "Political Regimes". In the division of political regimes, special attention is paid to totalitarianism. However, the source of inspiration for jurists to discuss political regimes is the views of political thinkers, because this issue has political nature. By studying of the political writings in this field, we realize that the theories of political thinkers are different from the views of jurists such as Abolfazl Ghazi and Seyyed Mohammad Hashemi. Here the criterion for discussion should be the writings of thinkers such as Hannah Arendt who have grown up in totalitarian regimes and have focused on this area. Review of the writings of these thinkers reveals that totalitarianism as a new example of the domination system in the last two centuries has features such as having a social basis, the existence of a single party, and is the same as the mass monarchy. In addition, totalitarianism is very different from dictatorship in terms of how the Rulers come to power, the need or not of popular support, the type of Rulerʼs relationship with other officials and so on. However, in the books of Constitutional Law Summary and Constitutional Law and Political Structures, totalitarianism is considered as one of the characteristics of mass monarchy and on the other hand, in the second work, totalitarianism is equated with dictatorship.

This article critically examines and evaluates the book “German Philosophy” by Terry Pinkard, translated by Neda Qatouri. The first perspective looks at the content of the book regardless of the Persian translation text and the second perspective looks at the Persian translation of the book and the translator's translation method in terms of advantages and disadvantages. In general, this book has forced the author to find a practical solution to this contradiction by presenting the paradox of Kantian reason in the theoretical field and its extension to the practical field, and the efforts of post-Kantian and post-Hegelian philosophers to find a practical solution to this paradox. To present the historical and social time in the form of the social revolution of German society in the 18th and 19th centuries. Despite the translator's efforts in translating it clearly and well into Persian, there are still some objections to the translator, such as not including an introduction to this book, which we have mentioned in the detailed text; however, this book can be useful for a philosophy student in graduate school. In this article, while reviewing and analyzing the content of this book, we have evaluated the Persian translation and suggestions for improving the translation. This book can be very enlightening and useful as an important source for the study of German philosophy, especially idealistic thinking for those interested in German philosophy.

Taha Abdurrahman is one of the modern Islamic thinkers and theorists, who wants to renovate traditions by criticizing the ethics of modernity, secular ethics and putting Islam in the basis, especially in ethics. He believes that the Islamic awakening needs intellectual backing and modernization based on a spiritual experience by passing the triple levels of reason, and on this basis, he said in the book of Rohuddin about the theory of "The empirical Velayat-e-Faqih", that is based on the mystical experience. The present article tries to review and analyze one of the most important works of Abdurrahman “Religious Practice and Renewal of the Reason” (1989)- and shows that the author, by not discussing the good and bad reasons, has ignored the place of reason - the single mind - in morality; and why his proposed intellectual support for the Islamic awakening could cause political and social damages.

Cyberspace, despite its emergence, has brought about serious changes in Iranian society, and this has led Muslim thinkers to pay more serious attention to its nature. Philosophical reflection on cyberspace is one of the approaches that has recently been considered by thinkers and is a kind of complement and even the basis of scientific reflection on cyberspace in order to be able to explain, predict and prescribe based on which. Therefore, cyberspace policy-making in Iran desperately needs philosophical attention and consequently the distinction and explanation of the autonomous philosophical approach. As in the study of cyberspace, we are faced with dimensions such as information and communication technology, cybernetics, artificial intelligence, computing, etc. In the same way, in philosophical reflection on cyberspace, these dimensions must be addressed. The work that has been considered in the book "Philosophy of Cyberspace" and in this article, we have reviewed and evaluated the book in order to do this important thing.

According to the concept of trust in management since the 1980s and over the last few decades, different angles and approaches have been studied. Trust is an essential factor for individual and organizational success. Trust among individuals and employees is a result of stability, unity, and Intra-organizational cohesion, Performance upgrades the efficiency and effectiveness of groups and grounds of cooperation, participation, and communication. This study aimed to design a model of intera-organizational trust through collective action in the education of Tehran. This research is applied research in terms of purpose and is Survey-exploratory and qualitative research. The population of the study consisted of senior managers of the department of education in Tehran, university professors, and advisors, who were interviewed in depth. The selection of experts and interviews with them continued until theoretical saturation and then stopped. In this research, since the grounded theory method was used, the main tool for data collection was in-depth interviews with experts. Finally, after three open, axial and selective coding, the conceptual model of research was designed. So far, no study has been done on this connection in the department of education in Tehran. This model is classified as causal, axial, contextual, strategic, and consequential variables. The findings showed that education of Tehran, in order to enhance intera-organizational trust, can leverage the collective action within and between layers of the structure of your organization.

“The Impression of a City: Tehran Today (1977)” by Khosrow Sinai is one of the leading Iranian documentaries that aspires to represent the experience of living in the modern metropolis of Tehran. It has remarkable differences from common urban symphonies, in form and structure, and Sinai doesn’t try to convey the rhythm and pace of the metropolitan life, and he is more in to the representation of some evanescent sparks of metropolitan living experience in the Iranian, traditional to modern, transitional society. The author’s educational background in architecture shows itself through the aesthetics of the film and his exploration in the nature of the modern city. This study, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method, using library sources, and an interdisciplinary approach, tries to investigate, how the film represents the metropolitan experience of life, and analyzes the filmmaker’s critical perspective on the process of urban modernization in the Pahlavi’s era

The book “Symmetries of Islamic Geometric Patterns” written by Seyed Jan Abbas and Amer Shaker Salman has been translated into Persian by Amene Agharabi. Due to the authors' mastery of mathematics, the book has a different approach to other works in the field of Islamic patterns, which has made it attractive and useful for both researchers in the field of Islamic art and mathematical sciences, but its topics and points cannot be understood in its Persian translation. According to the main text of the book, it seems the lack of understanding of concepts is related to the quality of translation. Therefore, the present critique is about the Persian translation of this book. In order to evaluate this translation, the entire English text of the book was adapted to the translated text. Cases were criticized in 6 categories; 1) Incorrect translation, 2) Untranslated words and phrases, 3) Multiple translations for one word and multiple words with one translation, 4) Reverse translation, 5) Changes in the sentences and paragraphs of the original text, and 6) Selection of unfamiliar equivalent. The existence of serious and many problems in Persian translation has caused the text to be incomprehensible and as a result, the reader has been deprived of a different and valuable points of view of this book which are vital issues. Finally, the book needs serious revision in translation.

“Shohaz” is a collection of essays by Abdul Salam Bozorgzadeh, a cultural activist in Sistan and Baluchestan province of Iran. This book has been written with the aim of introducing the arts and customs of the people of this region and examining the limitations surrounding the development of this province. The distribution of the Baluch population, as a native ethnic group in Iran, is more in the southern part of the province. The people of these regions have unique cultural characteristics in areas such as clothing, music, celebrations, language, and customs. So far, little has been done to record issues related to Balochistan culture and art. “Shohaz” book is one of the books that has tried to introduce and record the culture and art of this region. The purpose of the present study, while briefly introducing this book, is to formally critique and analyze its content in a descriptive-analytical manner. The results show that the present book has been successful in providing information about Baluchi art and literature. Lack of logical coherence between essays, unclear target audience, grammatical and spelling mistakes, use of other people's content without citation and weak content are some of the drawbacks of the book. Nevertheless, the author's cultural concerns and efforts to introduce Balochistan are acknowledgeable.

The present book, entitled “Qajar Portraits”, in the form of a handbook by Julian Raby, a researcher in the field of Islamic Art and former director of the Freer and Sackler Gallery in Washington, was published in continuation of the "Qajar Royal Paintings" exhibition which was held in London in 1999. The author's purpose in writing this book, in addition to introducing the 43 works displayed in the exhibition, is the visual analysis of these works in a socio-historical context. The period intended by Raby in this book is not the whole of the Qajar age, but a century of it, including the beginning of the reign of Fath Ali Shah until the end of the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah (1213-1313 AH). Because from the author's point of view, these two kings had a special place in the development of Visual Arts, or in other words, the Image in the Qajar age. In this study, we also intend to review the method of presenting and examining the visual works mentioned in this book, identify the mental pattern used by Raby in classifying and introducing them, and based on that, his approach to analyze the Visual Arts of the Qajar age, whose works are often created in the context of the artistic main stream of that time, named Royal Portraiture