فصلنامه پژوهش در تاریخ
سال دوازدهم شماره 32 (بهار و تابستان 1401)

Hajj Ali Quli Khan Sardar Asaad (1274-1336 AH) was one of the prominent men of the Qajar era and one of the few tribal leaders who joined the group of constitutionalists from the beginning of the formation of the idea of constitutionalism. In this regard, he linked two generations of leaders of the constitutional movement. During the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah (1247-1313 AH) and Muzaffar al-Din Shah (1313-1324 AH), he secretly collaborated with some secret anti-authoritarian and constitutionalist associations and during the reign of Mohammad Ali Shah (1324-1327 AH) with the return of Istebdad e Saghir (Minor Autocracy) and the massacre of major leaders of the first generation, he expressed his opposition to the tyrant Shah from Paris. During the period of the re-establishment of the constitution of which he was the main leader; He held the positions of Minister of Interior, Minister of War and Member of Parliament. In this research, we intend to examine the content analysis method of his representation period, especially the importance of his speeches. Although Sardar Asaad did not make many speeches during his tenure in parliament, But, his few speeches are important because they show his understanding of the principles of the constitutional system and also the understanding of the fundamental difference between the system and the political culture that governs Iranian society.

Simultaneously with the spread of new social concepts and ideas in Iran during the Constitutional Revolution, religious schools of thought began to debate it, in various ways. Some of these literary demands appeared in the religious press. Therefore, The present research seeks to answer the question that social concepts and ideas such as equality, justice, freedom, What was the position in the religious press of the Constitutional and Pahlavi era and how did they encounter these elements of civilization? According to the findings of the research, the religious press was divided into two groups and divided into two phases. Some tried to adapt new western components such as freedom and justice to Islam, and published various articles in this regard. The magazine of Al-Islam Mazandarani Larijani, who is a member of the Rassht Alliance, is a prominent example. The second group, such as the Jerehid-e-Islami magazine, was the school of thought that stood against the arrival of a new thought and considered concepts such as freedom contrary to Islam. In the first Pahlavi era, despite the absolute rule of Reza Shah, some religious press such as the Daavat Islami and Al-Islam, took a clear path to the rejection of some of these thoughts. The research method is descriptive and relying on historical data.

Sayyid Jamal ad-Din’s triple trips to India that has happened at different intervals an important part Fighting life of this awakener of the Orient, so far has not been independently dealt whit this problem.Sayyid Motive from his trips was to inform the voice of oppression of muslim nations to the world peoples and they to release them from colonialism.In India,in on hand Was opposed to the scientism and on the other hand he was the propagator of the unity of different religions in order to compaign aganst Britain.The present research with analytic-descriptive method and deep research in the library source tries to answer this question that the presence of Sayyid Jamal what kind of effect has had on awakening people and independence of this country from Britain colonialism. The main premise of this article is based on sayyid’s thought in conformity whit Islamic communities and background of his anti-colonialist struggles which have taken place during his presence in India.The result of this paper confirms that sayyid’s illustrative activities play an important role in awakening Indian people and its independence.Since sayyid’s primary drive was Islam he was going to make a great resurrection in Indian muslim’s attitude.In order to create self-esteem among them,so he began to open a new chapture of anti-colonialist struggles in this country and the foundations of Islamic unity were strengthened and also strengthening of ranks of struggle through the unity of sects and different groups. He was able to cut the chain of colonialism from their feet.

As the first Safavid monarch, Shah Ismail Safevi (d. 1524)established a dynasty that ushered Iran into the eighteenth century as apredominately Shî’î state. Shah Ismail remains a controversial figure ofIslamic history, as evidence suggests that he promoted himself as semi-divineincarnation. This article explores the Turkish minstrel tale (hikâye) of ShahIsmail. The hikâye is a type of oral narrative that, in this case, is based on ahistorical figure who promoted himself as a messianic figure. By the timeShah Ismail’s hikâye began to circulate in the seventeenth century, however,this belief had largely dissipated. While Shah Ismail’s hikâye conforms to thestructure of the genre, certain episodes of this cycle reveal the influence ofoutside sources, including European reports, Safavid chronicles, and Safavidlegendary biographies. Despite the apparent basis in history, Shah Ismail’shikâye demonstrates a remarkable transformative ability. Feared as a ruthless despot during his lifetime, Shah Ismail becomes a poetic maestro in thehikâye, with his sword replaced by his saz, the banjo-like stringed instrumentthat is the weapon of choice for Shah Ismail’s new persona of folk hero

The Ottoman palace culinary culture in the last era of the Empire was one with a historical background that reached back into the cultural past, but which still was open to innovations. Some of the important components that were new in the 19th century were the adoption of new table manners, vegetables from America like tomatoes, peppers and corn, which were now being widely used, the use of European porcelain and new types of tableware. The complete adoption of alafranga table manners and some of the new tastes by the Ottoman palace and its surroundings were fundamentally realized by the end of the 19th century. However, the indications of these innovations appeared in the period of Sultan Mahmud II. For example, some foreign travelers tell us how Sultan Mahmud II was the first to use a fork and knife to eat in the European style.In fact, the first cutlery, gold and silver plated, as well as the French service and dining set belonging to this period are on display at the Dolmabahce Depot Museum. Also, it is known that the sultan ordered forks and knives from France some time before his death. Even if we can assume that the sultan preferred to eat in the traditional Turkish manner in his daily life, the fact that he ordered such a dining set shows that there was an interest and a need for a new dining style.

This article examines cultural attitudes on race and African slavery in late Qajar chronicles prior to abolition in 1929. In contrast to previous scholarship, Qajar textual sources reveal that elite cultural attitudes were relevant in structuring the social conditions of enslavement in Iran. Visual depictions and narratives about African eunuchs and concubines naturalized the violent acquisition and use of the Other. Slave narratives also bear witness to how such views of African corporeality determined the social worth of eunuchs and concubines in the domestic sphere.

Stanisław Adam Jaśkowski is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Oriental Studies at the University of Warsaw, who received his Ph.D. His research topics focus on the modern history of Iran. Parcham Magazine has a unique place among Kasravi magazines and has a completely ideological approach that has been published in important periods of Iranian history; On the one hand, Reza Shah's government had just ended and hopes had been raised for the restoration of freedom of expression in the country, and on the other hand, restrictions on the publication of magazines had been tightened. All of these factors, along with Jaśkowski's familiarity with Iranian history and culture, prompted him to write a book about Kasravi's flag magazine. Ivan J. Siegel, , as a researcher, has written review articles to encourage readers to read the book. The translator's effort is to provide a correct and at the same time scientific translation for the readers of this writing.