نشریه زبان و زبان شناسی
پیاپی 33 (بهار و تابستان 1400)

Geographically, central Talashi includes the Asalem part of Talesh city and the Peresar part of Razvanshahr city which is located between the Navrood river basin in the north and Shafarood river in the south. In the present research, the use of kinship terms and central type of address words have been investigated and analyzed. The research data were collected by field method and in conversation with the speakers of the region, and analyzed in four sections: terms of relative kinship, terms of causal kinship, terms of foster kinship and friendship pact, and terms of address related to non-relatives. This research shows that the terms of kinship and address words of the central Taleshi while being diverse and extensive, have found little use and may have collapsed due to changes in family and social relationships, migration to cities,and bilingualism of the new generation and in some cases, they have been replaced by common Persian equivalents, which indicates the evolution of Iranian languages ​​and dialects towards assimilation with the official and dominant language.

Evidentiality is the linguistic encoding of the source of information. The present study, focusing Aikhenvald's framework seeks to investigate the strategies of evidentiality- grammatical constructions and lexical means which their primary meaning is not evidentiality- in contemporary Persian. For the purposes of this study the required data were collected from TV serials, novels, and daily newspapers. The results depict that evidentiality strategies used by Persian speakers to convey information source are present perfect structures, modal verbs, verbs of speech in impersonal constructions, verbs of perception and cognition, compound verbs in subordinating constructions, verbs related to the five senses, evidential adverbs and reported speech. Contrary to others' belief, passive structures cannot acquire evidential overtones in the Persian language. Among these strategies, only the verbs related to the five senses express firsthand evidentiality and the other strategies express non-‌firsthand evidentiality.

Syllabic meter is formed by the regular repetition of syllables, pauses (caesurae), and hemistiches. The quantity of syllables as well as their weight have no functional role in the structure of syllabic meter, therefore this meter is substantially different with the Persian quantitative meter in classical poetry and Persian isochronous accentual folk meter which are based mainly on syllable weight and metrical accents respectively. Although the syllabic meter is usually current in such syllable-timed languages as French in which syllables have equal quantities, sometimes, for some historical and or cultural reasons, evidences of syllabic meter have been observed in languages such as Persian in which syllables have different quantities. Syllabic meter, as it has been mentioned already, is not current in Persian at all, but this meter has been used by some poets in Persian from the ancient times to the present day. This paper deals with the structural analysis of such poems. In this article, after a brief discussion on the classification of different meters in world languages, Persian syllabic meter has been introduced and it structural characteristics has been shown as follows: 1. Persian poets, when composing in this meter, make use of mostly long (heavy) syllables; 2. The pauses in this meter are always of caesura types, i.e. it appears always after a phonological word (or prosodic constituent) break; 3. Although the end part of each pause in this poem is accompanied always by a stress, this stress is not a metrical one, but a pitch accent, and this point shows clearly that stress has just a secondary role in the main structure of this meter in Persian. In this article a method has been also introduced for representing and classifying all kinds of Persian syllabic meter.

Affixoids are words that exhibit an affix-like behaviour. In the Persian language, some constituents that are used at the beginning or end of some compound words, are affixoids. The main purpose of this research is to study the Persian endocentric nonverbal Compound constructions which have an affixoid constituent within the framework of Construction Morphology (CM). The data analyzed in this study has been gathered from six sources: Reverse Dictionary (Zansu) (Keshani, 1993), Persian Linguistic Database (PLDB), FarsNet, Farhang-e Bozorg-e Sokhan (Anvari, 2002), Google and Persian Wikipedia. After gathering the data, obsolete and old items have been excluded. The findings of the research show that the animal words (xar) “doncky” , (shir) “lion” and (sag) “dog” are affixoids in some of the endocentric nonverbal Persian compounds with a wholistic and predictable meaning. Also, there is a constructional schema for each of these compounds, in which the meaning of each components and their relationship, encyclopedic knowledge, context, as well as metaphor, play a significant role in determining the meaning of these compounds.

Since the advent of the Internet, we have come across a large amount of data that has been placed on this platform. This has caused the way data is studied and examined to evolve from manual to automatic. This research aims to extract the topics raised in articles in the field of language and linguistics and to study the evolution of topics over time with the help of the topic modeling algorithm. To this end, the Latent Dirichlet allocation algorithm is used. The corpus of this research was developed through crawling; and after filtering and pre-processing of the data, the number of 5, 10 and 15 topics are extracted from the articles; and based on the words of each topic, they are manually labeled. Due to the distribution of articles from 1927 to 2020 (1306 to 1399 according to the solar calendar), the time is divided into 5 time span and the topics related to each time span is identified after the labeling process. Among the 5 extracted topics, including Education, Discourse Analysis, Psychology, Syntax and Dialectology, all topics, except Discourse Analysis, are progressively studied over time. The growth and decline of the topics extracted from the articles can be seen in 10 and 15 topics. The practical achievement of this research is policy-making in the field of science. In addition to introducing a practical, technological methodology in do research, it is possible to identify hot topics among researchers in a scientific field and to find the gaps in research topics and to try to diversify and balance research topics.

Regarding rhythmic typology, earlier studies have taken for granted the isochrony of interstress intervals and syllables in stress-timed and syllable-timed languages, respectively. However, some later studies have questioned the concept of isochrony and claimed that the rhythm type of each language results from the characteristics of its phonological system, not its temporal organization. So, while classifying the rhythmic type of languages according to the durational measurements, it is necessary to consider the phonological properties that lead to the formation of that rhythm type. As a piece of evidence, although the Kermani variety of Persian has been recognized as stress-timed according to the nPVI calculations, lexical stress has no significant role in the respective phonological system. In other words, it is the application of the weight-based vowel reduction which changes the nucleus of the monomoraic syllables to schwa, the property which yields a higher contrast between the duration of this short vowel and the other longer ones. Moreover, this process can ultimately delete the nucleus of these monomoraic syllables, which results in onset consonant clusters in this variety. Consequently, although various patterns of vowel duration along with complex consonant clusters are the characteristic features of stress-timed languages, in the Kermani variety these features cannot be pertained to this rhythmic type and lexical stress.

The present study examines the impact of the usage of the principles of Grice’s (1975) cooperative principles of Quality, Quantity, Relevance, and Manner in legal discourse based on the observance of such rules and principles of conversation in defense sessions of ISIS defendants attacking the Islamic Consultative Assembly and Imam Khomeini Holy Shrine. Data of the present descriptive-qualitative study was collected from fifty 10-minute video files from the 20:30 TV program and Aparat Web site in various defense sessions of the defendants of attacking the Islamic Consultative Assembly and the Holy Shrine of Imam Khomeini. Findings showed that Gricean maxims were violated in terms of Quantity but the court interlocutors followed Relevance maxim in the court exchanges. The lowest frequency was observed in the Quality maxim since the speakers avoid appropriate and true conversations in the court. Results also revealed that defendants violated all the maxims compared with judges and martyrs' families.

The aim of this study was to develop and determine the psychometric characteristics of gestures test in patients with aphasia. For this purpose, images were first designed for this purpose. In designing the images, items such as paralysis of the limbs were considered. To determine the content validity of the designed options, two indicators, CVR and CVI, were used. The expert panel in this test was 15 linguists and speech therapists. Options above 0.49 were selected for determining the content validity ratio (CVR) and options above 0.79 for determining the content validity index (CVI). The test was performed on 51 patients with aphasia with a mean age of 51 years and 153 healthy individuals with a mean age of 50 years. Out of 41 patients with paralysis and 105 healthy individuals were retested (ICC = 0.94). The scores of 42 subjects and 136 healthy individuals were evaluated by a dual assessor (r = 0.91). The internal consistency coefficient of the test (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.96 and the validity of all subtests was above 0.91, which indicates that all items have the same role in the total score and will not increase significantly if one alpha item is removed.

Aspect has always been one of the interesting subjects for many studies in different scientific fields. This notion is neglected and sometimes confused with other grammatical categories such as tense and mood in the early works on Persian language. Using a descriptive-analytical method, in this study, Aspect in Persian is investigated thoroughly, based on the theoretical assumptions of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) (Hengeveld and Mackenzie, 2008). FDG, with its typological basis, and multilayered mode of description of formulation and encoding operations will permit more reliable comparisons of language systems. The results of the present study show that in Persian there are some distinctions between quantitative and qualitative aspects which belong to two different layers inside the representational level. The qualitative aspects which deal with the frequency of occurrence of an event have no operator in Persian and their notion is mainly conveyed by using quantifiers in the modifier slot of an SOA layer. On the other hand, for different types of qualitative aspects (phasal distinctions and perfective-imperfective) except for the continuative/durative aspect, there are specific operators in the Configurational Property layer. This paper shows how these facts can be accounted for within the Functional Discourse Grammar approach to analyzing Aspect in Persian language in order to propose a uniform description of the ways of representing aspectual notions.

One of the research topics that influenced by gender differences is the issue of emotion production and perception. Numerous studies have shown that women and men differ in their perception of facial expressions, watching movies, listening to music, and ultimately understanding emotional prosody, or how women and men produce their emotions in contextual situations. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of emotional prosody as a non-verbal communication tool against emotional lexical content on the elderly over 65 years (as a control group) and Alzheimer's patients in mild to moderate levels separately for men and women. In the group of Alzheimer's patients (n = 12), in the emotion of anger and fear, women were perceived more than men this emotion with emotional prosody, but in the emotions of happiness, sadness and disgust, men used more emotional prosody and women unlike, used more lexical content to understand these emotions. While in the control group (12 people), women used the lexical content to understand all the emotions and emotional prosody had no effect on the comprehension. In the emotion of sadness, both men and women used only lexical content in comprehension, and emotional prosody was ineffective. Men used emotional prosody in disgust more than just other emotions, but the lexical content was more effective in understanding other emotions. Therefore, men and women react differently depending on the type of emotion, and this difference depends on biological factors as well as relationships and social skills of individuals. Because by experiencing and evaluating life events, different emotions are perceived.

Language is a cognitive ability that has a creative and generative system called syntax. Syntax is of special importance in language due to the infinite production of sentences, and it is thought that human beings produce and understand sentences automatically and without awarness. Due to the importance of this issue, the present study investigates the degree of autamaticity of syntactic processing in Persian. For this purpose, event-related potentials (ERP) were recorded by electroencephalography, which has a time resolution of one millisecond. This research was performed by conducting an experiment at the National Brain Mapping Laboratory of Iran and with the financial support of the Cognitive Science and Technology Council on Persian speaking speakers. In this expriment, using the paradigm of attentional blink in a language processing task in the form of short and limited syntactic contexes, we examine the degree of automaticity of processing these contexes by ERP registration with 22 volunteers (10 women and 12 men, with an average age of 23.8 years). The obtained signals were analyzed using EEGlab software in MATLAB program. The test results showed that syntactic processing is not an automated process but a mentally controlled process and is performed in a completely conscious manner.