نشریه پژوهش های زبان و ترجمه فرانسه
سال چهارم شماره 2 (پیاپی 7، پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The two main questions of this research are: How does Death of a Salesman by Miller (mirror) reflect some parts of Farhadi’s movie titled The Salesman? And the second question is what are the functions of the Mirror Text of Miller's play in The Salesman (the movie)? In the present study, Farhadi's film is the main narrative and the play performed in the movie (Miller’ Death of a Salesman) is a mirror narrative. The Death of a Salesman by Miller is embedded as a mirror text in Asghar Farhadi's film, and reflects the main narrative in a variety of contexts, including: title, theme, characters and places. The presence of this technique in a work reveals the ambiguity and artistic complexity in literary works and prepares a better understanding of it for the reader. The introduction of this concept also allows literary researchers to identify and structurally analyze the works that have applied this technique. the present study are analyzed based on the theoretical foundations of Lucien Dallenbach and his three proposed methods in the field of mirror text. The functions of a mirror text in this case study (Salesman film) are as follows: strengthening the theme and creating coherence, indirect characterization, increasing suspense and ambiguity in the original text, highlighting the role of the audience in the process of understanding the text, shading and new interpretation of the text and giving Visual and aesthetic dimension to various aspects of the main narrative.

D'une part, l'émergence de nouvelles théories dans le domaine de la critique littéraire a mis en évidence l’usage en force de nouvelles méthodes dans l'analyse et l'examen des textes littéraires, y compris la poésie, d’autre part face à des poèmes chargés d'allusions, de métaphores et de techniques littéraires, la méthode d'analyse traditionnelle a perdu toute son efficacité. Il semble donc nécessaire d'adopter un nouvel outil d’analyse pour l'étude de ces textes. L'une de ces approches est dénommée théorie de la "lecture littéraire" pour le commentaire de la poésie, lancée par le critique et sémioticien français Michael Riffaterre dans son célèbre ouvrage "Sémiotique de la poésie" en 1978. Selon elle, les textes poétiques sont analysés suivant deux modes de lecture heuristique et rétrolecture. À ce titre, le lecteur comprend le sens du poème en première lecture et la signifiance du texte en seconde lecture. Alors, dans le cadre de cette recherche, après avoir introduit et défini la théorie sémiologique de Riffaterre, est passé en revue le poème "Albatros", l'un des plus célèbres de Charles Baudelaire, très riche en images et plein de figures littéraires, selon une approche analytique et descriptive, tout en s'appuyant sur ladite théorie. Cette recherche vise à découvrir les potentialités et les significations cachées de ce poème à l'aide d'une lecture rétroactive basée sur le cadre théorique de Riffaterre. Les résultats de la recherche indiquent que le noyau du texte, à savoir le symbole de l’oiseau-poète, reste à l'origine et au centre du poème "Albatros.”.

The ole of media and multimedia productions in today’s world is increasingly influential. Over time, the same as the rest of the world, the dissemination of audiovisual productions in Iran has changed. In recent years, with advances in technology, the increase in the number of unauthorized video-sharing sites, the changing tastes of the audience in using these products, and the development of video on demand (VOD) platforms, television is no longer the center of audiovisual product distribution. Nowadays, many people watch audiovisual content on different platforms such as smartphones, tablets, or computers and can easily watch programs anytime and anywhere they wish. However, the quality of translations on these platforms is still unclear to the audience. Considering that VOD platforms have growing fans in Iran, assessing the quality of dubbed products in these services seems essential. The present research aims to study the quality of the translation of films shared on VOD platforms in the context of Iran, and Namava was selected as the representative case. For this purpose, four French language films, namely, J'accuse (2019), seules les bêtes (2019), Oxygène (2021), and De Gaulle (2020), and four English language films, Gravity (2013), Murder on the Orient Express (2017), Darkest Hour (2017), and The Courier (2020) were examined. Sampling was purposive, and data analysis was performed using grounded theory. The results of this research suggested that the translation quality of the selected films was satisfactory, and Namava seem to provide acceptable services in this regard.

The significance of media ideology and political orientation in the redistribution of news has garnered more attention from researchers than ever before in the era of digital communication, owing to the widespread coverage of international events in the shortest feasible period. Today's media is attempting to instill their ideologies in their audiences through various strategies and directional news coverage. The present study investigates the role of ideology and political positions in some French and English media regarding the 25-year Iran-China cooperation agreement. The texts were selected from a French-language newspaper and weekly, as well as an English-language newspaper and a news site, representing both right-wing and left-wing ideologies. The analysis of news texts published in selected media has been done according to the theory of critical discourse analysis and relying on the principles of Modality, Lexicalization, intertextuality, Presupposition, and manipulation. The research findings indicate that media ideology has a direct impact on the production and redistribution of news that differs from, and sometimes contradicts, the source news text. And he will show us yet again that the orientation of the media is an important factor in the coverage of news especially those which become controversial all over the world

Marcel Proust, a 20th-century French novelist, is renowned for his long endless sentences. His sentences sometimes exceeding ten lines are part of his style. The worldwide reputation of Proust's seven-volume novel In Search of Lost Time prompted many Iranian translators to translate this novel However only one translation manages to take up the challenge and present the Persian version and this novel after more than seventy years from the publication of the original version. Indeed the simple syntax and the clarity of the Persian are opposed to what is recognized as the style of the writer. In other words transferring the Proustian complex sentences to simple Persian sentences would go against the style of the source text and saving these sentences would give rise to unusual and incomprehensible sentences in the target language. The objective of this research is to identify the strategies that make it possible to respect the principles of Persian language while remaining faithful to the style of the writer. This being so we adopt the notion of “negotiation” in translation, proposed by Umberto Echo, and initially study the role of the language of origin and that of the language of arrival in this negotiation, as well as the grammatical differences between these two languages. Secondly after having identified the components of Proust's style we examine their transfer to the translation of the translator Sahabi. Certainly, the determination of the elements of the writer's style promotes all possible safeguards, in the "negotiation" between the two languages.

Irrespective of the field or of the languages involved, translation represents a means of communication. Nevertheless, translation in the medical field involves the translation of documents that are related to the medical, pharmaceutical, or health care field. As with any specific field, medical translation requires training and extensive knowledge of the subject besides linguistic skills. All fields of translation are equally involve specific features, difficulties, and methods. However, translation in the medical field involves the translation of documents related to new drug applications, of clinical, regulatory, or marketing documents that are related to the medical, pharmaceutical, or health care field. In this study, translating the book Guide to Care Techniques in Medical Imaging by Elisabeth Moerschel, we presented the difficulties of translation due to the components of the medical language. We chose this book to address the theoretical and regulatory bases of the care techniques that the student in initial training can rely on. The difficulties that will be examined are common problems with the translators of medical texts, so we can say that finding them a solution would make it easier for a large number of medical text translators. We talked about the ambiguity of medical texts, the polysemy of terms, Latin and foreign terms and the translatability of medical texts. We discussed the issue of medical cultures including the variety of medical institutions and the challenge of lack of access to a similar institution. 

Women’s presence in Moliere’s works: a sociological studyAbstractLiterature has always reflected different dimensions of human life. Because and by the grace of this, literature is a collective of human sciences ideas internalized and human is the focal point of these studies. Comedy is a literary type that analyzes human and its living conditions with an astounding sensitivity. Moliere, through creation of his female characters in his works tries to paint an accurate picture of their living conditions. In this research we first attempt at answering the question whether the women should live like their mothers and grandmothers or does Moliere believe in an evolution of their lifestyles through time. In the 17th century France, women in a way tend to living in a more social lifestyle in such a way that would have them passionately engaged in activities such as literature, dancing, music and theater. Secondly we wish to find an answer to the question to which extent has Moliere agreed to this evolution and metamorphosis of this lifestyle in women’s social behaviors. Finally, we want to ask whether Moliere has had a feministic look to women. The objective of this research is an analysis and a deep-dive of and into Moliere’s opinions about the presence of women in 17th Century France and we want to analyze the different dimensions that Moliere has tackled this issue.

Today’s man is drowned in the end of dark world, but he has always tried to heal his personality and existence gaps. The concept of a creator of valuable works with genius can assume wide dimensions. From this point of view, Anna Gavalda, the contemporary French female writer, has been able to portray the relationships between people, which are the shape of human life in her works. Since the family is the meeting point of people’s psychological gaps that later become evident in the heart of the society, it doubles the importance of examining this place through the works of Anna Gavalda. In this sense, we intend to explain the following subjects through the psychological of approaches of Julia Kristeva. First, how did the author address the roles of mother and father in her works? In what dimensions can the negative and harmful results of shaky relationships within the family appear in Someone I loved? On the other hand, what are the bright aspects of the father’s presence in the children’s lives, and what is the author’s strategy to make life meaningful, in a novel Hunting and Gathering? Reading the author’s works encourages us to think more about family misunderstanding, intergenerational conflicts, emotional wandering and shaky human relationships. In the sense, it portrays the real reflection of the current life of contemporary man, which could be the key to solve the problems that every family struggles with on a daily basis.

The following essay is an attempt to introduce Yves Citton's thought about the ecology of attention on the one hand; and to show its connection with education on the other hand. This essay first shows why this media paleontologist considers economic and psychological approaches to be ineffective in examining the cognitive capitalism that digital media and metamedia have created with the mass production of immaterial data. We also find out why the Switzerland thinker, defends the ecology of attention, against the economy of attention, which, in addition to the typology of attention and enumerating the abilities of each of them at the collective, group, and individual levels, can be considered as a political, anthropological, educational and environmental approach. The origin of the most important human problems in today's dramatic society is attention disorder and distraction, which undoubtedly the media plays an important role in its creation and expansion. Since attention has attained an important position in the communication society, after criticizing the discourses blaming of inattention on the young generation, it examines how relying on the ecology approach can either do attention pathology in the learning environment and also determine educational goals at the rest of this article. Thus, the ecological approach to attention, by ending the authority of the knowledgeable teacher as the source of knowledge, turns the education process into a risky adventure for each person involved in it, in order to achieve values such as the sharing of knowledge, variation and nuance.