نشریه دانش شهرسازی
سال ششم شماره 2 (پیاپی 19، تابستان 1401)

Given that urban areas today host the majority of the world's population, the dependence of most cities on global resources has made them very vulnerable to shocks that could disrupt their current supply systems, if their fragility More has been revealed since the recent outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic. Therefore, to prevent an impending catastrophe, cities must take swift action in dealing with the metabolism of natural ecosystems to better prepare for future crises, hence the issue of reconsidering new forms of production to adapt to a sustainable vision for the future city. The immediate challenge is today's policies. The aim of this study is to help increase the resilience of cities by applying the strategy of integrated productive urban landscapes with emphasis on local production by creating food security, social capital and promoting a circular economy.

This research is through a systematic review method based on a four-stage model with the development of article search strategy and search process with the terms "productive landscape", "landscape strategy", "sustainable landscape", "integrated productive urban landscape", "landscape "Dynamic" and "productive urban landscape" started in the top citation databases, 366 articles were identified in the initial search in the years 2000 to 2022, of which 93 articles were selected as the top qualified articles for more in-depth study and answers to research questions. Were. Then, the selected articles were content-explored and synthesized with the aim of analyzing the dimensions and components of integrated productive urban landscapes in order to provide a strategic framework for Cpuls.

The final achievement of this study is to identify the dimensions and components of an integrated productive urban landscape and a comprehensive theoretical framework of CPULs as a new model of urban development and NBS nature-based solution for future urban resilience and sustainable urban development. Planning and sustainable development of present and future cities.

The theoretical foundations of the development of information and communication technology are essentially pursued with a focus on the concept of impossibility and inequality. The results of various theories and actions related to the development of this type of technology in the city, provide a lot of evidence about the inconsistent effects of information and communication technologies on urban space and place in the context of cities. Therefore, in order to find the nature and direction of changes due to the development of these technologies in the city, the main question of the present article is to find the components affecting the development of these types of technologies and determine their development process. The main purpose of this study was to identify the factors and components affecting the relationship and how information and communication technology affects the city and urban space and place and to find their relationship with the categories extracted from the theoretical literature in order to determine the urban policy trajectory.The research based on the qualitative method of interviewing elites with 15 specialists and university professors in the fields of urban planning, sociology, transportation and urban geography until theoretical saturation has been conducted in a semi-structured manner, based on a questionnaire designed in the form of 15 open-ended questions. Findings show that based on 6 main categories (value of physical space, new concept of time and distance, optimal technology-based urban development, freedom of activities from the spatial component, replacement of face-to-face activities, favorable urban traffic), 4 dimensions (social, political-economic , Physical and infrastructural), 36 main components and 121 sub-components were extracted, studied, refined and classified in the form of two characteristics of reinforcement (64 components) and limiting (57 components). Accordingly, the policy resulting from these two approaches, the urban planning system undergoes a fundamental change and transformation, and certainly affects the urban management and planning system of Iranian cities. Therefore, the present study tries to present effective factors, components and policies in the two directions of deterrence and propulsion in the form of conceptual matrices.

For over a century, the subject of Islamic city has been systematically considered by various researchers for various purposes. This study aims to investigate the quiddity of an Islamic city and the urban planning needs based on it. The research data is qualitative and in the data collection, the library method has been used. Content analysis and meta-analysis methods have been used in the analysis of the findings. The results of the research indicate that after the documentary studies, the studies conducted in the Islamic city so far can be classified into four main categories: The physical aspect of the Islamic city, the social nature of the Islamic city, the governance and management of the Islamic city and the relation of philosophy of Mulla Sadra and the justice aspect of the Islamic city. Secondary concepts of the physical dimension include mosque-orientation, introversion, neighborhood- orientation, and naturalism, which include 11 primary concepts and 50 primary codes. Secondary concepts of social nature include social security, civic ethics, social supervision, social participation, social justice, social duties, strong social interactions, neighborhood, which includes 7 concepts and 50 primary codes. Secondary concepts of governance and management include divine sovereignty, Islamic management and economic prosperity, which includes 6 concepts and 28 primary codes. Secondary concepts of Mulla Sadra's Islamic philosophy and social justice include utopia policies and leadership, citizen participation, utopian justice, and physical dimensions, which include 4 concepts and 9 primary codes. The results of the analyzes show that none of the mentioned discussion groups can explain the nature and meaning of the Islamic city in a testable way for various possibilities of place and time, lonely. The Islamic city does not have an absolute nature and has a relative nature. Based on justice, cities can move towards becoming more Islamic during their degrees of perfection.

As mentioned in many urban studies, contemporary cities are facing many problems and challenges. Lefebvre was one of the first to reveal the essential role of urban development in general and urban space production in particular in the reproduction of capitalist relations as the main issue of cities. According to him, this role went far beyond the simple production of urban space as a tradable commodity in the market. He argued that capitalism in the 20th century survived not only by organizing production in space but also by organizing the production of space itself. Therefore, Lefebvre proposed the right to the city as a socio-spatial concept and a call to create a livable and just city; however, as Marcuse has stated, it is not clear what this city will look like in the end. The right to the city in urban development requires creating codes and redefining concepts in order to improve cities' conditions. In this article, we seek to draw a framework for urban development by exploring the concept of the ri g ht  to the city , acity that lefebvre refers to asa work of art .

The current research is of a qualitative type, and the qualitative content analysis method was used to draw a framework for the conceptual expansion of urban development from the perspective of the theory of the right to the city. The source of data collection is documents and a purposeful sampling method was used to collect data. Reaching the theoretical saturation to achieve the goal of the research was achieved by examining the number of 155 cases. The research coding system includes the theme, category, subcategory, and sign or code, which draws categories or conceptual maps in a comparative approach in a systematic way.

The results show that the right of possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference form the three economic, political, and social necessities of urban development, respectively. The right to possession consists of two categories of the social function of real estate and land and the right to fair spatial distribution. Also, the right to urban citizenship, democratic participation, and democratic governance are the main categories of the right to participation. Finally, the right to difference is the symbolic dimension of urban development, which includes the categories of socio-spatial priority, environmental justice, diverse and lively urban space, and the right to creativity. These categories guarantee spatial justice, democracy, and vitality in urban development. From the perspective of the right to the city, spatial justice in urban development includes fair distribution of urban resources and services (substantive justice), respect for the environment and urban communities (diagnostic justice), and fair structure and processes in decision-making (procedural justice). Achieving spatial justice from the point of view of the right to the city cannot be achieved except by linking people with the city space. This concept implies Lefebvre's insistence on the central role of residents. This requires having the right to urban citizenship, democratic participation in the production of space, and democratic governance in the transformation of the city space. Also, Lefebvre searches for urban vitality in the lived experience of city residents and mentions it as one of the three aspects of urban development, where social relations and practices are mediated through it.

The concept of the right to the city does not include separate and multiple rights but is defined in a relational way. Here, we define the three concepts of the right to occupy the space, the right to participate in the production of space, and the right to difference as concepts arising from the right to the city in urban development, which includes the substantive, procedural, and diagnostic dimensions, respectively. The model of urban development based on the right to the city expands a set of concepts and tools for fundamental changes in the city space, which provides the possibility of collective ownership and production of space by residents based on the value of its use. To achieve this principle, citizens should demand spatial justice, urban democracy, and urban vitality from the concepts of right of possession, right to participation, and right to difference. Therefore, the right to the city does not include separate and multiple rights but is defined in a relational way. This right has substantive dimensions (right to possession), procedural (right to participation), and diagnosis (right to difference). Although it refers to different parts, it is completely intertwined and the right is a triple whole, not a set of individual and separate rights.

Today, the meaning of environment is one of the most important issues in urbanism and contemporary schools of thought have always sought to theorize the "nature of meaning and the process of its development" in urban spaces.Despite their strengths, they seem to have shortcomings due to the lack of capacity to benefit from the initiatives of other scientific fields and the single-level view of meaning. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of urbanism, it seems necessary to use related sciences to the cognitive and perceptual structures of the individual to explain the process of meaning development in urban.

In response to the question, " What is the cognitive-cultural process of meaning formation in urban space and what are its achievements in comparison with other developmental approaches to meaning?", the purpose of this paper is to generalize the application of cognitive science concepts related to cognition of human and environment to the field of environmental studies, including urbanism and reduce the gap in the interdisciplinary theoretical studies of these two fields.

The research method in this article is a comparative- analytical method that is done by explaining the position of cognitive-cultural approach in comparison with post-positivist and post-structuralist approaches in the field of urban studies.

The cognitive-cultural approach is distinguished from post-positivist and poststructuralist approaches in terms of epistemology and factors of meaning development in urban spaces. Epistemologically, in the cognitive-cultural approach, meaning is reproduced simultaneously at two pervasive levels with cultural mentality and at a specific level with cultural practices. Cognitive-cultural affordances of urban space, cognitive-cultural experience of the individual from urban space and how to be available/accessible in a particular situation are the factors of meaning development in the cognitive-cultural approach. In other words, this approach examines the traces of culture both in the environment and in humans.

The proposed cognitive-cultural approach of the research with a multilevel and situational view of meaning, covers the shortcomings of previous approaches in urban studies such as a single-level view of meaning and introduces urbanism as situational cultural knowledge.

Critical attitude to capital hegemony on human relations in contemporary society, when it is linked to space, enters into urban studies. From this perspective, in the urban study of space, as a problematic concept, two categories of literature of (social) production and (cultural) consumption of space can be distinguished, which seems to have been developed most of all under the two disciplines of cultural studies and political economy. Also, the public space, which is at the center of urban design studies, has been mixed with a kind of critical understanding in recent years. This is where the interdisciplinary nature of urban design has forced it to pay attention to the literature of production and consumption of space for a deeper understanding of the transformation of public spaces in the midst of the conflict between the forces of power and the people.

This article aimed to develop critical understanding of public space, especially under the knowledge of urban design, by combining the two theoretical concepts of social production and cultural consumption of space.

This theoretical essay tries to present a legible picture of the position of urban public spaces in a theoretical frame that stemmed from examining a hierarchy from philosophical roots to tangible concepts derived from the above two concepts.

The findings show how the concepts considered in the three categories of literature (social production of space, cultural consumption and critical studies of urban design) at three levels of discussion (paradigmatic, theoretical and objective).

The realm of everyday life can be understood as the confluence of the two concepts of cultural consumption and social production of space; which a visible part of it is occuring in public spaces as the field of action of urban design and the constant crystallization of production and consumption flows. In this position, everyday can be read through the concept of homogenization of space, where the upstream forces of abstract production in dialectics with downstream forces of objective consumption are evolving contemporary urban spaces.

Today, with the increasing trend of privatization of public spaces and its control in various ways; Sociability of public space, which is one of the pillars of urban vitality; Has been challenged.On the other hand, lack of attention to the social dimension of vitality is observed in most studies. This study seeks to identify the most important indicators of sociability to achieve vitality in Valiasr St., Tehran from the perspective of experts and street users.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the two concepts of sociability and vitality in Valiasr Street, Tehran to use the results in urban public space planning.

In this regard, a comparative analysis is performed based on the views of experts on Valiasr Street and the users of this street. By adopting a combined approach with a sequential exploratory research design and using three methods of unstructured interview, observation committee and field observation, research data were collected.

A total of 7 main criteria were identified by experts, but 3 of these 7 criteria were not approved by users. The results were then discussed in two areas. First, it was found that, contrary to experts' views, criteria that are more collectivist are less preferred by users. There were also fundamental differences in the views of the two groups. So that the experts had a scientific but idealistic attitude towards the issues and issues of public spaces. While users' point of view is a simple, minimal but realistic view of their preferences and desires from a public space, which is based on their lived experience of public spaces.

Finally, the realization of the sociability of public spaces depended on a series of requirements and underlying conditions that can be sought in the field of macro-political, institutional and social structures.