مجله دانشکده پرستاری ارتش
سال نهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، زمستان 1388)

Despite some recent improvements in public health preparedness in many communities, efforts to incorporate mental health plans and services into bioterrorism response planning remain in their infancy. Fear-inducing threats of contamination, the likelihood of covert release of poisonous agents, and the possibility of contagion may result in large numbers of adverse emotional/psychological reactions.

the aim of this study is describing the role of mental health in bioterrorism.

This is a review article. The information is based on searching in library and internet.

The goal of terrorism is fear. Terrorist attacks are intended to cause psychological, social and economic destruction. Others experience various levels of grief, loss, stress, anger and depression.

The protection and promotion of mental health in the community is a critical Component of pre-event planning for bioterrorism events.

Plague is an infectious disease that affects animals and humans. It is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. This bacterium is found in rodents and their fleas and occurs in many areas of the world. The World Health Organization reports 1,000 to 3,000 cases of plague every year.

this study is a review article based on the information and data, which is published in internet, journals and text books.

The most common form of plague is Bubonic plague .This occurs when an infected flea bites a person or when materials contaminated with Y. pestis enter through a break in a person’s skin. Septicemic plague occurs when plague bacteria multiply in the blood. It can be a complication of pneumonic or bubonic plague or it can occur by itself. Pneumonic plague occurs when Y. pestis infects the lungs. Common form of plague in bioterrorist attack is Pneumonic plague .This type of plague can spread from person to person through the air. Transmission can take place if someone breathes in aerosolized bacteria. Y. pestis is easily destroyed by sunlight and drying. Even so, when released into air, the bacterium will survive for up to one hour, although this could vary depending on conditions. With pneumonic plague, the first signs of illness are fever, headache, weakness, and rapidly developing pneumonia with shortness of breath, chest pain, cough, and sometimes bloody or watery sputum. The pneumonia progresses for 2 to 4 days and may cause respiratory failure and shock. Without early treatment, patients may die.

To reduce the chance of death, antibiotics must be given within 24 hours of first symptoms. Antibiotic treatment for 7 days will protect people who have had direct, close contact with infected patients. Wearing a close-fitting surgical mask also protects against infection. A plague vaccine is not currently available for use.

Crimean- Congo hemorrhagic Fever is an arbavival disease which is transmitted by a virus of the genus nairovirus and of the family Bunyaviridea from infected domestic animal to man by tick bite or from man to man. The mortality rate of the disease can be 30% in infected persons. The signs of this syndrome are fever, myalgia, hemorrhagia, hypotension, shock and death.

This is a review article. The information is based on searching in library and internet

Because of this virus can be fix so easily (by glycerin) and it can be changed to aerosol and spread everywhere; it can be horrible as a bioterrorism equipment. Therefore all people, especially soldiers should know the disease its, clinical sign and the control method for protection against this disease.

It has been known for centuries that a certain number of people survive epidemics unscathed modern research has confirmed that enhanced nutrition reduces the risk of infections and improves recovery from infections of various types both in experimental animals and humans.

this study is a review article based on the information and data , which is in the internet and journals.

The connection between nutrition and immune function is quite strong. While protein-calorie malnutrition has been known for quite some time to result in immune incompetence, only recently has it been recognized that single nutrient deficiencies can result in profound immune dysfunction. This would include deficiencies in vitamins, minerals and special metabolic substrates.

It is known that a large segment of our population is deficient in one or more nutrients. During stress, such as would occur during a bioterrorist attack, nutritional depletion would worsen. It is also known that stress enhances immune suppression and increases free radical generation in numerous tissues.

bioterrorism attacks are very dangerous. At this time, many countries use bioterrorism in their new wars. So, improving readiness for contact to biological wars is necessary for militarian and usual people.

this study is a review article based on the information and data, which is published in the internet, journals and associated researches

planning the framework for continuing education about bioterrorism by militarian and faculty members of military university of medical sciences is very effective program.

pregnant women and their infants are vulnerable, during and following a bioterrorist event. This event could include the release of biologic agents, such as small pox or anthrax, contracting any of these diseases during pregnancy results in significant morbidity and mortality to the pregnant women, as well as unknown risks to the fetus. Response plans for these events my include use of medications and vaccines for which the effects on pregnant women and fetuses are unknown.

This is a review article. The information is based on searching in Library and internet. Results Understanding the physiology of pregnancy, the factors that influence the teratogenic potential of medications and vaccines and the infection control measures that may stop an outbreak will aid planners in making recommendations for care of pregnant women during bioterrorist event. Prenatal nurses can assist in community preparation for bioterrorist attacks by providing simple, accurate education about what is needed for the pregnant woman before, during and after an event.

Becoming involved in the disaster response planning at the practice site will result in a more confident responder and decrease the possibility of significant clinical symptoms being overlooked during a bioterrorist event. 

today’s the wars to be changed biological weapons. That in addition to military persons, threats civilian persons. The statistics showed that application of biological weapons increased in wars irregularly, so the number of people who was killed due to biological attacks during 1970-1983(14 years) been 28110 person and during 1990-1996 who was killed 50070 person(duplicate). This weapons is simple, inexpensive, colorless and easily used in large-scale. These weapons between of non-biological weapons have following many casualties and damage. One of the important consequences in this kind of war is fear and various psychological symptoms that create in public person, especially in military. What is certain is that, this preparedness against accidents Bioterrorist is integral part of a health management in crisis time and every country. In such circumstances, management cans effective deal with these side effects. In this article has been tried, introduced psychological symptoms after the Bioterrorist accident and will be referred to the role of managers and effective solutions in this field.

This research is an overview study, that based on collected information from Internet resources and related research that have been correlate to this topic.

Undoubtedly, the main pillar of combat forces to maintain power is physical and mental health. Under such conditions, health care team should provide the necessary preparedness for giving care professional and may have capable response to these events.

not only these peoples need to gain knowledge and skills in dealing with this crisis, but should be able to have preserved mental status and can judge correctively in serious situation. This situation caused that health planners have attention to importance of proper planning in these accidents.