پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 66 (بهار 1401)

With the coming to power of the Ilkhans, the scientific and cultural community of Iran emerged from the passivity of decades of Mongol rule. The religious tolerance of the Ilkhans had a special effect on the growth of culture and education in this era. And northwestern Iran and the development of science in this area The present study seeks to answer the question of what was the scientific status of the scientific centers of Azerbaijan in the ninth century AH and what were the social consequences of emphasizing religion? The research method is descriptive-analytical. The results show that schools were the most important scientific centers of the ninth century, which were superior to other centers both in terms of the number and amount of educational activities. During this period many schools were built to spread and spread science. The main sciences taught in schools during this period were theology, mathematics and philosophy. On the other hand, as a remarkable result, in the scientific activities after the Mongol invasion, the fanatical and dry religious spirit that prevailed in the caliphate during the reign of the Sunni religions, disappeared in the ninth century. And ignored their importance alongside schools, because the establishment of an observatory such as the Maragheh Observatory with a group of thinkers at the time played a very important role in the spread of science and knowledge in this region.

Review:The common features of Iran and Osmani in the nineteenth century were an attempt to modernize. The leaders of these two countries were in a position to rebuild foreign stimulus, and the Iranian modernization program was partially affected by the Ottoman Empire. These effects, due to various political, cultural and historical issues, brought about the challenges of modernization. The two countries are somewhat similar to Zia.Along with the efforts of the Ottoman intellectuals in Iran, some of the governorates have also made progress in reforming them. There are factors such as the cultural relations of Dumlest in history, the two countries' neighbors, long borders, Muslimship of the two countries and common hostility in the name of Russia, the possibility of Iran's modernization of the Ottoman And the reconciliation of the corrective programs of the two Muslim countries and neighboring countries.Given such a premise, the basis of the recent research is the question of what was the cause of the attitude of some Ottoman rulers and Iran in the nineteenth century to the phenomenon of modernization?What are some of the challenges facing reform and regulation in both countries?How has the Ottoman state influenced Iran's ideas and attitudes?The purpose of this article is to answer the top questions of a historical context using historical data by descriptive-analytical method.

Mādayān ī hazār dādestestān or Book of a Thousand Judgment is the only manuscript of the imperfect from the legal collection of the Sassanid period. This article is studying a legal term tōzišn means paying the debt and paying the debt of the deceased and compenasting of the warranter and pēš-tōzišnīh the meaning of repayment and how the debtor's debt is settled and its purpose is to explain the legal rules to pay of the debt of the deceased and how to settle the debt in the civil society of the Sassanid period. For this purpose, a question arises: What did the legislators envisage in the issuance of Judgments tōzišn and pēš-tōzišnīh to pay the debt and settle it? Based on the existing laws, we find that, Legislators with awareness predicted possible disputes of survivors in the death of the deceased and the debtor's possible evasion of payment and even the debtor's financial poverty and issued rulings for pay the debt of the debtor and pay the debt of the deceased, duties of survivors, the debtor and guarantor are know; and disagreement is eliminated between the family and the legal creditor and by adopting legal solutions, does not exist way to avoid fulfilling the obligations. This article is theoretical and has been done with historical-analytical method. While interpreting the legal term tōzišn and pēš-tōzišnīh, we find its social function in the Sassanid period. Given the lack of documented research in this area, the need to address it is obvious.

Malik Mahmoud Sistani governed the Ton and Tabas areas simultaneously with the Afghans attack on the Isfahan,He managed to dominate the city of Mashhad and many parts of Khorasan for about four years with the fall of Safavih Esfahan. At the beginning, he created a safe environment with fear and terror by suppressing dissidents in Mashhad. Afterwards, he attacked other cities in Khorasan and, by coronation and coinage, created a new issue in the east of country. By this power of authority, the Abdallians and Uzbaks, who had long been threatening the city and the region, were eliminated. Malik Mahmoud's encroachment to the property of Razavi's shrine and the change in his trusteeship, as well as his abusive practices and heavy taxes, resulted in general discontent. Finally, the second Shah Tahmasb with the help of Nader goli Afshar besieged Mashhad and arrested and killed Malik Mahmoud. What we are looking for in this research is to answer the question that how was the political and social situation in Mashhad before and after the domination of Malik Mahmud? This research seeks to explore the context of Malik Mahmoud's presence in Mashhad by relying on resources and research, and analyze his behavior with the citizens and the effects of this course on domestic security and the elimination of foreign attacks.

We can consider Aldonma as one of the difference new Masonic Jewish religious of research and study. The importance of this band, or community coming for a number of factors, that is because it is played an important role on late Ottoman Empire, this role which has spread to Turkey until today, and we can see this things in our Islamic world Therefore, it is necessary to identify this band Through the study and follow all the stages of development and the role which played in the period of Ottoman.In the second half of the 17th century, the Ottoman state encountered historic and political circumstances which led to the rise of "Donmk Jews" sect through the rabbi Sabbatai Sebi from Azmir when the latter declared himself an Expected Messiah.This sect is a Jewish one pretending to be Muslim, while it secretly exercises special religious rites. This sect is called the "Sabbai Sect". It had an impact on the Ottoman internal affairs in the period of sultan Abdul Hameed II, and that was evident through its role in the Ottoman coup in 1908, It also affected the policy adopted by the assembly of "Al-ltihad Wal Taraqqi" while holding power and managing the Ottoman state affairs. Embracing Islam by the Jews in Turkey and pretending with that, keeping their religion, is similar to doing that by other people for the purpose of achieving the goals of their original doctrines.

The extraordinary development of Sufism and the proliferation of monasteries is a feature of the ninth century AH in Iran. On the other hand, the beginning of this century is a significant period in the history of Shiism in Iran; Because Sufism in this period became the link between Sunni and Shiite and Shiism itself was crystallized in the form of Sufism and this issue played an important role in the spread and influence of Shiism in many lands of most Sunni religions. Many sects of thought with the Shiite approach such as Harufiyeh, Moshasheieh, Noorbakhshieh and Nemat Elahieh in transferring the Iranian intellectual approach from Sunni to Shiite in the ninth century AH finally provided the grounds for the emergence of the Safavid Shiite government in every way. How Sufism was incorporated into Shi'ism is one of the topics that has always been questioned by scholars.This research seeks to study the proximity and connection between Sufism and Shiism in the ninth century AH with a descriptive and analytical method and analyze its consequences. It was especially religious in connection with Sufism and Shi'ism of the previous period.

Social history examines a wide range of different aspects of past human life and culture. A comprehensive study of the social history of any nation requires attention to all the causes and factors that are involved in the process of shaping their social history, which is one of the most influential components in the social history and collective identity of nations. In the Sassanid period, one of the most valuable legacies left from the artistic past is that the language of communication includes the meanings of their feelings, relationships, thoughts and ideas. By studying these works, the researcher will gain a clear understanding of their social, political, historical life, customs and beliefs. The purpose of this study is to identify and study the social history of the Sassanids as a great culture of ancient Iran based on the design and role of their crown. This research is based on the purpose of basic research and based on the nature and method of analytical-historical research. How to collect information in this research is a documentary method (library) based on which all historical sources and evidence have been studied. The results of this study show many symbolic concepts of the crown designs of Sassanid kings that can be studied by studying these designs and recognizing the hidden concepts in it to some extent to the prevailing social, political and religious situation and the independence and strength of the government and other political events. And achieved the social of that period.