مجله تحقیقات اقتصاد کشاورزی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

Tax as one of the most important sources of revenue, plays a special role in government financial status. Previous studies have examined tax revenue only for developing countries, and no comparison has been made between the factors affecting the tax revenue of developed and developing countries.

This study utilizes panel data from 30 developing countries during the period 2002-2015 and 8 developed countries during the period 1997-2015 and the control of endogenous some explanatory variables, the method of instrumental variables panel data with considering the constant effects of the individual to estimate the effect of various factors on tax revenue.

The results of the study showed that the growth of the agricultural sector in developing countries would reduce the share of tax revenue in these countries. Also, the results showed that the reduction of tariffs and trade barriers with the transparency and reduction of economic instability can play an important role in increasing the tax share of GDP in developing countries.

Agricultural growth can be enhanced through policies such as reducing or eliminating tax subsidies and discounts, eliminating brokering and creating a transparent market for agricultural products, and increase the financial strength of the producers of this sector by adopting non-subsidized policies towards market and commercialization.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of political and economic freedom on carbon emissions in OIC member states during 1999-2015.  In the present study, while estimating a general model including 50 member countries, two models were also examined by the degree of political freedom of countries, including non-free and partially free countries.

The Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) method was used for this purpose. To verify the stationary, Breitung, Im, Pesaran, Shin, and Hadri tests have been used. Also, to investigate co-integration, the Pedroni test was applied.

The results showed that the relationship between political freedom and carbon emissions is significant and negative and the relationship between economic freedom and CO2 emissions is significant and positive. The relationship between economic growth and carbon emissions is positive and significant, and due to the negative relationship between economic growth and the environment, the existence of the Kuznets environmental curve in the member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation was confirmed. It was also found that the effect of energy consumption variables, industrialization index, and population size on carbon dioxide is also positive. In non-free countries, the effect of political freedom and economic freedom on carbon emissions is significant and positive. In relatively free countries, however, the effect of political freedom on carbon dioxide emissions is negative and the effect of economic freedom is insignificant.

According to the results of the present study, increasing political freedoms in OIC member countries reduces CO2 emissions. In fact, this concept shows that pollution is expected to be reduced by providing more opportunities to listen to environmental activists. This result highlights the importance of political freedom. Because despite political freedom and the rule of democratic governments, the rate of accountability is higher and the flow of information is faster. Free press and other forms of information provide citizens with more information on environmental issues. All of this highlights the importance of transparency and public awareness. Because awareness ultimately leads to demand, people who are demanding and aware of environmental issues force governments to protect the environment.

Given the changing cropping pattern of Gorgan County in favor of rice as more irrigated product on one hand and groundwater level decline on the other hand, it is more important to study and identify the factors affecting rice water demand.

In this study, the estimation of water demand function in rice production was investigated using system estimation methods and seemingly unrelated regressions (SUR). The required data were collected through filling out 314 questionnaires by farmers. Sample farmers were selected by stratified random sampling method in Gorgan in 2017-18.

The results showed that most of the coefficients were significant at the 5% level and Allen's partial elasticity had the expected sign.  This indicates that there is a reverse relationship between price and quantity of water demanded. The self-price elasticity of water demand indicates that for a 1 percent increase in water price, water demand decreases by 0.19 percent.

The demand for water is inelastic, That is, with the increase in water prices, water demand will not decrease significantly. Accordingly, it is recommended to use complementary policies such as increasing efficiency and using modern irrigation methods along with water pricing policy.

Since the perceived entrepreneurial opportunities are the first and most important step in the entrepreneurship process, therefore, the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition capacity has a unique role in the process of promoting entrepreneurship among students in the higher education system. This study investigates the effect of environmental support on entrepreneurial opportunity recognition capacity with mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness.

The sample consisted of 100 senior undergraduate students in agricultural majors at Ilam University, selected through a stratified random sampling technique. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS version 25 and SmartPLS.

The results showed that the perceived entrepreneurial opportunity capacities among students were moderately low. According to structural equation modeling, the entrepreneurial alertness and environmental support had a positive and significant effect on the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition capacity. Also, the indirect and significant effect of environmental support through entrepreneurial alertness on the entrepreneurial opportunity recognition capacity was confirmed.

According to the research results, it is suggested that agricultural higher education instructor use active teaching and learning methods, such as idea generation, experimental and service learning, team and practical work, critical thinking and problem solving in agricultural education.

Productivity is an inexhaustible source of economic growth. Cereal, including wheat, barley, rice and corn, because of its important position in production and consumption, are the most important agricultural products in Iran. In this study, by measuring the average total factors productivity (TFP) growth and its components, the situation of farm management and technological progress in cereal farms of the southwest provinces of the country was analyzed.

The data envelopment analysis (DEA) method was used to calculate the total factors productivity (TFP) and analyze its constituent components (technical efficiency growth and technological changes). Through the Ministry of Agriculture, yield and production costs of cereal products including wheat, barley, rice and corn as panel data for seven southwestern provinces, during a 12-year period (2003-2014), were extracted and analyzed.

In most provinces, the main source of TFP growth in irrigated wheat farms is due to technological progress, and in terms of efficiency or farm management, the recession is prevalent. Regarding rain-fed wheat, positive changes in technology and efficiency were observed simultaneously only in Esfahan, Ilam, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh provinces, and in the case of rain-fed barley in Fars, Kohgiluyeh and Ilam. The limitation of TFP growth in corn is mainly due to poor farm management and, conversely, to rice due to the stagnation of technology.

The decomposition of TFP growth into its components showed different results in each province and each product. Therefore, in some provinces, in the case of irrigated wheat and corn, due to the lack of technical efficiency, educational and extension programs and improving farm management are a priority. While for paddy fields, due to the technology recession, the development of mechanization and technology is a priority.

The study on the type of relationship between environmental pollution and economic growth (environmental Kuznets curve) has been a controversial issue of high interest for economists during the last three decades.

Considering the critical role of the agriculture in economic growth, this study aimed at investigating the relationship between emissions of two environmental pollutants (CO2 and SO2) and agricultural growth in a number of oil and non-oil countries by using a panel data set for the period 2003-2014.

Main results revealed the non-stationarity of variables and existence of a long-run co-integration relationship between them. Other findings confirmed the validity of environmental Kuznets curve in a quadratic form for both groups of countries. Moreover, the calculated elasticities showed higher sensitivity of the CO2 and SO2 emissions to the agricultural growth in oil countries.

Accordingly, it is recommended to pay attention to pollution control of upstream agricultural industries, which are the main sources of agricultural inputs.

Economical profit is one of the important factors, persuading greenhouse owners to plant a specific crop. So, in addition to qualitative and quantitative land suitability evaluation, economical one can be carried out as well.

For this purpose, the present research was done for hydroponic greenhouse with various uses such as ornamental flowering branches and vegetables around Chaharmahal area. In this regards, economical land suitability evaluation was carried out, using various economical methods with ALES program.

The results showed that the economic suitability class for planting of rose branche, different types of ornamental flowers and cucumber, tomato and bell pepper in most methods is S1, S2 and N, respectively.

The plan for the construction of a greenhouse for the purpose of planting cucumber, tomato and bell pepper especially, planting of bell pepper with regard to the net income expected will be accompanied by bankruptcy. due to the costs and revenues, The most cost-effective type of greenhouses is the planting of rose branche flowers.

This study identifies the role of environmental and natural attractions in tourism developmentin the city of Firoozabad. The research method is descriptive-documentary and analytical.

Tourists visiting the tourist attractions of the city in 1390 to 1395 that all visitors have the effects and environmental potential of tourism in the purpose of their visit programs that the sample size by simple random sampling method and using Morgan table 388 people selected.

The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha test (reliability of the questionnaire) was 0.837, which indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire.

Since empowering residents by creating complementary activities such as services can increase household income, create employment and encourage the production of agricultural products and indigenous and handicrafts, as a way to improve economic and social growth in the city, because In the current situation, employment and complementary production activities in the field of agricultural products have not been welcomed by the residents, therefore, it should be considered in the tourism development planning process of this city.

Due to the importance of the agricultural sector in the world's nutrition systems, and in order to continue productive activities, it is necessary to support farmers by using appropriate methods of risk management. One of the most common and efficient methods in risk management is the use of insurance coverage. Agricultural insurance can play an important role to improves famileis life quality. This study aims at prioritizing and ranking the factors that affecting farmers' satisfaction with agriculture insurance under fuzzy environment. 

AHP Fuzzy model of Hierarchy analyze is suggester.this descriplive research using specific method like observational method case study and survey method that indentify factors of golestan province farmers satistaction of agricultural insurance according to content of research.

The research shows that the factors of insurance fee, variables of Keshavarzi Bank and the quality of services received have the highest priority, while the factors of farmers' commitment to Keshavarzi Bank and the amount of compensation received have the lowest rank.

According to the results of this study, receiving insurance premiums from farmers in installments, timely payment of the true value of damages and improving the quality of insurance services by making reforms and diversification in order to satisfy farmers should be a priority. In addition, the participation of the insurer in the bank's programs and the consideration of new methods of accountability will play an important role in farmers' satisfaction with product insurance.

The purpose of this study is to compare the experimental results obtained from estimating the technical and profit efficiency of rice farmers in Guilan province and determining the effect of efficiency improvement on pollution caused by overuse of chemical fertilizers in 2018-2019.

For analysis of technical and profit efficiency, the directional distance function has been used. Farms were classified into three groups according to region (east, center and west). Also, the farms were divided into 5 groups based on rice varieties (Hashmi variety, Ali Kazemi variety, Shiroudi variety, Jamshidi variety and Khazar variety). R, GAMS and Excel software were used in this study.

The results showed that improving the technical efficiency lead to the reduction of nutrients surplus discharged into the environment. But, the profit efficiency mostly increases the amounts of nutrients surplus discharged into the environment. Base on results, technical efficiency improvement reduces the amount of nutrients surplus discharged into the environment for Hashemi variety by 3.5 to 38.8 kg/ha, Ali Kazemi variety by 0.4 to 23.3 kg/ha, Jamshidi variety by 7.6 to 42 kg/ha, Khazar variety by 2.9 to 20.7 kg/ha and Shiroudi variety by 18 to 48.6 kg/ha.

If the rice farmers of Gilan province become technically efficient, this will lead to the reduction of pollution in all areas.  Considering that the excessive use of chemical fertilizers leads to the discharge of nutrients surplus into the environment, therefore encouraging rice farmers to perform soil test and optimum use of chemical fertilizers can lead to reduced pollution and increased technical efficiency.

The national agricultural research systems of developing countries have faced limited resources in recent decades and are not able to finance all the research needs of the agricultural sector. In such an environment, the necessity of optimal use of limited financial resources through prioritization is proposed as the most important solution to face the challenge of limited financial resources. Therefore This study was conducted to prioritize crop breeding research Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center of Golestan Province.

This study was conducted by using the economic surplus analysis, efficient utility programming and simulation method.

Based on the results, breeding research on irrigated wheat, cotton, rain-fed wheat, soybeans, irrigated barley, rice, irrigated rapeseed, rain-fed barley, potatoes, rain-fed rapeseed, rain-fed chickpeas, corn, durum wheat and sunflower are in the first to fourteenth priorities of Budget allocations respectively. The results of sensitivity analysis showed that different combinations of budget allocation can be presented between breeding research that have more benefits than the initial optimal research portfolio.

It was suggested that priority setting be considered in checking and approval research projects, and according to the changes in the preferences of the National Agricultural Research System over time, priority setting should be done in five-year time periods to be revised the limited resources allocation among research alternatives.

Microinsurance is a mechanism by which vulnerable people can manage and compensate for the various risks they face. The purpose of this research was SWOT analysis of agricultural micro-agriculture insurance in rural areas of Iran. The research method was applied and its statistical population was micro-insurance experts with 42 people. The census method was used for selecting them. The main instrument of data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity was assessed by rural development professors, its reliability was tested by preliminary tests and analyzed by Excel and SPSS-22 software. The results showed that the review strategy (WO) with a weight gain of 19.58, is the most important strategy for the development of agricultural welfare insurance in rural areas of Iran. Accordingly, it is suggested that "the need to eliminate the need for the availability of educational tools to describe the benefits of microfinance through the development of a strong network for micro-insurance, including a community using village participation emphasizing the educational-wise use of partnership and cooperation Villagers being created as non-profit organizations".

Medicinal plants are consumed in the form of dried or canned or fresh plants or processed by heating or extraction of effective substances in the industry. "Cumin" can be used for medicinal, edible and beauty purposes in various forms such as fruit, Cumin powder, Distillate, oil and essential oil.

In this research, we used the data collected by collecting 270 questionnaire in 2019 and using the multinomial logit model, to investigate the factors that influence on the selection of Cumin derivatives' consumption in Mashhad.

Results showed that the variables of education, employment, income, illness, consumption experience, knowledge of the price and properties of Medicinal Plants, the preferences of Medicinal medicines than chemical medicines, packing and Prices affect the selection of different Cumin's derivatives.

Therefore, it is suggested that marketing for Cumin derivatives be based on the preferences and characteristics of the consumers in each market. It also promote consumption and increase medicinal plants' use in the community by increasing individuals' awareness, providing counseling services through centers, traditional medicine physicians, and also the expansion of the use of information resources in the field of medicinal plants, especially Cumin. Also, by improving the quality of packaging, it increased the willingness of people to use medicinal plants' products.