مجله جغرافیا و روابط انسانی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، پاییز 1401)

more dependence on the use of private cars in city trips, the change of use of high-quality agricultural land and gardens around the city, air pollution, destruction and pollution of water resources and .. pointed out that all these limitations and problems are obstacles against the city achieving sustainable urban development. A smart city is a city that has smart components including smart economy, smart transportation, smart environment, smart citizens, smart lifestyle and smart administrative management. In Iran, according to the latest decisions made by the Ministry of Interior, at least five cities of Urmia, Isfahan, Tabriz, Mashhad and Tehran have been targeted. What moves a city towards smartness is not only the use of electronic tools and communication system of that city; Rather, it is the way of planning and using this tool to improve the quality of life of the citizens of a city. The goal of a smart city is to increase the quality of urban life with a sustainable development approach. In this research, the theory of smart urban growth, its definitions and principles, its advantages and disadvantages, its differences with the urban spiral and the criticisms of smart urban growth will be comprehensively addressed, and finally, some practical policies of this The theory is given and an example is introduced in this field. The research method in this article has been descriptive-analytical and is of an applied type, and the method of collecting documentary-library information. The results of this research show that by comparing the indicators of smart growth and urban spiral with sustainable development, it was found that the principles of smart growth are more logical compared to urban sprawl in order to achieve a sustainable city.

The city is considered as a source of development and the position of urban management in the development process of the city has a very important and decisive role in urban settlements. It is perceptual and complex. Today, city management has evolved. Cities are managed for the greater welfare and comfort of citizens. Urban management plays an important role in the success of urban development programs and projects. This issue is especially important in relation to urban development Sustainable development includes providing solutions to the traditional physical, social, and economic model of development, which can address issues such as the destruction of natural resources, the destruction of ecosystems, the spread of injustice, pollution, overpopulation, and declining quality. This research examines the concept of urban management, the relationship between sustainable development and urban management. The research method in this descriptive-analytical research and data collection has been done by library and field methods.

Increasing electricity consumption plays a key role in the household budget and is always tried to reduce it in different situations. In this study, to reduce the cost of electricity in the household economic basket, the impact of different climates on the building energy management system has been investigated. Cooling systems based on climatic indicators (dry bubble temperature and relative humidity) in hot seasons and comfort conditions of residents, created in accordance with the psychometric diagram. The power consumption of households in terms of using one-time analog, three-time digital and three-time digital meters with the training of building energy management system in three cities of Tabriz, Sari and Semnan has been estimated based on a single model with Tavanir's electricity calculation software. The results indicate that the need for education in the culture of electricity consumption in temperate and humid regions is more important than other climates to reduce household electricity prices. In a comparative study, Tabriz with 33% reduction has the highest percentage of cost reduction in the implementation of building energy management system. Due to the lower share of Tabriz electricity in the household budget compared to Sari and Semnan, this maximum reduction does not reduce the need to use the system in temperate and humid climates.

Regarding the geographical position and appropriate environmental situation, solar energy is regarded as one of the most efficient renewable energies in Iran. This study seeks to provide a model for identifying the optimal locations of the establishment of solar panels in the urban setting. High potential and appropriate space of the buildings' roofs with high altitude and their placement subject to direct sunlight and non-optimal use of these spaces has necessitates the optimal location of the establishment of solar panels for the production of easy and cheap energy. In this study, first, the feature of locations suitable for the establishment of solar panels in the urban environment and the source of production of required layers were identified. The required layers for access to the appropriate locations of the establishment of solar panels were prepared and were spatially modeled. The final objective of this paper is to provide a scientific and practical model for replacing renewable energies instead of fossil fuels in Iran. Based on the fuzzy Delphi method and its integration in the geographical information system in this study, a suitable method was provided for the evaluation and selection of the best place for the exploitation of renewable energies.

Although nowadays developing small and village based husbandry in Iran seems irrefutable, there are no enough considerations around this topic. This lack of consideration has been caused by focusing on only industrial husbandries. The aim of this research is to study the situation of animal husbandries and its buildings in rural area of MAZANDARAN especially in DAZMIRKANDEH village one of the sari's Urban Area. In this research data has been gathered by questioners and three hypothesis have been assumed for this research. The data has been analyzed with both two descriptive and inferential statistical methods with the using of SPSS software and independence characteristic exam. After accepting the hypothesis it can be conclude that designing suitable buildings based on environments climate, space standards, water usage analysis with using indigenous material and considering sanitary factors can help developing and expansion of rural husbandry and its functionality.

Examining the distribution of services in city and knowing the degree of concentration and dispersion of urban service units in municipal areas plays an important role in understanding spatial justice. What is important is to create equal opportunities in urban space in relation to the services that members of society need. Given that the main goal of development is to eliminate inequalities, the best concept of development is growth with social justice. Therefore, the overall goal of regional planning or economic development is to establish social justice and distribute welfare and wealth among members of society. The method of the study is descriptive-analytical and entropy coefficient, standardized score, numerical taxonomy, TOPSIS and scattering coefficient have been used. The statistical population was 9 municipal districts of Shiraz and 11 indicators of urban services. study of entropy coefficient shows that the population tends to balance between regions and Pearson correlation between regions space and standardized scores indicates a significant direct relationship between regions space and standardized scores. Also, Pearson correlation between population and standardized scores shows that there is no correlation between standardized scores and regions, this means that services are not distributed in proportion to the population. distribution coefficient study shows that the services that make up the per day needs of the public are more than the services that have regional and trans-regional functions. The results of combining the models show 1, 2 and 4 regions were identified as privileged regions, respectively. 3, 7, 5, 6 regions were considered as balanced and relatively privileged areas and 8 and 9 regions were recognized as deprived areas. In order to achieve spatial justice and proper distribution of services in urban areas, planning priority is proposed in zones 1 and 7 of population growth and in zones 3 and 5 to increase services.

The aim of the present study is to "politicize the effects of the corona virus on food insecurity and migration status: a conceptual framework for structural gaps." In response to the question of what effect the corona virus has on food insecurity and migration status, it was hypothesized that within the framework of the structural gap, the corona virus has led to increased food insecurity within countries and, thus, on health and Increased migration has had a negative impact, which requires policy programs. In this regard, according to the conceptual framework of the structural gap, "Corona, migration and food insecurity" was studied by descriptive-analytical method and using library resources. The results showed that coronavirus had an effect on food insecurity and migration status, including rural-urban migration and international migration. The crisis has led to a structural gap in migration patterns, and individuals have avoided entering countries affected by the coronavirus. Given the ongoing nature of migration flows, this has had long-term effects. There is a need for national policies to address the situation of migrants who have entered or are likely to return to affected areas. There is also a need to create flexible food systems that can reduce food insecurity.

The tourism industry is known as an economic factor and driving engine for the development of societies. What has been noticed by planners and policy makers today; Tourism is an art that is classified as cultural and heritage tourism. Based on this, the investigation of this part of tourism is extremely important, and this research is trying to identify the factors affecting art tourism with a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the research show that museums, galleries, exhibitions, festivals, etc. are among the main factors that promote art tourism and encourage tourists to visit and stay in destinations. The development process of this part of tourism is not only limited to developed countries, and developing societies are also trying to provide fields for the prosperity and prosperity of artistic tourism. Considering that the country of Iran is one of the few societies that is still known as a reliable brand in this field on a global scale, it is necessary to make more and better use of the country's talents and potentials by using tools such as advertising and marketing. And realized foreign exchange earnings and economic development.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Chinese Hydro-hegemony in south and southeast Asia. Therefore, an attempt is made to answer the question of whether china’s Hydro-hegemony can create economic-political insecurity in south and southeast Asia by analytical descriptive method and using scientific research related to water hydro-politics and geopolitics of the studied countries? To answer this question, first the Tibetan plateau region of china as strategic source of water for the major rivers of Asia and finally china’s policies and for the implementation of dam projects and hydropower plants are examined . The conclusion indicates that due to the lack of specific rules and protocols, china can impose increasingly limited economic and trade capabilities on the countries of south and southeast Asia , with their water card policies by controlling water resources as a country upstream of rivers. Also china is able to align them with its policies.

Dilapidation is a reality that has affected most of Iran's long-standing and historical cities. What is certain, in such cities, this problem disrupts the growth of the urban fabric and leads to the surrounding. Due to the old age and the lack of a development plan and technical supervision of its formation, the dilapidated tissue can lead to the destruction of its dignity in the minds of citizens, and the need to pay more attention to these tissues and provide health and treatment facilities, improve urban facilities and equipment, etc. In such places, it is an essential requirement to prevent the migration of wealthy and middle classes from these contexts and turning them into places of concentration of poverty. Therefore, in addition to the destruction of internal tissues with a history of the city, it imposes huge costs on the dust of the city by creating new and clean tissues. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, through field and library studies and using the SWOT strategic analysis model, investigated and analyzed the current situation of worn out fabric in the 15th district of Tehran. Based on this, the need to organize the worn-out problem tissues of this city in different social, economic, environmental and physical dimensions is unavoidable. In this research, the identification and ranking of the social factors that have created the worn-out fabric of the 15th district of Tehran municipality has been done, and while providing solutions to reduce vulnerability, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats have been identified.

Today, the duties of the municipality as the most important non-governmental organization have increased. Municipalities, as an organization that provides city services to city residents, will have a successful performance when they can ensure the comfort and security of their residents. In fact, the municipal organization will be successful in achieving its goals when the citizens are fully satisfied with the performance of this organization. In this regard, solving the problem of traffic in metropolises and its negative consequences is rightfully one of the most important demands of citizens from officials and urban planners, and it is not hidden from anyone that the proposed solutions and the costs incurred in the implementation of these programs along with Other side costs in the health and mental health sectors of citizens highlight the importance and comprehensive cooperation of all institutions and the role of city managers in solving this problem. In today's era, according to the quantitative and qualitative development of cities, one of the very important institutions that has played a significant role in the administration of city services is the municipality. The main goal of the current research is to measure the level of satisfaction of citizens with the management of public transportation (case study: Rabat Karim city) and its organizing solutions with a descriptive-analytical method. To achieve this goal, according to the current situation, the questionnaire was distributed among experts. And the validity of the questionnaire was calculated based on the opinion of experts and its reliability using the one-sample t-test. The research results show environmental issues, public transportation (bus), public transportation (taxi and passenger), pedestrians and disabled, travel time, personal transportation, culture and compliance with traffic rules, safety. The state of the road network and traffic management of the city have problems and dilemmas for this city.

Organizing the systems of exploitation of production resources, water and soil is one of the fundamental issues and one of the main challenges in Iranian agriculture. Therefore, it is necessary to take appropriate measures to solve the existing problems. Jofeyr project with an area of 36,520 hectares is located 35 km southwest of Ahvaz city. This project is divided into 7 development units, of which 5500 hectares can be exploited. The aim of this study was to select the most appropriate water resources utilization system in the agricultural sector of Jofeyr Irrigation and Drainage Network using analysis (NII). This research is a descriptive-survey type and in terms of purpose in the category (AHP) is a hierarchical of applied research and the sample size was selected by purposive sampling. During the studies, three types of systems including production cooperatives, agricultural joint stock companies and agro-industrial companies were selected as options for this study. According to the data analysis technique and the selection of the most appropriate option for the water and soil resources exploitation system, three main criteria were determined and four sub-criteria were selected for each criterion The data collection tool was a questionnaire conducted by 22 specialists (employees of Khuzestan Water and Electricity Organization, Karkheh and Shavuor Irrigation and Drainage Networks Operation Company, Rural Cooperative of Iran, Rural Cooperative of Khuzestan Province and Jofeyr Veterans Production Cooperative Union) in The subject matter had knowledge and experience, was completed. Data analysis was performed using Expert choice software. According to the results, the agricultural joint stock company was in the highest priority.

Improving the quality of life in a particular place or for specific individuals and groups has always been the main focus of planners. In fact, improving the quality of life in any society is one of the most important goals of the public policies of that society. Today, with the increase of immigrants to large cities to achieve jobs and better economic status and due to the inability to settle in the formal urban areas, they resort to suburban areas and informal settlements. In this part of the cities, the necessary urban infrastructure is not provided and the residents of these areas do not have a good quality of life. This problem also exists in the metropolis of Tehran in different neighborhoods; Therefore, it is necessary to examine the level of satisfaction with the quality of life in these settlements. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the level of satisfaction with the quality of life in these settlements and identify the most important causes of dissatisfaction and take action to address these issues. In this study with the aim of measuring the quality of life in the realm of dysfunctional tissue; It has been used by descriptive-analytical method and SPSS software has been used for data analysis. In general, it can be concluded that due to the lack of attention of municipal officials and urban management in this area and the lack of cooperation of residents of dilapidated areas in the study area, as well as lack of attention and release of barren lands causes the growth of informal settlements and dilapidated structures. And if not addressed in time, it will spread in the future, and this will lead to socio-cultural damage and reduce the quality of life in these neighborhoods.

Villages, as the smallest social unit in any society, are of special importance, so that one of the effective factors in rural development is entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship is the process of upgrading technology by creating a business with a new organization. Today, paying attention to the entrepreneurial spirit among the villagers, including farmers, is one of the most important strategies for rural development. Although entrepreneurship is not the only way to create jobs and increase the incomes of rural people, it is definitely the best and most productive type. Meanwhile, agricultural entrepreneurship can be effective in rural economic development and ultimately rural development, regardless of whether it is a source of income and employment for rural residents, increasing the productivity of people and resources. This research, which is a descriptive and library study, examines the role of agricultural entrepreneurship in sustainable rural development. Explaining this qualitative study shows that the diversification of the rural economy can not be achieved only by external induction, unless entrepreneurs in rural areas know the potential and actual opportunities and resources themselves and use them effectively to diversify employment and Bring the economy to rural areas; Therefore, creating new economic benefits, increasing human welfare, preventing rural migration to cities and establishing compatibility between activities and living space in rural areas are strategic goals of rural development that can be achieved through rural entrepreneurship and agriculture.

Today, in order to achieve success, they must be able to predict the conditions in front of them with scientific and reliable methods and adopt and implement appropriate strategies for the implementation of the project. Considering these conditions, the knowledge management deployment project in the organizations faces challenges and complications that failure to identify and remove the obstacles before and during the deployment will make the knowledge management project fail, which despite spending the resources and time of the organization, the benefits cannot be reaped. To benefit from the establishment of knowledge management. Based on this, the main goal of the current research is the need to implement policies to improve knowledge management in automotive companies with a quantitative-qualitative method. For the primary data of the research, by interviewing the managers and experts of the studied organization, the researcher prepared a questionnaire in the form of a pairwise comparison of the criteria and sub-criteria. The topic and those interested in it in Saipa company were selected by non-probability sampling method with a judgmental (selective) approach, and after answering, the findings were analyzed using fuzzy decision-making methods and using the model. The process of fuzzy hierarchical analysis is analyzed by Chang's method and Gogos and Butcher's pair matrix compatibility method. The results of the research show that in order to realize the goals of knowledge management, factors such as the implementation of the information management system, considering motivational levers, the importance of the expertise of people and knowledge workers, creating a flexible organizational structure and a collaborative atmosphere with trust and commitment, holding courses Training for managers is a necessary step.

Rural-urban flows, according to Douglas's theory, include the flow of people, capital, goods, information, and technology. These currents over time are considered as the fundamental factors of social changes in rural settlements. Therefore, spatial flows are a capacity that causes consistent change in the social dimension of rural settlements. However, if these flows are neglected in planning; And dualism in urban and rural planning system. Spatial flows will not, as they should, bring about adaptive changes in the social dimension of the rural settlements in the study area. Based on this, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating this issue in a quantitative manner and using a descriptive-analytical method in 370 random sample households and in 29 sample villages out of a total of 83 villages in Damavand city. Findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between spatial flows and social dimension in the studied villages. Thus, in order to improve the impact of all dimensions of spatial flows on the social developments of rural settlements, it is suggested to pay attention to the integrated rural-urban planning approach instead of separate rural-urban planning

Information systems are useful tools that organizations use to increase their capabilities to improve better decision-making performance and more mechanized achievement. In general, development projects are each considered a new issue, so to carry out future projects. The knowledge created must be managed. Success in IT depends on the success of IT projects, and this success will not be achieved unless all aspects are taken into account. Accordingly, the present article was conducted to investigate the role of information technology on the success of development projects in the municipality of District 8. To assess the proposed model, a questionnaire consisting of 33 questions with three main constructs of information technology, knowledge management and project success was used. To evaluate the standardization of the research questionnaire, internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha test and construct validity with confirmatory factor analysis were used. After confirming the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, the conceptual model of the research was performed using Amos software. The results of fitting the model showed that the direct impact of information technology on the success of municipal development projects in District 8 is not significant. But its indirect effect is significant through knowledge management. In other words, the main hypothesis of the research on the impact of information technology on the success of municipal development projects in District 8 of Tehran was confirmed.

The historical experience of many countries in the world shows that developed societies have efficient institutions that have played a large role in the realization of development. This has caused institutionalism to become a necessity today that, in addition to the formation of the institutional structure, its functions are also carefully monitored and its effects on the sustainable development of the region are explored. Based on this, this research is trying to use the descriptive-analytical method and use the existing documents; while explaining the concept of institution and institutionalism; investigate the influence of institutionalism in regional development planning and the impact of institutionalism and institutional capacities on sustainable regional development. The results of the research show that institutionalism, instead of focusing on the summary of descriptive and collected statistics in the field of growth and development results, seeks to explain the basic characteristics and type of growth and development. Based on this approach, local separate assets and internal economic capabilities are considered as a basis for development and a foundation for establishing and launching local and regional competitiveness. Institutionalism emphasizes the necessary conditions and foundations for local and regional development. Based on this approach, both formal and informal institutions are considered as an important and integral part in reducing uncertainty and risk and increasing trust in regional development.

Urban landscapes and green spaces are an integral and important part of today's cities and in many ways have many benefits for citizens that improve the quality of life of citizens and increase their well-being. Urban landscapes and spaces by strengthening the presence of citizens in the bed of nature like themselves, strengthen their mental and physical health and reduce the pressures of life, Therefore, the purpose of this study is to review the results of various researches related to the role of urban landscapes and green spaces in pandemic conditions in different parts of the world in order to know the capacity of these places in this field. In order to carry out this process, related library resources have been downloaded through reputable scientific sites such as sincedirect, their results have been reviewed and the result of this review was mentioned in the research. It was found that urban landscapes and green spaces have good capacities and capabilities to reduce the negative effects of the pandemic and improve the quality of life and well-being of citizens, So access to these places in critical conditions such as the pandemic must be maintained and strengthened.

Eliminating Deprivation and Creating Employment and Securing Social Justice and ... It has been Repeatedly Emphasized by the Country's Top Managers. Paying Attention to the Overall Interests of the Country at the National level (permanently) and Understanding the Necessities, as well as paying Attention to the Fact that a High Percentage of the Country's Population is in the Villages (in Particular), Considers Planning for this Huge Population as Essential. On the other hand, Agriculture as the Main Axis of Development and Guarantor of our Political and Economic Independence, therefore, Addressing the Problems of the Villagers Can Guarantee our political and Economic Independence. Supporting the Agricultural Sector by Reducing Hidden and overt Unemployment and Creating Transformative Industries in the Agricultural and livestock Sectors in order to Strengthen the Economic structure is Obvious and Inevitable in the long time. Addressing Rural Industries has Numerous Benefits, Including Creating a Relative Balance between Urban and Rural Communities, Reducing poverty, Reducing Migration and Creating Employment, lack of Dependence, etc. Therefore, Research in Rural Business Management is Considered as a Necessity in Entrepreneurship Programs and Small Businesses. The Present Article Aims to Utilize Literature to Define and Identify the Characteristics of Rural Industries and Emphasize on the Experiences of other Countries, The Importance of Rural Industries and their Establishment Problems in order to Provide the Background for Developing of these Industries in the Country's villages.