نشریه بحران پژوهی جهان اسلام
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 21، بهار و تابستان 1400)

Three movements of authoritarian (waterfall), democratic (fountain), and bilateral-mutual are major currents of power in political systems. The main research question is: which of the triplet currents of power flow in the political system based on Nahj ol-Balāghah? The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that the current of power in the political system based on Nahj ol-Balāghah represents a mutual relationship between citizens and government that are both responsible for definite and mutual responsibilities. The door to consultation is always open in the political system based on Nahj ol-Balāghah and ignoring the citizens and inattention to their consultative ideas are considered inappropriate. Election in the current era has facilitated the way of consultation while Bey'at (an oath of allegiance) was a way of consultation in the past to confirm or reject rulers. The issue of elites is an accepted issue but its regulations should be accurately determined so that the essential criteria be considered for this subject. The relationship between right and responsibility in Nahj ol-Balāghah is profoundly deep and many rights mentioned in Nahj ol-Balāghah in terms of politics, involve some responsibilities, too.

The purpose of the present study is hermeneutic analysis of the relationship between political background and the ideas of Mohaqqeq Karaki in the Safavid government. The findings showed that as a result of the Safavid attempts, religious structure in line with political structure was formed. The scientific presence of Shi’ite immigrants, especially Mohaqqeq Karaki, with writing jurisprudential and religious texts on the one hand, and educating many pupils on the other hand, could pave the transition ground to a new norm and its expansion. In order to find out the structural changes in that period and the relative transformations in the realm of exegesis of religious texts, we should refer to hermeneutics. In the Safavid era, we witnessed the development and change of the conventional ideology or norm. Therefore, when we refer to the religious texts of that era, we encounter some new terms which imply a change in ideology. In fact, the Safavid government, by using different methods and policies and prudence of Shi’ite jurists, attempted to change the conventional norms of that time. The jurists throughout their enormous attempts could keep the Shi’ite jurisprudence (Fiqh) away from innovations in religious matters back then such as Sufism, ideology of Ottoman religious leaders and … to pave the ground for the active participation of people and Shi’ite scholars in different issues of the country.

The purpose of the current study is to review requirements and consequences of Lebanon’s cultural policy-making, with respect to the ethnic and religious extensiveness in this country and to present useful information and analyses for the policy-makers who seek open cultural space and acknowledgement of different ethnic groups, sects, and cultures. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and in this regard, the main steps of the process of cultural policy-making in Lebanon as well as its effective criteria were reviewed. Then, using qualitative content analysis, the most important negative consequences of the process of cultural policy-making in Lebanon, such as inattention to spiritual aspects and purposes of people’s life in Lebanon, contradiction between objectives and means to implement policies, ambiguity and relativism in the procedures and stages of policymaking, pluralism, and intensification of secularism were extracted. It seems that using instructions from Lebanon’s cultural system as a model in the cultural policy-making of other countries, makes cultural policy-making impossible. However, in a macro or infrastructural outlook, some instructions of Lebanon’s cultural system can lead to betterment of the process of cultural policy-making in different stages. The necessity of utmost attention to different views, their acknowledgment, their impact on the prioritization and arrangement of policies, and making an effort to make the best use of them are among positive achievements of this approach.

The purpose of the present study is to review paradigmatic contraction and expansion in the epistemology of political science in Iran. The method of study was descriptive-analytic and the results showed that, on the one hand, non-politicization of political science in Iran, lack of connection with the policy-making domain and the political system, and on the other hand, paradox and mere apoliticism, lack of scientific outlook on the essence of political science, dominant nature of power, lack of transparency of the principles of politics in Iran have made Iran's political science not accountable to the social realities. Existential, epistemic, and methodological contraction of political science in Iran prevented it to become a policy-making and planning science for those in power and the main directors of the book of politics.

The purpose of the present study is to review China's economic development, with an emphasis on the role of expansionist elites and adaptation to the world economy. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results indicate that changing the attitude and perception of the elites, transition from centralized planning economy to market economy, the authoritarian state and adopting policies compatible with the world economy are among important causes of reform and development in China's economy and its interaction with the international system. The government of this country has successfully made use of the market for its own purposes. Since the time of reform and open-door policy, China has been able to improve the procedure of economic development with an incredible speed and create a huge amount of wealth by using strategies of market economy and encouragement and expansion of the private sector. Since the time of reform and open-door policy, the communist party in China could resolve the crisis of legitimacy by transitioning the center of its legitimacy from ideology and populism to economic development.

The purpose of the present study is to review the military policies adopted by Iran in approach to a new form of diplomacy called military diplomacy and its impact on Iran's foreign policy. The method of study is descriptive-analytic and the results showed that since military diplomacy is a new method of representing military power to avoid conflict and acts as a deterrent and means in the hands of the officials of the foreign policy to foster the power of negotiation, adopting such an approach by the Islamic Republic of Iran strengthens this country to pursue its goals in the foreign policy and consequently, improve its power-security in the realm of regional transformations.