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سال نوزدهم شماره 115 (دی 1401)

Problem statement: 

Considering the progress of societies in recent years and the development of scientific studies in various fields of architecture, comparing approaches in the global research movement of scholars with Iranian studies can be proof of future research needs in the field of architecture. Iranian studies have less generalizability compared to international studies. To increase their competitiveness with international studies, they need an optimal change considering domestic issues and problems.

The purpose of the current study is to review the scientific articles published in reputable architectural journals at the global and local levels concerning thematic focus and their research methods.

By reviewing all architectural q 1 journals of Elsevier (646 articles) and scientific research (Persian and English) journals (802 articles), published from April 2017 to March 2020, the current paper aims to study their thematic focus and research methods.

The statistical evaluation of the results indicates that among the 11 identified topics (sustainability, building technologies, design process, architectural layout, historical studies, semantics, environmental psychology, passive defense, management, tourism, and landscape), the focus of studies in Iranian scientific journals is mostly on “historical” and “environmental psychology” and often qualitative method (descriptive-analytical); while in architectural studies of Elsevier (q1) journals, the main concentration is on the fields of “building technology” and “design process” with quantitative method (experimental).

Problem statement:

 The urban functional-spatial structure was developed in a historical process during which it faced numerous jeopardies. It has always played a fundamental role in reacting to crises, both as a damaged center and an emergency relief center. The structure defined for urban crisis management in Iran has been mainly formed based on the management of crises due to natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. The experience of Covid- 19 has shown that in the face of the epidemic crisis, it lacked pre-conceived plans and strategies that offer practical solutions with an emphasis on the functional-spatiality of cities.

The current study aims to find out how existing experiences can be used to improve cities’ functional-spatial capability.

By the use of the content analysis method and analytical review of the experiences of China and other East Asian countries, the current study attempts to adopt the functional-spatial management of these countries. It has been done based on a framework including the introduction of a context for emergence, requirements of creation, continuity, and assessment criteria to investigate their feasibility for conditions of Iran based on the existing managerial structure and the trend of disease spread.

Based on the results, the establishment of an interventional system based on integrated urban management and governance is highly important to be able to help cities first concentrate their workforce and resources strongly and regularly before the epidemic reaches them. In uncontrollable epidemic conditions, it can provide services to homogeneous areas by forming a cluster structure. It can also divide the whole city into relatively independent areas to send medical and service personnel with emphasis on the local community. The most important functional-spatial strategies include spatial management based on the local community, temporal-spatial management, smart control management, and urban resilience and governance.

Problem statement:

 Eco-tourism resorts as basic infrastructures play a key role in achieving eco-tourism goals. Considering the potential of the city of Rasht, having strategies for designing eco-tourism resorts in this city seems essential. This expresses the importance of reviewing the architectural patterns of historic houses in Rasht as a reliable source for recognizing the ancient architectural patterns of the region to obtain design guidelines for eco-tourism resorts.

This study aims to examine the physical characteristics of historic houses in Rasht and to achieve architectural solutions for the design of eco-tourism resorts.

This is a case study applied research employing a descriptive-analytical method. Moreover, this study is qualitative in nature, and the data collection was performed through comparison and interpretation. Fifteen samples of houses from the Qajar and Pahlavi eras were purposefully selected and surveyed through non-random sampling. Research data sources are based on library studies and field observations.

By examining the physical space of selected houses and analyzing factors such as mass and space, organizing the plan, semi-open space, facade, and vertical circulations and decorations, guidelines for designing and developing eco-tourism resorts in Rasht were obtained as follows: 1) Entrance directly or through the vestibule or covered passage; 2) Maximum occupancy level of 60%; 3) One or two-story buildings; 4) The building is surrounded by a courtyard on one, two and three sides and adjacent to the main passages the location of the building in accordance with the shape of the ground; 5) One to one and a half and one-to-three ratios in the plan; 6) The use of semi-open space; 7) The use of multiple windows and the decorations of the façade with brickwork, cement work, and lime work; 8) Interior decoration of parget, mirror work, mural, and porcelain; 9) Wooden doors and windows; 10) Hip roof.

Problem statement: 

Third place is a key concept for understanding the functioning of the relationship between the environment and society. Cities are complex socio-environmental systems and have always been a platform for social interaction, space for meeting, and spending leisure time. Looking at different areas of Sanandaj, the social inequalities in different neighborhoods, which are due to the unequal distribution of urban facilities and facilities, can be seen. This is sometimes associated with the authorities’ view of locations and mismatches between actions taken and the concept of place and users’ needs.

The main goal of this research is to identify and validate the effective indicators in creating a third place.

The research method of this study is survey. This study is applied-developmental in terms of purpose and futuristic in terms of time. Data was collected through documentary and survey methods. Accordingly, “thematic” and “content” methods were used in evaluating the content of the subject literature, and also the “evidence-based” method was used in evaluating the case study and survey based on observation, documentation, and questionnaires. Qualitative information evaluation was performed in Maxqda 18 software.

The results of the study show the difference between the perspectives of influential groups including officials and users’ opinions about the status and characteristics of the third place. One of the reasons for changes in urban spaces and place creation is the level of society’s awareness of the effects of urban design as well as their demands. Such awareness will lead to the growth and development of people-oriented and the creation of urban places. Also, the set of users’ requests, based on the evidence-based evaluation of Didgah park hills and Mellat, is in line with the indicators of creating a third place based on the content analysis of the relevant literature. Based on this, suggestions for the environmental and indigenous features of Sanandaj are presented.

Problem statement:

 The complex and valuable structures of World Heritage Cities, as historical profiles and identities of societies, have emerged and developed throughout history and have been inherited from one generation to another. Due to the physical, social, and cultural significance of these cities, numerous researchers have tried to apply novel approaches to conserving and managing them. Also, over the years, many international institutions have been trying to present guidelines following modern management methods focusing on the active role of local communities. However, considering its specific physical, social, and cultural structure, each of these cities requires a tailored operational management structure, and applying a one-size-fits-all management approach in all societies is not feasible.

This article mainly aims to examine the efficacy of the international charters’ guidelines in enhancing community participation in the conservation and management of World Heritage Cities and presenting a flexible applied framework for effectively implementing such an approach in these cities.

While applying a content analysis method to rank the guidelines of the international charters that include an approach to increasing community participation in the management of World Heritage Cities, this article examines the process of conservation and management in eight cities. Then, by comparing the findings, it discusses the efficacy of these guidelines in increasing community participation.

The results show that the active role of local communities in the conservation and management process of World Heritage Cities is essential. Its implementation requires conformity to the guidelines presented by international organizations in the field of managing historical cities. In implementing this process, the recommendations of the charters must be localized to the structural features of any given context to achieve the highest possible efficacy of the community participation approach.

Problem statement: 

Energy crisis and energy saving, have turned the necessity of construction method reconsideration into one of the most important goals of planning and design in the country. This issue is vital in villages that have fewer resources, so the climatic design is at the top of rural architecture. The need to use sunlight as a suitable climatic solution in cold and mountainous villages doubles the importance of sunlit spaces. The title (sunlit spaces) introduced in this study can be part of the open or semi-open space in the body of rural houses, which causes a change in microclimate.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of sunlit spaces and show how to create a microclimate in the houses of mountainous villages. The most important question of this research is what is the role of sunlit space in the microclimate of mountainous rural houses? And what is the function of new constructions in this field?

This research employed analytical method and included field studies. The samples in the case study were the villages of Shemiranat in Tehran. To answer the research question, several vernacular buildings with sunny courtyards were selected. First, to use the residents’ experiences about the importance of the sunlit space, they were surveyed and interviewed. At this stage, the satisfaction and reasons for people’s dissatisfaction were identified. In the next step, the shadow mask and the examination of the sunny hours of the samples were analyzed using Ecotect software.

The results of this study indicate that sunlit spaces on the south front with a geometry protected from winter winds have a very important role in creating a favorable micro-climate and saving energy consumption. In new constructions, much attention should be paid to the solar envelope, and creating unwanted shadows should be avoided.