فصلنامه نظریه های کاربردی اقتصاد
سال نهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 34، پاییز 1401)

The main goals of this article are to measure pro-poor growth in urban areas of Iran using the Chanona (2020) matrix and to rank the categories of activities and occupational groups in urban areas of Iran based on poverty growth using the Euclidean TOPSIS technique. For this purpose, cost and income data of urban households in Iran during the period 2013-2019 has been used. The results show that during the period under review, only the period of 2016-2017, both growth and income distribution have reduced poverty and the growth has been pro-poor. However, in the period of 2015-2016, poverty has increased and growth has been Immiserizing. In other years, the Chanona index has shown an increase in poverty. The results of the TOPSIS model also show that among the categories of activities "financial and insurance activities" and among the occupational groups; The "Administrative and Office Staff" group ranks first in poverty alleviation. Therefore, to reduce poverty, it is recommended to pay attention to income growth and redistribution in economic planning and policy-making. Because paying attention only to growth such as the period 2015-2016 can increase poverty in Iran. In addition, although the improvement in income distribution can be such that poverty is reduced even in the absence of growth; But in other one-year periods examined, it can be seen that the lack of attention to growth has led to an increase in poverty in Iran and reduce in inequality alone cannot lead to a reduction in poverty

Modeling fluctuations in financial markets is of interest to academic researchers due to its importance for the economy. Despite the empirical work done, modeling volatility in these markets is still a challenge. For this purpose, in the present study, the fluctuations of the financial markets and macroeconomic foundations in Iran were investigated using the mixed data pattern method with different frequency (MIDAS) for different seasonal and annual time frames. The present study analyzes the fluctuations of financial markets and the foundations of macroeconomics in Iran (method of mixed data pattern with different frequency (Midas)) based on the frequency of data for different seasonal and annual periods. In the estimated model, annual data on trade openness, government spending, productivity, inflation and interest rates, and quarterly data on oil price fluctuations, exchange rate fluctuations, money supply and stock price index for the years 1370-1397 have been used. Data related to 1398 were not used in the initial estimation of the relationship in order to test the predictive power of the model outside the estimation range.According to the results of inflation, money supply, exchange rate fluctuations and crude oil price fluctuations have a positive effect on financial market fluctuations and for one percent increase in inflation rate and money supply, financial market fluctuations increase by 92 and 82 percent. In other words, in terms of economic structure and according to the principles of economics, a steady increase in the exchange rate causes economic prosperity in society, but if this increase is temporary, economic prosperity cannot be observed. Also, by comparing the predicted values ​​with the realized values ​​and adding the second, third and fourth chapters to the model, the prediction accuracy of the model goes higher and gets closer to the real values

In the modern era, the study of human behavior and providing solutions to improve decision-making can be considered one of the most important aims in management, economics and psychology. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of personality traits and financial literacy of people on their economic behavior. Economists typically depict decision problems in a framework of utility maximization. An individual’s utility is shaped by preferences such as risk, time, and social preferences. These preferences, in combination with expectations of future events, beliefs, consideration and constraints shape behavior. Personality psychology offers several frameworks describing universal traits and individual differences. Personality traits as the relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that reflect the tendency to respond in certain ways under certain circumstances are important determinants of personality. On the other hand, financial literacy is information that shows the importance of financial education and the variety of financial outcomes. Defining and applying the concept of financial literacy and its evaluation can be necessary for a better understanding of the impact of education as well as the obstacles to a correct financial choice. In this study, we conducted choice experiments on key economic preferences, obtained multiple behavioral measures for each preference. Then, we assessed personality traits of individuals by using big five. The result of this study, with participation of 1000 participants, while confirming the results of previous studies, showed that personality traits and financial literacy affect economic preferences.

Household poverty is one of the factors that hinder the development of societies. Poverty is not only destructive from the economic dimension but also from the social dimension has adverse effects on society. To deal with this phenomenon, it is important to identify and investigate the factors affecting it. While it is possible that depending on the level of wealth of households, the type of effect of factors and the severity of their impact on poverty is different; therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the impact of each factor on the probability of poverty at different levels of wealth. For this purpose, using the data of the cost and income plan of urban households in 2020 and based on the method of 66% of the average per capita household expenditure in each province, poor households were separated from non-poor. Also, households in each province were placed in one of three defined groups of wealth. The results of estimating the research model based on pseudo panel data and random effect logistic regression at three levels of wealth indicate that age, education and masculinity are in the middle category of wealth that includes the largest number of households. The head of the household has the opposite effect and the square of age, the head of the household and the size of the household have a direct effect on the probability of poverty. As the level of wealth of households increases, the intensity of the desired effect of education on the probability of household poverty decreases. The negative effect of the household dimension on the probability of poverty moving from the lower to the upper classes of wealth also diminishes. In addition, in the nonlinear relationship between age and the probability of poverty of households by moving from lower levels to higher levels of wealth, the minimum probability of poverty will appear at higher ages, respectively. Marriage of the head in the lower category, and gender and marriage of the head in the upper category of wealth have no significant effect on the probability of poverty.

Income distribution is one of the most critical development goals of any country. MENA countries, like many developing countries suffer from widespread inequalities despite high energy and natural resource incomes. On the other hand, government sources of rent as insecure resources for economic policy have been used especially to reduce class gaps. In the research literature, the existence of natural resources has been described as both a factor and an obstacle to development. On the other hand, increasing and decreasing rent resources can have different effects on economic development.  Given the importance of this topic, the aim of this study is to analyze the asymmetric cumulative effects of the rentier state on inequality in the MENA countries from 1990 to 2019. The research method is correlational and applied. The method used is the non-linear ARDL panel method. In other words, using the NARDL method, long-term panel data, and coherent and asymmetric analysis are all study innovations. Although the results of the study reject the linear relation, but also show that the null hypothesis of the non-relationship between the income inequality index (Gini) and the positive and negative components of rent are rejected. The results also show that there is no asymmetry in the short and long term. Based on these results, the positive and negative effects of rent distribution on income inequality in MENA countries are completely different and on this basis, completely different policies must be adopted to reduce income inequality and economic development

Income distribution is one of the most critical development goals of any country. MENA countries, like many developing countries suffer from widespread inequalities despite high energy and natural resource incomes. On the other hand, government sources of rent as insecure resources for economic policy have been used especially to reduce class gaps. In the research literature, the existence of natural resources has been described as both a factor and an obstacle to development. On the other hand, increasing and decreasing rent resources can have different effects on economic development.  Given the importance of this topic, the aim of this study is to analyze the asymmetric cumulative effects of the rentier state on inequality in the MENA countries from 1990 to 2019. The research method is correlational and applied. The method used is the non-linear ARDL panel method. In other words, using the NARDL method, long-term panel data, and coherent and asymmetric analysis are all study innovations. Although the results of the study reject the linear relation, but also show that the null hypothesis of the non-relationship between the income inequality index (Gini) and the positive and negative components of rent are rejected. The results also show that there is no asymmetry in the short and long term. Based on these results, the positive and negative effects of rent distribution on income inequality in MENA countries are completely different and on this basis, completely different policies must be adopted to reduce income inequality and economic development

Cities play a key role in solving the global challenge. The results of studies of economic considerations and the size of the city show that large cities are more economically viable, although the growth and development of cities leads to economic development, but it brings with it many problems and issues that result from the disproportionate increase in population. Be. In this study, five factors including income, air pollution, water prices, energy prices and housing rents were studied as benefits and costs to estimate the population of Isfahan during 2006 to 1425, then with Using the dynamic system model, we test the effect of each of these factors, if possible, on population change over the years. The results obtained according to the model analysis are that the increase of 3000 thousand Rials in energy price and 10000 thousand Rials in water price, which directly change the per capita income and cause the population to decrease by 258320 and 1568590 people, respectively, compared to their normal state. On the other hand, the application of 40% fuel tax at the same time, which reduces pollution and increases the cost of living in the city, reduces the population by 214020 people

The growing trend of technology in the contemporary world has led to dramatic changes in the life and the method of businesses and digital technologies. Developments resulting from the genesis of industry 4.0, has led to a rapid move towards modern intelligent and digital technologies. One of the modern tools for planning and managing technology in the organization is the technology roadmap, which helps various industries for foresight with environmental analysis and technology tracking, and provides appropriate technologies by monitoring the needs of customers. The technology roadmap equips organizations with intelligent and digital production systems. The purpose of this research is to identify and prioritize the factors affecting Industry 4.0 Technology Roadmap in power plant equipment and energy supply industries. In this research, by studying the literature and obtaining the opinion of experts and using phase Delphi tools, 14 components in the form of 6 dimensions were identified. The results have introduced46 variables affecting the industry 4.0 technology roadmap model, which has been prioritized by phase network analysis process. The results of FANP show that the highest weight is belonging to the variable of intelligent design and production, and also the component of technological drivers is in the first place, the component of soft and hard infrastructure is in the second place, and the component of economic, political and social drivers is in the third place

The effect of abundance of natural resources on economic performance has been one of the most important topics in recent decades in the country. This issue has always been a source of controversy among experts and economic experts. The noteworthy point is that paying attention to the importance of the role of institutions in economic performance both in general and in detail is agreed by most economic thinkers today. In this study, we seek to investigate the impact of the abundance of natural resources and institutional quality on economic growth in recession and prosperity regimes. For this purpose, the effect of study variables during the period of 1994 to 2020 is investigated by using the rotation model and Markov switching regime change. According to the estimation results of the model, the amount of exposure of the economy in the current research is 10 periods of recession compared to 16 periods of prosperity in the model. Also, according to the estimation results, in the second regime, i.e. the boom period, with the increase in the growth rate of oil revenues and institutional quality, it has led to an increase in the economic growth rate, and in the first regime, i.e. the recession period, it has led to a decrease in the economic growth rate.

Economic experts always refer to competition as a solution for economic growth and optimal use of economic resources.Over the past two decades, significant policy changes have taken place in the banking system, especially in emerging market economies, which have affected competition.The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the market monopoly power of banks during the years 2001 to 2020 based on the approach of conjectural changes.To measure monopoly power, the generalized model of Azam and Lopez (2002) was used and the equations of supply and demand of loans were tested using panel data using a two-stage least squares method with fixed effects.In order to estimate the selected model, macroeconomic variables and balance sheet data of  33 banks from the country's banking network have been used during the years 2001 to 2020. The obtained results indicate that during the mentioned period, the elasticity of conjectural changes is equal to- 0/976 and the approach of the mentioned number to -1 indicates the competitiveness of the banking industry. On the other hand, the market monopoly power index was -0/0386 and the market monopoly power in the country's banking system and the behavior based on cooperation between banks has also decreased.On the other hand, the findings of the study confirm that the price elasticity of demand for facilities in the period was equal to -0/4 and the imposition of banking sanctions by inefficient alternative markets, has made it more and more, which indicates a more inelastic demand for bank facilities that increase The market power of the banking industry.