فصلنامه فضای جغرافیایی
پیاپی 79 (پاییز 1401)

Nowadays, following the technological advances and increased accuracy of remote sensing and satellite imagery capabilities, it seems that the combination of these capabilities with the available information of changes or destruction of the resources in the past and present, and base on the modeling will be able to predict the land cover changes in the natural and anthropogenic areas such as protected area. One of the most important ways to obtain this object is the spatial modeling of land cover changes using various strategies. Therefore, the present study was to evaluate the ability of Ca-Markov model to estimate the land cover changes in protected area located in the Bijar state from 1987 to 2013 period and also modeling of this changes and predict of them for 2026. For this purpose, Landsat images of 1987, 2000, and 2013 were used to extraction of land cover maps. Validation of the model was taken by comparing the predicted map of 2013 using model and land cover map for the same year. The rangelands and agriculture lands use in 2013 were about 21180.65 and 10273.53 hectares which prediction result of the model showed 21935.97 and 9631.62 hectares, respectively. This result indicates the high accuracy of the Ca-Markov model to predict the land cover changes in 2013. The results showed that from 1987 to 2000, about 12 percent, and from 2000 to 2013, about 10 percent of the rangelands converted to agriculture lands. The prediction result of Ca-Markov model shows that if the current trend continues, between 2013 and 2026, about 13 percent of the rangelands will converted to agriculture land.

The increase in motor vehicles and the increasing use of cars in the last half century have had adverse effects. These include the number of accidents and the amount of financial and fatal accidents per year. Various factors may affect road accidents, some of which are inevitable and some can be controlled. Among these factors, we can mention the problems of geometric design of the course, environmental conditions and human factors. Accordingly, in this research, identifying identifying road accidental points in the transit roads of East Azerbaijan province using ANP and BWM models. The BWM model as a new model is one of the multi-criteria decision-making models that Taking into account the best and worst criteria, weighing criteria and sub criteria and It can be used in various spatial modeling. In this regard, four main criteria (Climate factors, Environmental factors, Topographic factors, Road factors) and fourteen sub-criteria were used. In order to weight and evaluate the importance of criteria and sub-criteria, two models of BWM and ANP have been used and After calculating the weight of criteria and sub-criteria and integrating them with the standard layers, the final map of the potential road accident occurrences is based on both models. Based on the results, the criterion of climatic factors in both models is of the highest importance in road accidents and the criterion of environmental factors is least important in this regard. Below are the criteria used in both models, Under the rainfall criterion, the most important and the lowest criterion of the river have the least importance in the occurrence of road accidents. The most dangerous route in terms of location in both the Keshkeri-Marand route and Jolfa-Nordoz route is the least dangerous route among the transit routes of the East-Azerbaijan province. The results of the comparison of the two models show that the BWM model with a Consistency Ratio of 0.075 was better than the ANP model with a Consistency Ratio of 0.09. Also, the matching of the results from the two models used with ground control points indicates the greater accuracy and efficiency of the BWM model of the ANP model

Rural tourism is one of the most important and growing types of the tourism sector, which includes various activities, relying on natural and cultural resources and human-centered orientation. In recent decades, due to the recession in the industrial and agricultural sectors and the living problems of the society, development policymakers have always emphasized the importance of the development of the tourism industry as a strategy to help economic prosperity due to the currency appreciation of the tourism industry. Rural tourism has not been an exception to this rule. In Iran, the issue of rural tourism as one of the sub-branches of the tourism sector has been considered by development thinkers in various scientific branches such as geography, social sciences, and rural development since the early 2001s. There is no complete agreement among thinkers on the definition of rural tourism. Researchers from different countries have developed their definitions based on their country's unique experiences or backgrounds. The concept of rural tourism includes any type of leisure and leisure activity that is associated with receiving services such as food, accommodation, and local products from local residents and takes place in a place that is in accordance with current laws and regulations of the country or in terms of nature.

The present study, which was conducted to identify and analyze the consequences of tourism development in rural areas of Esco, in terms of the degree and degree of control of variables, non-experimental and descriptive, in terms of data collection, field and in terms of generalizability, It was a survey. The statistical population of this study consisted of 550 villagers living in Aq Gonbad village. According to the Karajsi-Morgan table, 225 of them had to be selected by random sampling to conduct research to increase the confidence of the number. 240 people were considered. The data required for this analysis were of the primary data type, which was collected using a questionnaire tool. This researcher-made questionnaire had three sections: individual and professional characteristics (4 variables), positive consequences of the development of tourism activities (22 variables), and negative consequences of the development of tourism activities (21 variables), which were in the form of a spectrum. Five-level (from very low to very high) levels were measured. Based on the conceptual research model, 22 variables related to positive outcomes, and 21 variables related to the negative consequences of tourism activity development as described in Table (1), each was assigned to each of the four factors mentioned in the research conceptual model. In order to estimate the validity of the structure of the questionnaire, factor analysis was used. For this purpose, the following steps were taken: 1) Carrying out exploratory factor analysis in order to determine the basic factors, 2) Deciding on the number of required factors. To explain the observed variables, 3) to rotate the factors and omit the variables that have a weak relationship with the extracted factors or introduce more than one factor, and 4) to perform a confirmatory factor analysis of the remaining variables to confirm the theoretical structure of the tool. Research and its goodness with the observed data Cronbach's alpha were also used to determine the reliability and internal consistency of the research instruments, the values of which were obtained for the main sections of the questionnaire as described in Table (1). The calculated coefficients are higher than 0.7 and acceptable. Data analysis was performed using SPSS23 and LISREL8.5 software, and the statistical methods used included exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. However, in this study, according to the purpose, only the measurement model was calculated and it was determined by how the latent variables are measured according to the visible variables, for which the operating load of each indicator on The structure was estimated (above 0.5 is acceptable) and its significance was investigated using t-value.

Based on the findings of the study, it was found that most of the respondents (86.7%) were men and the rest (ie 13.3%) were women. Their average age was 29.5 years and their standard deviation was 9.66. In addition, the expected age was 21 and 70 years, respectively. In terms of academic status, descriptive results showed that 40% of respondents had a bachelor's degree and 26.7% had a bachelor's degree or higher, and only 33.3% had lower education than a bachelor's degree. As mentioned above, in order to classify and identify the underlying factors and to exclude variables that have a weak relationship with the extracted factors, it is also necessary to determine the amount of variance explained by each of the variables in the form of categorized factors. Exploratory factor analysis was used. In order to determine the appropriateness of the data related to the set of analyzed variables regarding the positive consequences of rural tourism development, Bartlett test and KMO index were used. The significance of the Bartlett test at a 99% confidence level and the appropriate value of KMO indicated the correlation and appropriateness of the variables to perform factor analysis. The extracted factors of the analyzed set, along with the specific value, percentage of variance, and the percentage of cumulative variance are presented in Table (3). As can be seen from the results, these four factors accounted for a total of 67.99% of the total variance, which indicates the appropriate variance rate explained by the extracted factors. Meanwhile, the first factor, the "economic factor," alone explained the 22.74 percent variance of the entire analyzed set. Then, respectively, the "infrastructure" factors of 20/33; the "social" and the "cultural-educational" accounted for 8.37 percent, respectively. The position of the set of variables related to the positive consequences of the development of rural tourism activities, according to the extracted factors, assuming that the variables with a factor load greater than 0.5 after the rotation of the factors by the Vermox method, is presented in Table (2). In addition, one variable was removed from the analysis after the factor rotation, two variables due to the low factor load.

The purpose of this study is to use modern methods to improve the accuracy of depth measurement, first by using the proposed methods based on image fusion of sentinel-2 and Landsat 8 images and then based on hybrid fusion methods. Thus, depth measurements were performed in two studied areas, namely Chabahar Bay and Mousa Estuary, based on different scenarios. These scenarios include the traditional ratio method, the proposed methods based on image fusion using three methods of Intensity-Hue-Saturation, Gram-Schmidt transformation, and Brovey transformation, and the proposed methods based on hybrid image fusion. In order to perform depth measurement based on the proposed hybrid fusion methods, the output of the image transformation using the principal component analysis method was merged with the input image of the best bathymetry map based on image fusion at another level of fusion. Chabahar Bay depth measurement results showed that in comparison with the traditional ratio model, the proposed models based on Brovey and Gram-Schmidt methods and based on a hybrid method resulting from the integration of principal component analysis output and Gram-Schmidt method have the best depth measurement results. Regarding the depth measurement of Mousa estuary, the proposed depth measurement method based on the combination of principal component analysis and Intensity-Hue-Saturation method has created the best result in comparison with the traditional ratio model. Also, the results showed that the appropriateness of the number and distribution of depth field points with the topography of the area has a great effect on the accuracy of depth measurement.

Increasing population growth and consumption of natural resources in recent years depletes the environment and its limited resources causing instability and pollution of resources in most of the world. New approaches have been established in development and stability of societies such as resilience to face environmental stresses and irregularities. The purpose of this study is to Evaluation of the Level of Ecological Resilience of Yazd Ardakan Plain in Terms of Establishment of Industry. The present study proposes a dynamic model to study pollution caused by the establishment of industries in Yazd Plain of Ardakan and to evaluate the effect of different policies on the level of ecological resilience in the plain in terms of the establishment of industry. According to the results, the use of advanced technologies by industrial entities could play an effective role in decreasing pollution and increasing ecological resilience in the plain.

Historical sites are signified as important motivation factors in the tourism industry. These destinations have been pictured in historical travelogues and base a data source for gaining knowledge about the history of these sites. But does imaging these destinations follow a pattern among its writers and can these probable patterns be similar to the patterns presented for tourism destinations? For this research the Persepolis-Pasargadae Historical Range was chosen and historical sites in this axis were selected for investigation. The purpose was to assess the perception of historical tourists in this historical range from their written travelogues. Therefore, 65 travelogues were gathered and what they had pictured from these sites was evaluated using the Grounded Theory method.  Results supported the theory that the perception of historical tourists does follow a certain pattern. By comparing the resulted patterns with what is indicated as destination image, a richer concept of destination image emerged for historical sites. This new concept complemented the dimensions of the concept of destination image with in-depth and richer components. Obtained results can be considered as a basis for the development of historical tourism sites.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the appropriateness of the development of Tabriz metropolis based on the principles of urban viability. The present study is in the category of applied research that has been done with case-analysis method and quantitative approach. Due to the nature of the data and the impossibility of controlling the behavior of the effective variables in the problem is also non-experimental. Initially, using the existing standards, the desired and ideal values ​​of each of the operational indicators were compiled and the values ​​of each indicator in each of the 10 regions were extracted. To collect data, documentary-library methods including detailed sources of population and housing census and statistics of Tabriz metropolis (2016-2017), comprehensive plan (2016) and detailed (2012) of Tabriz, as well as distribution of questionnaires and field observations were used. Is. Data were analyzed using one-sample t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation, multiple linear regression and Scheffe post hoc test in SPSS software. In order to model the structural equations of livability using structural equations in Amos software, the most important influential variables of development (economic, social, physical, institutional and environmental) in evaluating the viability of Tabriz metropolis were studied. The results of the study indicate a poor evaluation of these items so that a small number are in a stable state and in other cases, including physical, economic and environmental indicators are in an unstable state. The results of this study also show that the development of Tabriz metropolis in recent decades is not commensurate with the principles of livability and the share of regions is not the same in terms of viability and sustainability indicators.

In recent decades, the study and drawing of scientific maps as one of the indicators of scientometric studies in various fields has increased in importance. The present study examines scientific products in the Journal of Geographical Space in the ISC database.

The purpose of this study is to review and evaluate the scientific activities of authors in the Journal of Geographical Space along with drawing their scientific network for the visibility of scientific information, which is followed by showing the interactions between authors and universities.

The research is a scientometric study that was conducted with quantitative method and citation analysis. The research population is all articles in the Journal of Geographical Space from 1390 to 1399, which is indexed in the citation index of the sciences of the Islamic world. The map and density were plotted using co-citation analysis techniques with the help of VOSviewer software.

The scientific contributions of the authors of the journal are at a desirable level. There is a positive and significant correlation between the variables of scientific communication with scientific productions, so that writers with more productions have more participation with other authors in writing articles.

The results of the present study emphasize the importance of writing an article in the journal of geographical space and scientific collaboration between authors and universities.

Introduction:

 The concept of water-sensitive cities is linked to the new pattern of urban water governance and support for the use of decentralized water systems. Zahedan, the capital of Sistan and Baluchestan province, with its hot and dry climate, is witnessing the arrival of immigrants from rural areas of the province and other provinces, as well as the lack of employment infrastructure and the existence of numerous suburban centers, causing overcrowding. It has been located in different parts of the city and during the last two decades, there have been several problems in the field of urban water supply in this city, such as lack of supply resources on the one hand and increasing per capita consumption and very high migration rate on the other hand. On the one hand, the influx of villagers and the formation of the city in recent decades, and on the other hand, the migration of Afghan citizens to this city, has caused the city of Zahedan to suddenly receive a large population. Therefore, the increasing population growth and inadequate economic facilities have led to the formation of informal settlements in this city. Zahedan has about 1.3 percent of the population and urban space of informal housing and suburban population, which is equivalent to 42% of the total population of the city. These issues indicate that the city of Zahedan is facing a severe shortage of water resources. The city of Zahedan has also faced an uncontrolled expansion in recent decades, and since the supply of drinking water to the citizens of this city is one of the most acute problems of the city, scientific study in this regard will be very important. Therefore, in this research, the areas of Zahedan city in terms of water sensitive indicators have been evaluated and prioritized.

Methodology :

The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical based on the library method (documentary method) and field method using the distribution of questionnaires and conducting interviews to collect information. The statistical population of the study consists of citizens of Zahedan (587730 people) who were selected using Cochran's formula of 350 people and the research questionnaire was distributed and completed in a simple random method according to the population of each region. Then, SPSS software and one-sample t-test were used to analyze the collected data. Also, by designing a questionnaire using fuzzy hierarchical analysis (FAHP) technique, 25 professors and students of geography, experts and officials in relation to the characteristics of water-sensitive city (water-sensitive governance, social capital, justice and equality) Productivity and efficiency, adaptive infrastructure, ecological health, urban space quality, water cycle management, increasing and strengthening water storage and minimizing sedimentation) were identified in the areas of Zahedan. In order to determine the level of each area in the indicators of water sensitive city, the Fuzzy Topsis model has been used. Arc Gis software has been used to draw the maps. 

Discussion and Results:

A one-sample t-test was used to evaluate the status of water-sensitive city indicators in Zahedan. In general, the indicators of water-sensitive city in Zahedan city with an average of 2.843 have been evaluated in an unfavorable situation. In order to prioritize the areas of Zahedan city in terms of water sensitive city indicators, the Fuzzy Hierarchical Analysis (FAHP) technique has been used. In this part of the research, the areas of Zahedan city are ranked in terms of water sensitive city indicators using fuzzy TOPSIS model. Also, fuzzy hierarchical analysis technique has been used to weight the indicators. The results show that region 1 with a weight of 0.851 is in the first place. Zone 4 with a weight of 0.096 is in the fifth and last rank. Also, Zone 2 with a weight of 0.705, Zone 5 with a weight of 0.647 and Zone 3 with a weight of 0.282 are in the second to fourth ranks in terms of water sensitive city indicators, respectively. In the city of Zahedan, every year a large amount of natural water resources in the form of rain leaves the city as quickly as possible and discharges in combination with sewage. Due to the large volume of sewage and runoff and the lack of capacity of the collection system of Zahedan city, this system causes overflow and flooding of passages, which causes damages such as damage to infrastructure facilities, residential houses, as well as power outages, traffic disruptions. Unfavorable views in the city and even electrocution of residents due to the flooding of the city's electrical facilities.

Conclusion :

A one-sample t-test was used to evaluate the status of water-sensitive city indicators in Zahedan. In general, the indicators of water sensitive city in Zahedan city with an average of 2.843 have been evaluated in an unfavorable situation. The general results of the article on the prioritization of the five regions of Zahedan city, in terms of water-sensitive city indicators, show that region 1 with a weight of 0.851 is in the first place. Zone 4 with a weight of 0.096 is in the fifth and last rank. Also, region 2 with a weight of 0.705, region 5 with a weight of 0.647 and region 3 with a weight of 0.282 are in the second to fourth ranks in terms of water sensitive city indicators, respectively. This research is conducted for the first time in the city of Zahedan with the present subject. These factors have caused the city to no longer be able to continue its urban life using the available resources.The city of Zahedan has faced an uncontrolled expansion in the past few years, and since the supply of drinking water to the citizens of Zahedan is one of the most acute problems of the city, scientific study in this regard will be very important. In order to prevent the increase of drinking water consumption in the country, especially in cities such as Zahedan, where the amount of water consumption is higher than the national average,appropriate strategies and policies should be taken to bring this amount closer to the global average.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between social responsibility and environmental protection behaviors with the mediating role of cultural capital in athletic students in Tehran. The research method was descriptive-correlational studies based on structural equations. The statistical population of the study consisted of all student-athletes who were selected as a sample based on the size of the unlimited population and based on Morgan table, 364 people based on multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Carroll (1991), Bourdieu (1986) and Kaiser (1999) Environmental Behavior Questionnaires were used to collect data. The reliability of the questionnaires based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.912, 0.854 and 0.832, respectively. Data were analyzed by Pearson's test and structural equations using AMOS software. According to the results of Pearson correlation test between social responsibility and cultural capital (Sig: 0.001, r: 0.532), between social responsibility and environmental protection behaviors (Sig: 0.001, r: 0.665) and There is a significant positive relationship between cultural capital and environmental protection behaviors (Sig: 0.001, r:0.714). Also, the results of structural equations showed that social responsibility through the mediating variable of cultural capital has a significant positive effect on environmental protection behaviors of student students.