فصلنامه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک
پیاپی 48 (تابستان 1401)

Sand dunes are one of the most important landforms sensitive to wind erosion, the extent of which varies depending on the severity of the impact of various climatic and environmental factors. Sand dunes cover large areas of the land and are located mainly in arid areas. Long-term monitoring of these factors along with the mobility of sands dune in different areas can have a significant effect on reducing their adverse effects. Most of the stabilized sand dunes were most active in the late glacial period.  Vegetation is one of the factors modulating and weakening the action of wind on sand, the growth of which can lead to the stabilization of sand dunes.The phenomenon of moving sand dunes as one of the important processes of land degradation is a serious challenge in Iran. Therefore, studying and recognizing these factors in terms of their impact on the occurrence and intensification of mobility of sand dune is an undeniable necessity to prevent the aggravation of environmental crises in the future. Knowing the status of sand dunes can help us to protect them.

The study area, Sirjan desert, is located in Kerman province. For this purpose, for the present study, the average monthly values of climatic elements such as temperature, rainfall, hourly data related to the horizontal field of view, wind speed and direction and the code of various dust phenomena are required. In total, 100 meteorological codes (99-00) have been defined by the World Meteorological Organization for various phenomena, of which the code of 10-code represent local dust and one code (06) represents extraterrestrial events. To examine wind data including monitoring time and date, wind direction and speed, field of view and dust phenomena code including codes of 6, 7, 8, 9, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 and 35 for statistical period 10 year (2011-2020) has been obtained from the Meteorological Organization of the country. In order to determine the direction of local dusty winds, hourly data related to speed and wind.  direction in local dusty hours were used. While to determine the direction of trans-local winds from the data related to code 06 was used, which indicates dust originating from outside the station. Rainfall and temperature data were used to calculate the amount of evapotranspiration by the Torrent White method. After calculating the percentage of erosive winds and drought index, the mobility status of sand dunes in the area was investigated using the Lancaster index. Sensitivity analysis test was used to predict the effect of possible change of climatic factors on the mobility of moving sand dunes.

On a monthly basis, the maximum speed of the strongest wind in the study area is in July. The prevailing wind direction in most months of the year is southeast. The highest and lowest frequencies of dusty days occurred in April and September, respectively. The results of wind speed frequency classification showed that about 89% of winds were blown at a speed of less than 6 m /s. The results of the analysis of the relationship between Lancaster index and the number of local dusty days showed that the impact of local dusty days from sand dune activity studies was 42% in the study area. The results of correlation analysis between climatic variables of sand mobility index showed that there is a significant negative relationship between rainfall and sand dunes activity in Sirjan desert synoptic station. As during the statistical period, the decrease in rainfall has increased the amount of sand dunes mobility index. Two-variable regression analysis between Lancaster index and drought index showed that there was a statistically significant relationship at 95% confidence level between these variables. In other words, 65% increase in wind sediment activity was due to changes in climatic conditions due to changes in rainfall and evapotranspiration potential of this region. About 90% of the statistical years were at high risk of desertification in terms of climate. Accordingly, with decreasing the amount of UNEP drought index and increasing environmental drought, the mobility of sand dunes in the whole study area and the risk of desertification will increase. The annual Lancaster index values at this station indicate that the status of active sand dunes is only at the top of the sand dunes. Based on the sensitivity analysis, it was found that if the frequency of erosive winds and evapotranspiration increases by 30%, the activity of sand dunes will increase by 69%. In other words, the active state of just at the top of the sand dines will change to the active sand dune state. Due to the combined reduction of the two mentioned parameters by the same amount, the activity of sand dunes will decrease by 51% and will change from active only at the top of the sand dunes to inactive.

In the study area, most forms of sand dunes are active type, and 90% of the statistical years were at high risk of desertification in terms of climate.  Around 65% of the increase in wind sediment activity was due to changes in climatic conditions due to changes in rainfall and potential evapotranspiration in this region.  It is predicted that the combined change of climatic elements, especially the speed of erosive winds and evapotranspiration in the future can affect the intensity of desertification in this region of the country.

As a result of the evolution of approaches from government to management, today the participation of the private sector in organizing disordered structures is one of the principles of planning in these areas. The study of the role of economic elites in the promotion of Isar neighborhood (the declining area of ​​Mashhad) is the main subject of this study. In terms of type, this research is descriptive-analytical and in terms of method, it is causal. In addition to field data and official censuses, in this study, 97 questionnaires were distributed among the managers of Isar Bazaar stores and 53% were answered. Spatial and non-spatial relationships were tested by general and spatial regression. In addition to increasing the population by one percent, the most changes are in both residential and commercial uses, and the creation of 20 educational uses, 11 religious uses and 6 health-medical uses are other changes. 65% of employees work in the service sector. Between 2001 and 2015, 52616 square meters of commercial use and 99596 square meters of residential use were added in this neighborhood. In this regard, the members of the growth machine have succeeded in increasing the value of their real estate and assets by investing in change of uses. Regression between the explanatory variables and population growth in the neighborhood, as a result of the participatory action of production-commercial elites in the development of Isar neighborhood shows that the variable of commercial use area with a coefficient of 54% has the highest explanatory rate among the variables. The development of the neighborhood is the result of the participation of the private sector and the management and control of land use change by Mashhad Municipality as a local government, a partnership that is not based on bureaucratic system, but on entrepreneurship, market economy and local community network communication. Given the role and role of the public and private sectors, the neighborhood in question is an example of real participation, in the Einstein model is at the top with the power of citizens.

Power plants are one of the most important sources of heat islands. Increasing energy consumption, change of thermal factors and creation of microclimates, affect the conditions of people's presence in open spaces and the use of these spaces greatly depends on a person's thermal perception of the environment. Therefore, the importance that is felt in establishing comfort in open spaces of industrial and power plant environments, is for a longer and better quality presence of employees in this category of spaces. The study of the thermal performance of open spaces in different applications has been evaluated in relation to their micro-climatic behavior, but such a study is not available with the aim of correct and principled design of outdoor power plants. Therefore, the present study has tried to study and recognize the structural features of the outdoor space of Neishabour Combined Cycle Power Plant, using ENVI-met 4 software to simulate and measure the microclimate conditions of the plant and changes in climatic parameters including air temperature, Evaluate relative humidity, wind speed, average radiant temperature and PET climate index on the hottest (July 23) and coldest days (January 20). The results show that the thermal conditions of the power plant are out of the range of thermal comfort in summer and winter and during office hours; Based on the proposed designs, it was found that by reducing the density of vegetation in the direction of the prevailing wind, the humidity in the center of the site can be increased and by planting deciduous trees and with a cross pattern in the direction of cold winter winds, comfort conditions Increase in the center of the site and the busy route of employees.

The universal existential philosophy of thought means the common view of all human beings, regardless of their political affiliation, as united citizens. In the world of thought, we are witnessing the emergence of a positive idea of ​​nurturing different commitments in different fields. The purpose of this study is to investigate the factors influencing global thinking. To achieve this goal, we used descriptive-analytical methods to explain the factors influencing global thinking. Then, using the Demetel technique, we evaluated the most important factors and their effectiveness and effectiveness. The research findings show that in this discussion three main economic dimensions (redistribution of wealth, size of government, land ownership, land main factor of production, economic freedom and production paradigm), socio-cultural (cultural dynamics, socialization of individuals, There are ethnic and local cultures, consumerism, identity and space-time) and politics (diplomacy dynamics, democracy, citizenship education, expectations revolution, political security and democracy). Variables such as expectations revolution (5.8747), democracy (5.4566), political security (5.2662), redistribution of wealth (4.8838), cultural dynamics (4.6675) indicate high interaction and strong systematic relationship with other variables. So these can be regarded as the most important consequences of global thinking. The paradigm variables of production (0.0695), diplomacy dynamics (0.1861), consumerism (0.0108), time-space (0.0401) are the cause of this system model and factors such as ethnic and local culture, socialization of people, land ownership, economy Collectivity, identity, and land are the main causes of this system's disabled production

The rural guide plan as a document of the physical development of the village examines the existing situation of the villages, as well as determining how to use the land for multiple usages and how to deploy it in the future. Considering that the villages of the country have been formed due to special cultural, social, economic, and geographical conditions over the centuries, the present study tries to examine the role of a rural guide plan in the physical development of rural areas according to the mentioned conditions in Dalgan County. The statistical population of the current study is the villages of Jolgeh Chah Hashem District, where the rural guide plan was implemented. In addition, based on Cochran's formula, 312 people from rural households were selected as a sample population, who were questioned and measured by a simple random sampling method. Then, the extracted data from the questionnaire were analyzed by using correlation analysis, Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis test, in SPSS software. The results of the correlation analysis demonstrate that there is a logical and meaningful relationship between the implementation of the rural guide plan and the improvement of the physical conditions in the studied villages up to the confidence level of 99%. Furthermore, Cramer’s V correlation indicates that the implementation of a rural guide plan has stabilized the population of the studied villages of Dalgan County. In addition, the results of the Kruskal-Wallis test indicate a significant difference of 99% in some indicators among the studied villages after the implementation of the rural guide plan.

From environmental point of view, buildings uses half of the world's energy and raw material consumption and are responsible for 36% of the waste generated. According to the Fuel Consumption Optimization Organization, the amount of energy consumption in Iran is 2.5 times more over the world standard. Meanwhile, the city of Mashhad, as the second metropolis of Iran, is always growing and developing, and the current buildings are not built with special environmental programs and rules, but based on limited criteria. Green architecture also has been neglected. Therefore, this article aims to improve the quality of construction, reduce resource consumption and energy loss in a large part of the building in metropolis of Mashhad, using descriptive-analytical methods and collecting documents and using international green standards of building, to explain the position of green building in Mashhad urban development programs and to extract the gaps in the existing rules and regulations. Then urban construction management, which is managed through the responsible organizations (municipality and engineering system organization) in line with access to green building should be reviewed and analyzed. Therefore, the opinions of 21 experts were collected and interviews were conducted on how to manage Mashhad city in order to achieve the green building and its existing gaps. Finally, the construction criteria of the green building in the form of 70 indicators and four stages of the building life (design, implementation, operation and maintenance) as well as the proposed management model of the green building in Mashhad, is the final result of the work. Also, the necessary solutions to reduce the environmental damage of existing urban constructions have been categorized and presented in the form of management, educational, incentive and cultural strategies, supervision, production of technical and indigenous knowledge.