فصلنامه مطالعات جغرافیایی مناطق خشک
پیاپی 54 (زمستان 1402)

The main purpose of this study was to mapping the canopy cover (CC) and the aboveground net primary production (ANPP) of plant life forms by the independent factor of physiographic in the rangelands of Ardabil province.Material &

First, according to plant types and environmental factors, sampling was taken at the peak stage of plant growth from 2016 to 2020 using one square meter plots. To determine the most effective environmental factor in the changes of plant parameters, the correlation between dependent and independent variables was used. Linear regression equation was used for modeling by the most effective factor and the maps were simulated. The accuracy of the equations was also calculated by RMSE. Then, the correlation between CC and ANPP of life forms and the total was obtained.

The results showed that the elevation factor had the highest correlation with the dependent variables. The difference between the estimated average of the model with the measured values for CC of grasses equal to +1%, forbs –1%, shrubs -1%, and total CC +2%; and these values for the ANPP of grasses equal to +21 kg/ha, forbs was equal to zero, shrubs were -13 and the total ANPP was +274 kg/ha.

Predicting the studied parameters will be necessary to manage the balance between supply and demand of rangeland products.

Ethnobotany provides valuable information by studying how different ethnic groups use medicinal plants.The aim of this study was identifying plant species and collecting information about the properties and methods of using species in the treatment of diseases by the Qashqai tribe in two regions of Dashtestan (Qashlaq) of Bushehr province and Almaliche (Yilaq) of Fars province.

The research is non-experimental and descriptive-survey. Cochran's method was used to determine the sample size (number of questionnaires). Information on the use of medicinal plants was collected from about 100 knowledgeable local people. Local knowledgeable people who were interviewed in person included local herbalists, perfumers, nomads and villagers in the area.

The results of the research indicate the presence of 115 species of medicinal plants in the study areas, which belong to 42 families. Apiacea with 18 species, Laminacea with 7 species, and Brassicaceae and , Compositae with 6 species each were the most abundant families. It was also found that the most medicinal use of plants is for the treatment of digestive diseases, blood purification and anti-cough and cold. In terms of the percentage of consumed parts of plants, leaves were 29%, stems 22%, seeds and seeds 18%, fruits 12%, roots 11%, flowers 7%.

Concliusion:

The obtained results show the richness of medicinal plant species in the Yilaq and Qashlaq area of the Qashqai nomads that The highest species diversity was observed in the Apiacea.

Innovation: 

Qashqai is one of the two big and ancient tribes of Iran. The information obtained from this research, in addition to keeping alive the ethnic knowledge of the Qashqai tribes in the field of medicinal plants, can be considered the way for new research in the field of treating diseases. taken to be investigated using plants.

The situation of decrease in rainfall, drought and climate changes in general in recent decades have become increasing problems for our country. These issues are much deeper and more tangible for the dry areas of the country, especially if the way of living is directly affected by the state of rainfall. The present study, seeks to understand the meaning of the water crisis and drought among the livestock farmers of Musa Abad district of Torbat Jam.

Based on the G.T method of Straus and Corbin, data collected from 22 participants using in-depth interview. The criterion for the number of samples was to reach theoretical saturation.

Using open coding stage, 59 primary concepts were extracted, and through converting them into abstract concepts, 22 main categories were obtained. Applying the selective coding stage, a core category - traditional cattle breeding in the dilemma of dual paradoxes - was extracted.

This research showed that from the point of view of cattle breeders, drought and water crisis have a direct relationship with dualities that have manifested themselves in the form of uncertainty leading to the gradual destruction of traditional animal husbandry. It seems that the government, is the culprit and the main actor of the consequences of drought and water crisis for traditional herders due to the dual policies it has taken in relation to rural areas and their way of life.

Innovation: 

Using the qualitative method of grounded theory, this research has for the first time addressed the lived experience and problems caused by drought for livestock farmers in Musa Abad region. Inspired by Elinor Ostrom's theory, it was suggested that the government, should explain its assignment by rethinking the dual policy approach. Whithout considering the noted comments we will observe the acceleration of rural migration during next years.

Tourism can serve as a reliable complement to economic planning and conservation efforts in desert regions. The aim of this paper is to investigate the economic impact of night sky tourism in the Mesr desert, a region renowned for its starry night skies.

The questionnaire was the primary data collection tool in this research. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts, academics, and tourism scholars, and for assessing its reliability, the questionnaire was administered to a sample of rural residents. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient in the study was calculated as 0.78, which is considered acceptable.

The research results indicate that night sky tourism has had a significant impact on the economic sustainability of the study area in four aspects: employment generation, income enhancement, improvement in the quantity and quality of handicrafts and local products, investment, and tourism services. The findings demonstrate a strong positive correlation, particularly for the rural employment index. Therefore, it is evident that the expansion of night sky tourism results in significant differences in economic indices. Owing to the direct and positive nature of this relationship, it is possible to attribute the direct influence of night sky tourism to the growth of these economic indices.

Innovation: 

Regression analysis results reveal that, among the economic indices, employment and income have the most significant impacts, which also contribute to economic sustainability. The results indicate, with 99% confidence, that night sky tourism affects all economic factors in the region, with the highest coefficient observed in the rural employment index (r = 0.403). Additionally, beta weights demonstrate that the employment index has the highest standardized coefficient of 0.465 in the regression model under investigation.

nvestigating the relationship between urban green space on air pollution and respiratory mortality in Mashhad using linear regression was done in 2018.

The study method in the present research is descriptive-analytical, which investigated the relationship between variables using GIS and TerrSet software. Therefore, in the first step, after receiving air pollution concentration data from 23 air quality control monitoring stations in the city of Mashhad and applying the necessary corrections to it with the interpolation method in GIS software, the distribution and distribution of pollutants was prepared in the form of a map. In the second step, the statistics related to Mortality due to respiratory death was received from Ferdous organization of Mashhad city and the distribution and density map of respiratory deaths was drawn. Finally, the obtained maps were called in TerrSet software and the relationship between variables was measured using the linear regression option.

The results showed that the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the north and northeast, carbon monoxide in the north and central areas, and the concentration of respiratory deaths in the northeast were higher than in other places. The relationship between air pollutants and respiratory mortality with urban green space using linear regression also indicated that the variable of green space with nitrogen dioxide has a correlation coefficient of 0.11, carbon monoxide has a coefficient of 0.03 and respiratory deaths has a coefficient of 0.046.

The results showed that despite the low correlation coefficients, the increase in urban green space has led to a decrease in air pollution and the number of respiratory deaths in Mashhad.

Innovation: 

Among the most important innovative and practical aspects of the research, we can mention the spatial distribution of respiratory deaths in Mashhad in 2017 and its relationship with urban green spaces.

 There have been various theories about how to form an authoritarian government in Iran before the first Pahlavi, and one of the most important is the patrimonialism theory. From Max Weber's point of view, in patrimonialism, a ruling person's will be considered the only means of organizing and guiding the society. Although political power maintained its autocratic form after the first Pahlavi, the means of exercising power were applied through bureaucracy and administrative systems. Many political science thinkers have welcomed the compatibility of patrimonialism theory with the government evolution in Iran before Pahlavi. However, in this adaptation, less attention has been paid to the political-spatial requirements of Iran. 

 This research has attempted to analyze the reasons for the continuation and stabilization of the patrimonial government in Iran before the first Pahlavi, with a descriptive-analytical method, and from the political geography view. 

 Findings show that a set of factors, including the environmental foundations of Iran's land, the lack of water, and the lack of continuous access to it in all seasons, provides the basis for the nomadic livelihood formation in Iran. So, the emergence of cohesion between different tribes and ethnic groups was possible only with the patrimonial king's political function. In addition, the landowners' production surplus and the urban capitalist class were appropriated by the patrimonial government in the form of tax. On the other hand, the risky geopolitical situation of Iran causes only totalitarian leaders to have the ability to create an alliance between incompatible clans in Iran against hostile foreign forces. 

 These geographical factors have created an increasing compatibility between Weber's theory of patrimonialism and the state-building Pattern in Iran before Pahlavi I.

Innovation: 

In general, the patrimonial king functioned due to natural and human requirements in Iran had organized the totalitarian logic that could not reduce the king's political position to alongside other social institutions.

Climate changes and mismanagement in recent years have caused the destruction of wetlands and lakes in large parts of the world, especially arid and semi-arid areas. In the central parts of Iran, this phenomenon is more evident and studies have shown that wetlands and lakes are drying up. Miqan lagoon is one of the cases that has faced a sharp decrease in water level. In this research, spatial and temporal changes of Miqan lagoon from 1373 to 1401 were evaluated using TM and OLI images of Landsat 5 and 8 satellites.

For this purpose, image data from SVM and NDWI, MNDWI and AWEI were used. The spectral and spatial performance of each classification was compared using Pearson's correlation.

In general, SVM model along with NDWI, MNDWI and AWEI indices achieved better results in terms of spectral and spatial quality. Based on the applied methods, the lake level shows a sharp decrease between 1373 and 1401. The results show the effectiveness of AWEI and MNDWI models in detecting water level changes in certain time intervals.

According to the AWEI model, the area of the lagoon has decreased from 112.6 square kilometers in 1373 to 78.5 square kilometers. The highest Pearson correlation between AWEI and MNDWI was observed in 1373, 1381, 1393 and 1401 with values of 0.93, 0.96, 0.97 and 0.97 respectively.

Innovation: 

So far, spectral indices and learning algorithm models have not been used in the investigation of Miqan wetland. In this research, new indices such as AWEI have been used along with the support vector machine model.