فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 179 (پاییز 1401)

The air flow in Sistan Region depends on the direction, speed, and continuation of the winds known as the “120-day winds of Sistan”. These winds blow over the settlements of the region every year from the beginning of June to the end of September with the dominant direction from northwest to southeast. In recent years, there has been a notable increase in the amount of dust and sand transport in residential areas due to climate change and the drying up of Hamoun Lake upstream of these settlements. Identifying local knowledge and implementing proper responses to the behavior and mechanism of natural phenomena in Sistan, especially sandstorms, based on physical-structural planning can have several social, economic, and physical benefits for the residents of the region. This study is applied research with a descriptive-statistical methodology. The statistical population of the study consisted of Tembaka and Dehkol villages in Hamoun County. According to the latest population and housing census, a total of 703 people constituting 244 households live in these two villages. The sample population consisted of 242 individuals and the size of the sample population was calculated by the Cochran’s formula. The one-sample t-test was used to analyze the research findings. The results showed that the high degree of air dryness/low humidity (mean value=4.265) is the most important reason for the sand transport in the studied villages. The most tangible effect of the sand transport on the physical structure of the rural settlements is the formation of heavy dusts in the direction of the prevailing winds (mean value=4.221). Building houses outside the movement path of sand with the mean value of 4.228 is a key strategy to deal with sand transport in the region. Planting trees, especially tamarisk (Gaz), in the northern side of the lands (mean value=4.275) is the most important economic strategy to deal with the problem. Removing the wind-blown sands from the main canals (mean value=3.787) is the most important infrastructural strategy to deal with sand transport in the physical structure of the studied villages.

Having a mild and humid climate, Gilan province is closer to the comfort zone than other regions of Iran. In addition, the use of radiation, wind, precipitation, and humidity components in the spatial organization of vernacular houses has led to the formation of a semi-open space next to the closed space. In general, in this climate architecture style, there is no clear border between these spaces. In the vernacular houses of these regions, there have long been ways of construction and proportions in each of the four climate zones: coastal, foothills, plains, and mountains, which made it possible to create a place for comfortable living by using passive systems. Therefore, in the current situation and considering the unfavorable environmental situation and global energy issue, this type of design stands out. This study aims to make better use of the climatic condition in the design of the house in search of an answer to the question, what is the relationship between the ratio of closed and semi-open space with the range of comfort? And what proportion of the two semi-open and closed spaces, in the houses of coastal and mountain areas, is closer to the comfort zone? This research is of the correlation type. Observation and field sampling is used for data collection, and inductive reasoning for data analysis. The article first investigates and analyzes how climatic components affect the comfort optimization of houses; Then, by random sampling, it analyzes and evaluates the relationship between the ratio of closed to semi-open space with the range of comfort in the houses of the two regions. The results show that the semi-open space occupies a significant percentage of the area of ​​the houses in the coastal and foothill zones. The difference in the width, length, and height as well as the orientation of the porch in these two areas is due to the difference in microclimate of the two areas, and the vernacular architecture has improved the thermal comfort of the residents of the houses by harmonizing with the special climatic conditions of each area. In foothill houses, the ratio of closed to semi-open spaces is 3.63 on average, and in coastal houses, this ratio is 1.47. Thus, it can be concluded that if this ratio is considered in contemporary houses, more comfort will be obtained

Studying the housing market at the national level does not necessarily reflect the characteristics of this market at the regional level. Therefore, the concept of submarkets or housing submarkets was proposed by researchers. Housing submarkets are a set of dwellings that have similar characteristics. They are reasonably close substitutes for one another, yet relatively poor substitutes for dwelling in other submarkets. Identifying housing submarkets makes it possible to predict housing prices more accurately. Moreover, it helps planners and policymakers to make better decisions. Despite the importance of this issue, few studies have analyzed housing submarkets in developing countries. In this article, spatial analysis of housing submarkets in 22 districts of Tehran City has been considered. The results of two stages of factor analysis on 22 variables consisting of housing structure and characteristics of housing supply and demand variables show a significant relationship between 21 variables. These variables have been reduced to 6 factors: price and ownership of housing, ability to provide housing, land and housing supply, spatial characteristics, environmental characteristics, and welfare status of households. Then, the districts of Tehran are divided into 5 clusters of the housing submarket by cluster analysis. Comparing the average variables in different submarkets will clarify a huge difference between them. So that the average price of each square meter of residential land and each square meter of residential infrastructure in submarket 1 is 5.7 times and 3.4 times that of submarket 5, respectively. Location indicators also show significant differences between submarkets. It seems that the difference in the level of facilities and services is one of the determining factors of housing prices in Tehran. Submarkets with higher housing prices have higher facilities and services. Therefore, it is not possible to plan for all regions with the same policy, and the difference in housing characteristics in submarkets should be taken into consideration.

The vernacular architecture of Iran is a valuable treasure of design criteria and methods that have been formed in accordance with the geographical, cultural, livelihood, and climatic characteristics, based on the available facilities, and addresses the coexistence of humans and the environment as a two-way relationship; while the speed of change in the old fabric of cities makes us face their absence in the near future. This highlights the need to record traditional architectural pattern and to identify and discover the hidden form, function, climate, and ecological aspects of traditional houses. At a time when not using proportions and practical principles and rules in building has become widespread, researching vernacular architecture, and discovering proportions and practical principles and typology can lead to a better understanding of space and achieving practical design patterns. Due to limited research on cold climate, this study aims to investigate the typology of the filled and empty residential space in this climate to explore the characteristics of this architecture style. The scope of the research is vernacular houses of Tabriz dating from Qajar to Pahlavi. The theoretical framework is first presented using desk research and a descriptive-analytical method, and then the study of samples and the collection and analysis of form, physical proportions, and typology of the shape-climate of the filled and empty space have been discussed. For collecting data, sources, documents, sketches, and maps of vernacular houses, field studies and formal analysis of findings is used. The results show that the full and empty residential space of Tabriz is based on ecological principles, and also shows the existence of a specific ratio in vernacular houses. Moreover, the most frequent orientations are from 10 degrees southeast to 20 degrees southwest, as well as one-front and two-story houses.

The old urban fabric is an area of the city that despite having ecological, vernacular, cultural, social, and historical components faces instability and degradation of environmental qualities due to age, lack of suitable infrastructure, lack of building strength, physical limitations such as narrow roads, social issues, high crime rate, and environmental pollution. In Iran, as in other countries, deteriorated and often old urban fabric face multidimensional and very complex issues. Many projects have been developed to regenerate the old urban fabric, which unfortunately most of them fail due to the lack of paying attention to cultural, social, economic, and no use of physical-spatial potentials. This research uses the documents, statistics, and information available in scientific sources, as well as interviews with the heads of households living in deteriorated urban fabric, experts, managers, and professionals related to architectural and social issues. The sample size for a confidence level of 95% and the error probability of 5% is equal to 417 people. The deteriorated areas were prioritized in the first stage by using the fuzzy hierarchical technique of the AHP model. Then by using the SWOT model and identifying the strengths and weaknesses by emphasizing the cultural, social, and environmental issues, suitable solutions are proposed to overcome problems such as the lack of education, sports, and health space per capita, lack of compatibility and coordination of new constructions with the historical context and buildings, aiming to increase the quality of life and raise the social status of the context and return of former residents.

Post-disaster temporary housing is one of the challenges of disaster preparedness in every country; because there is a basic need for sustainable, affordable, and efficient temporary housing. This study aims to evaluate the scientific products in post-disaster temporary housing, focusing on architecture and using scientometric methods and content analysis, systematic review, and co-occurrence of keywords techniques. The search is based on Scopus, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. After reviewing all 176 sources obtained by a systematic review, 71 full-text sources entered the evaluation phase. Illustrations and mapping resulting from the co-occurrence of data extracted from databases and maps from the co-authorship of countries and scholars were clustered and plotted using VOS Viewer software. The findings identified a total of 4 clusters in this field: the words "crisis management", "natural disasters", "sustainability development", "earthquake", "decision making" are among the most frequent, and words such as "vulnerability", "housing programs", "energy efficiency", "design" and "behavioral research" were among the keywords with low frequency. The countries of United States, Spain, Italy, Turkey, and Iran had the highest number of publications. Social, economic, and environmental factors with a frequency of 30%, 24% and 22% were the most studied factors among scientific products. The most used approaches were managerial and technical, with 54.41% and 32.83%. The findings of this study emphasize the need to pay attention to design, planning and behavioral sciences, and energy optimization in Iran and at global level, and start scientific production for architects and urban planners in future studies in disaster management planning, besides showing the limited role of architects in the process of temporary housing.

Iran is one of the oldest countries in the world in using adobe in construction. Most of the architectural structures and rural houses in this country are made of adobe which have attracted the attention of many tourists. Today, with the advancement of science and technology and the abundance of adobe materials and the importance of tourism in Iran, the use of adobe block, a method that has played a role in the structures and architecture of the country for many years, has been given great attention. Since the dark color of conventional pavements, including asphalt pavements, does not match the color of the adobe and mud architectural-historical buildings of the village and affects its beauty; this study tries to explore the performance of adobe block stabilized with cement and lime to be used in paving sidewalks in rural areas with low traffic load. To this end, different adobe blocks were made of clay sand soil and fixed with different percentages of cement and lime and then tested for water absorption percentage, compressive strength, flexural strength, slip resistance and finally the modulus of elasticity. The results showed that in the case of cement stabilization, with increasing the percentage of cement from 5% to 15%, the amount of water absorption and friction decreases by about 17% and 14%, respectively, and with increasing the percentage of cement from 5% to 15% during a 3-day curing, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and compressive strength increase by about 11, 89 and 92%, respectively. Regarding lime stabilization, by increasing the percentage of lime to 8%, the amount of water absorption and friction decreases by about 6 and 18%, respectively. Also, by increasing the percentage of lime from 4% to 8% during a 3-day curing, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity and compressive strength increase by about 99, 96 and 115%, respectively. Furthermore, the results show that in addition to the amount of stabilizer, the curing time is effective in compressive strength of samples.