نشریه اقتصاد پنهان
سال ششم شماره 26 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The smuggling of smuggling goods and currency, of course, has a lot of human and economic costs to the country, and in particular the economic system of the country has irreparable consequences. Organization of Tahtian government as one of the specialized (quasi-judicial) bodies subordinate to the executive branch on the basis of the unified article of the law on the amendment of the law of government sanctions, approved on 7/19/73 of the Expediency Council, the task of investigating economic violations and the maintenance of economic justice, the prevention of extortion and discrimination in The field of trade and consumer protection. The jurisdiction to deal with smuggling of goods and currency under conditions from the beginning of 1995 was passed by the law on the application of government sanctions on smuggling of goods and currency, and then the legislator passed the law on combating smuggling of goods and currency, approved by 1392 courts and courts The Revolution and the Government Organization of Public Injuries have been declared competent by the competent authorities in the cases of smuggling of goods and currency, and, under Article 44, the authority of the State Institutions for the treatment of drug trafficking incase is considered by the Organization not to be an organized and professional crime and requires the punishment of " Imprisonment "or" disengagement from state service "; These cases will be in the jurisdiction of the Prosecutor's Office and the Revolutionary Court. Therefore, in this article we are going to examine the degree of interference of the authority of the organization of state sanctions with other judicial authorities in the investigation of the crime of smuggling goods and currency. This research is descriptive-analytic and based on library studies.

The difference of perceptions and the attitudes in the category of comprehensive, continuous and institutionalized fight against the smuggling of goods and currency in Iran causes the ineffectiveness of policies, programs and measures. In addition, the temporary solutions, shaky managements and the lack of necessary stability neutralize the process of combating the smuggling of goods and currency. The witness of this claim can be not only the performance of recent years, but also the upward trend of smuggling goods into the country and the excessive import of consumer and luxury goods, and most importantly, the culture of luxury orientation and the failure of domestic factories and workshops.In this article, while presenting different definitions of smuggling, we address one of the definitions which says smuggling is any movement of goods without the supervision of the government and customs laws, and according to this definition, we study the areas of prevalence of smuggling in four economic, legal, cultural and regulatory sections and present the effects of this phenomenon on the country's economy, culture and security. additionally, at the end of the article, solutions and necessary changes in the economic and regulatory structure of the country will be mentioned. I hope this article would be a small step in identifying the problems in this regard.

Among the countries of the region, Russia shares many similarities with Iran on the economic field and to some extent on the smuggling of goods. Almost 80% of the country's foreign exchange income is provided by the sale of oil and gas and related industries, and the main part of the country's economy is state-owned. Fuel supply in this country is subsidized by the government to a lesser degree than what is currently in Iran. Although this country has become a member of the World Trade Organization which according to its commitments, it is reducing tariffs, it is somehow struggling with the phenomenon of goods smuggling due to the extent of its geographical borders, neighborhood with several countries and the underdevelopment of its border areas. Currently, according to the assessment of Russian experts, the extent of the shadow economy in Russia is approximately 25-30% of the country's gross domestic product. It should also be noted that the goods smuggling is only one of the elements of the shadow economy; human smuggling, drugs smuggling, embezzlement, money laundering, etc. can be mentioned among its other elements. After presenting the situation of goods smuggling in Russia, this study aims to analyze the experience of the government in combating this problem.

The demand for smuggled goods is one of the considerable reasons in the study of the causes of smuggling is. It must be pointed out that demand for smuggled goods is rooted in the level and pattern of consumption in society. The level and composition of the demand for smuggled goods in Iran, as a part of the country’s consumption expenditures have always been growing over the past years, which links the entry of smuggled goods into the country with consumption and the shape of the consumption pattern in the society. Looking at the performance of Iran’s economy reveals that as the level and pattern of consumption in the country changes, the demand for foreign goods - both through official and unofficial imports – increases. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method and a statistical view as well as considering the changes in the consumption pattern in the country over the past years, shows that several factors such as the increase in international relations, the increase in the amount and share of oil revenues in the gross domestic revenue and government budget revenues, the growth of liquidity, the disruption in the distribution of income and wealth in the country, the country’s foreign exchange and trade policies have had aligned relationship with the formation of exogenous consumption patterns and the increase in demand for foreign goods. On the other hand, the application of trade restrictions by the government has imposed limitations on the entry of demanded goods into the country through official methods, therefore, such goods are imported into the country through unofficial channels and smuggling.

All countries of the world set special rules on the entry and exit of goods according to their economic system. Since smuggling of goods as one of the economic crimes disrupts the economic system and reduces government revenues, it has been criminalized. Considering our country's involvement with this organized crime, it is necessary to identify and examine its interaction with other organized crimes and terrorism while defining and explaining the basics and elements of goods smuggling and the pathology of related laws.In addition, this article, among other things, examines  the problems, weak points and offer solutions to solve them using the statutes and findings of criminal sciences in order to achieve a coherent and efficient criminal policy to prevent and deal with organized goods smuggling and financing of terrorist goals.

Smuggling of goods and currency is a destructive and costly pest affecting the economy of many countries as well as Iran. To control this pest, identifying the factors that can affect this probem seems to be a reasonable solution. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of religious values on the control and reduction of goods smuggling in the borders of Sistan and Baluchistan province.Considering the topic, objectives and research questions, the research method of this study is descriptive, survey and documental, and the unit of analysis is the people of Zahedan, Zabul, Khash, Saravan, Sarbaz and Chabahar cities. Referring to Cochran's formula, 1200 people from mentioned cities were selected by random sampling. To collect data in this research, a researcher-made questionnaire with alpha coefficients of 0.91 and library studies were used, and the t-test was employed to test the research hypotheses.In the first hypothesis of this research, the effect of religious values on the control of smuggling, and in its sub-hypotheses, the effect of the five dimensions of religious values (devotional, belief, moral, economic and social dimensions) and the control of smuggling in the border cities of Sistan and Baluchistan province have been investigated. The results of the research indicate that religious values  affect the control of smuggling. Also, after studying the sub-hypotheses of the research, all of the sub-hypotheses of the research have been confirmed. It means that all aspects of religious values have an influence on the control of smuggling. At the end, based on the findings of this research, suggestions have been made to improve the process of controlling and reducing the smuggling of goods with emphasis on religious values.