نشریه مطالعات ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 63 (پاییز 1401)

Marxist critique is a form of literary criticism that speaks to the relationship between society and literature. In Marxist critique, literature is analyzed on the basis of the historical conditions that created it. Therefore, for Marxist critique, it is necessary to know its historical background. With the occupation of Iran, Iraq and the Kurdistan region after the First World War by the Allied forces and Russia, a current dominates Persian and Kurdish literature, which is influenced by many of their writers. Marxism and Communism put Russia. Iranian society during and after World War I due to the inefficiency of the ruling system involved in problems such as; Poverty, the existence of a class system and the pressure on the people by the government of the time, Iraqi Kurdistan has long been a place of conflict with the government and the central government of its time to seek an independent government and government, Kurdish nationalist thought in Iraqi Kurdistan Also, the influence of the Iranian and Iraqi Kurdistan societies on the communist and Marxist currents after the First World War provides the ground for examining the works of the authors of Persian and Kurdish literature and their influence from these currents. In this study, the Marxist critique of the novel by Jani Gal and the Daughter of a Peasant, which; It can be said that in Persian and Kurdish literature, both works are among the first social realist stories.

One of the methods of text analysis is layered stylistics. By examining the layered stylistics of the text, researchers divide the text into smaller and separate layers and study the style based on the most frequent features. In the present research, the researchers studying the lexical layer of the text and especially the adjectives in the "havaye tazeh" by Ahmad Shamlou and the comparative analysis of the mentioned layer in the collection of poems (Les Yeux d'Elsa) by Louis Aragon and (De La Force de l'Amour) by Paul Elard, try to examine the affectability of Shamlou in this layer of stylistics. In the following, they look at the way of influence, adaptation, and generalization of adjectives and consequently mark the poetic words of the poet. According to the findings of the research, the repeated use and similar method of Shamlu in the use of these adjectives, which is the same as the adjectives in the poems of French poets, shows the immense influence of Shamlu on the two mentioned French poets and especially Paul Elurad in this part of the vocabulary layer. Some adjectives are bright, dark, earthy, dumb, distant, etc. The adaptation in this part of the Lexical layer has drawn Shamlou's poetic style towards sensuality and abstraction and made the audience more concrete in understanding. Shamlou's adoptation and the generalization of adjectives in different images have advanced Shamlou's poetic ideology and worldview in parallel and sometimes with the ideas of these two French poets.

One of the unique and stylistic methods in the poetry of Abu Tamam and Victor Hugo is the use of contradictions. This article aims to find some similarities and stylistic differences in the use of contradictions in the poetry of Abu Tamam and Hugo, and seeks to see how the contradictions has enriched the poetry of the two poets. In this essay, based on the method of qualitative content analysis, findings show that the contradiction in the poetry of Abu Tamam and Victor Hugo has aesthetic and philosophical functions and indicates a fundamental connection with meaning. Behavioral and practical contradictions is one of the most frequent contradictions in the poetry of Abu Tamam and Hugo. The reason for the frequent use of these two contradictions is their connections with the general concept and structure of poetry. Abu Tamam has used the color of these contradictions to interpret his thoughts and philosophical ideas along with other literary images. Despite the simplicity of his poetry, Hugo’s style of expression has become as confusing and complicated as that of Abu Tamam, whenever he has decorated his poetry with these two contradictions.

The formation of each school follows a political or social and cultural movement, and the art and literature of each period is the product of its own living world. Modernism emerged as a literary school in American and European countries from the early years of the twentieth century, at the same time as the influence and spread of symbolic poetry, and gradually spread to other countries. In this research, with a look at comparative literature, in a descriptive-analytical method, "common political, social and individual ideas" as components of modernism in the poems of Ahmad Shamloo and Nazkolamaleke are examined. The results show that freedom, dealing with political, social issues and individual love are evident as components of modernism in these two poets. Political thought is known as the main theme of Shamloo poetry, but he is an influential poet, not an effective one! From a social point of view, human freedom and liberation from tyranny is widely reflected in Shamloo's poems. Nazak al-Malaika also rejects the subject of war in his poems and opens his mouth in glory and complains about the state of society in a social form, and addresses not only the Iraqi people but the people of all Islamic lands to get rid of the sufferings and pains of life

The study of the works of poets and writers based on literary theories has paved the way for the study of various aspects of literature, and this is how theories are applied in the works. Such studies and their application in different languages and literatures are a good field to make these theories more tangible and objective. Linguistic metaphysics is one of the new theories of literary criticism that has been articulated within the school of Russian formalism. Yusuf al-Khal and Ahmad Shamloo are two other great and almost contemporary poets in Arabic and Persian literature who have used abnormalities and de-familiarization in their poems. Vocabulary aberration (creating a new word that is an evasion of syntactic rules And the meaning changes the appearance of words and phrases and makes the poem seemingly abnormal in this article. And while showing the written aberrations, at the end, the poet's use of abnormalities is depicted in the form of a diagram.

In today's literature, symbols play an important role in depicting and conveying meanings. One of these symbols that is cleverly used by poets is the element of color. Therefore, resistance poets try to express their ideals and desires by using different colors. As an example of Qaisar Aminpour in Persian literature andBy using symbols in their works, Omar Aburisheh has created mysterious associations in allegorical fields with various cultural, ritual and historical backgrounds. The element of color is one of the important components of the imaginary and one of the prominent elements of the symbolic language of these two poets, which has been used to express their intended meanings. This article forms. The method is descriptive-analytical and the results show that both poets have used red as a symbol of perfection, martyrdom, protest and uprising.. The method is descriptive-analytical and the results show that both poets have used red as a symbol of perfection, martyrdom, protest and uprising.

The symbol sometimes appears in the form of words, and words are taken in their actual words used in the meta sense. Some of these words, are the elements of nature. Accordingly, we can say; Aspects of symbolic and allegorical elements of nature, art and creative implications if applied intelligently in the poem creates.Sohrab Sepehri and Samih Ghasem are two poets from two different Iranian and Arabic cultures whose studies and research show that symbolism has been very important in expressing their concepts, teachings and thoughts and naturalism is one of their common aspects. .Key words: Symbol, Arabic poetry, Samih Qassem, elements of nature, PalestineThe findings of this research, which has been done by analytical-descriptive method, indicate that Sohrab, as a modern and romantic poet, has depicted many elements of nature in his poems, and Samih Qasim, as one of the great cryptographers in contemporary Arabic poetry, To express the reality of society and social problems, it has given elements of nature symbolic properties.

Sensualness helps the poet in the creation of pictures and beautiful poetic images and the theme of new creation. By reflecting the emotions and feelings of the poet and breaking the boundaries between the senses, this array expands the meanings and power of the speaker's words and by creating Spiritual music adds to the effect on its audience. The long history of using this array, both in Persian literature and in the poems of Arab poets, shows its importance and value, which has faded over time, but has never completely disappeared, and is widely accepted in the contemporary era. It has been encountered by poets and the basis of poetic style and creativity has been found in the work of some of them. This research is a reflection on the application of this beautiful literary art in the poetry of two contemporary Iranian and Arab poets (Rahi Moiri and Abdul Wahab Al Bayati) until the sense The combinations extracted in their poems should be examined in terms of how the senses are combined and the frequency of use of each of them, and then these sensory combinations should be written in a comparative manner based on the Hungarian linguist Ulman's theory. The research method in this study is descriptive, analytical and library. The result of this research will determine the attention and interest of these two poets in using different senses and the frequency of using this poetic gift in their poems according to Ullman's theory.

Kafka's novel Metamorphosis has attracted the attention of many novelists and storytellers in various languages, including English, Persian, and Arabic; Among them, Sultan Al-Amimi, a contemporary Arabic novelist, is influenced by this novel in his story called "Samsa". Sultan Al-Amimi takes a different look at the identity crisis and resumes the fate of the protagonist in a different way. Therefore, the main issue of this research is the quality of influence and explanation of the general view on the subject of loneliness, isolation, identity crisis and metamorphosis, and finally understanding the similarities and differences between the two works. The present study, which has been carried out descriptively-analytically and based on the French school of comparative literature, has concluded that the theme of Kafka's novel is the human destiny, which is isolated and transformed by the problems of society. Al-Amimi, although he took the depth of his story from Kafka's novel, changed its theme and changed the character's destiny, and figured out another future for him. The character or protagonist is the same in both narratives. In the first, the transformation took place in the form of an animal and in the second, in the form of a human; Kafka has taken a pessimistic and isolated view of the character, distancing himself from those around him, and Sultan al-Amimi has taken an optimistic view of the character, processing him in the form of a social and happy personality.

his research is a comparative study between the literature of Iran and the literature of Spain on the subject of women and his place in the family and society. The case study of this research focuses on short stories by Jalal Al Ahmad and three plays by Federico Garcia Lorca with the names of Blood Wedding Names, Yerma, Bernarda Alba's House.In this comparative study, the status and role of women in the family and society in the literature of Iran and Spain are examined. To restrict the research field, Jalal Al-Ahmad's short stories and Federico Garcia Lorca's plays have been recognized as two authoritative authors in both countries. In the beginning, a brief overview of the history of life and socio-cultural activities of both writers has been presented, and the woman, his position and image have first been studied separately in each and every one of the works, and then adaptively.The following is a familiarization with the history of life and the days of Jalal al-Ahmad and Federico García Lorca; in order to become familiar with the historical, political and social context of their life, a comparative study of the status of women in their works is desirable.

Literary works are one of the most important tools for understanding the position of women in society. In the last decade, due to the change in the social, cultural and economic structure of societies and the rising level of women's awareness, women writers have critically expressed the social status and role of women and called for a fundamental change in people's attitudes and revision of patriarchal interpretations of literary texts. Have been. Zoya Pirzad and Qamar Kilani are writers who, with their knowledge of the situation of women in the society of their time, have written stories centered on women. The present article uses a descriptive-analytical method and relies on the American school of comparative literature to analyze and compare the personalities of traditional and modern women in the novels "aldawwama" by Qamar Kilani, a contemporary Syrian author, and "I turn off the lights." Zoya Pirzad pays. The works of these two contemporary writers are a manifestation of their realism and realism, which expresses many social events in both Syrian and Iranian societies. These two authors portray the character of traditional women with characteristics such as housekeeping, gender roles, passivity against the patriarchal system, and citizenship of traditional traditions. Violation of traditional traditions has been described.