مجله تحقیقات علوم رفتاری
سال بیستم شماره 2 (پیاپی 68، تابستان 1401)

Comparing mental health between healthy and disabled students and examining the differences between the two groups can lead to special and appropriate attention to the relevant social and educational needs of them. Therefore, this study was performed to compare interpersonal sensitivity and emotional balance in students with physical disabilities and normal students.

Methods and Materials:

 This causal-comparative study was conducted in eight elected elementary schools (four normal and four exceptional schools) in 2018. The samples consisted of 80 students (40 students with disabilities and 40 their normally peers), which were selected by simple random sampling. To collect data, Boyce & Parker’s Interpersonal Sensitivity and Brad Burn’s Emotional Balance Questionnaire were used. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 using descriptive index and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

There was a significant difference between students with disabilities and normal ones in interpersonal sensitivity and emotional balance (P >0.01). And the mean scores of interpersonal sensitivity and its components, were significantly higher in students with disabilities than normal students (P <0.01). Findings also indicate that there are problems for students with disabilities in interpersonal communication skills and shortcomings in emotional development compared to normal students.

Special attention should be paid to the social performance and interpersonal and emotional skills of students with disabilities, and appropriate educational interventions are recommended to strengthen the social and emotional skills in order to rehabilitate them.

The covid-19 pandemic and its effects on people's physical and mental health have caused an increase in worry and death anxiety in many of them. Experience has shown that people's attitude towards this disease, how to deal with it, and how much they are affected by it are different based on a number of factors and characteristics. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the prediction of death anxiety based on personality characteristics and self-concept in patients with covid-19.

Methods and Materials: 

This research is correlational. The research population consisted of all the patients with covid-19 who visited Masih Deneshvari, Lavasani and Firozabadi hospitals from March 1400 to May 1401, and 205 of them were selected as available sampling based on Morgan's table that participated in the research online. The required information was collected through Templer's death anxiety scale (1970), the short form of Neo's five-factor personality questionnaire (1985) and Lawrence's (1997) self-concept. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation test and multivariate regression analysis were used using SPSS version 26 software.

The findings of the research showed that there is a relationship between personality traits (-0.64) and God concept (-0.59) with death-anxiety (p<0.05). Also, the results showed that there is a positive and meaningful relationship with death anxiety in the components of personality traits, and extroversion, flexibility, agreeableness, and responsibility, as well as in the components of God concept; Influence, acceptance, challenge and benevolence, there is an inverse and meaningful relationship.

It seems that the personality traits as a variable can be effective in reducing the death anxiety of corona patients, also the use of positive God concept against mental pressure makes him adapt better to the conditions and can It will be useful to spend the length of its treatment.

Appreciation of the positive personality traits that have been considered by many psychologists in recent years. Improving gratitude can improve the quality of life and mental health in people. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness group emotion regulation training on promoting the mental health of physicians and nurses of public hospitals in Isfahan.

Methods and Materials:

 The design of this quasi-experimental study is pre-test, post-test and follow-up with experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this study included all physicians and nurses of public hospitals in Isfahan in the first three months (April, May and June) of 1400. The research sample was selected using available sampling method of 40 physicians and nurses in Isfahan. The experimental group received an emotion regulation training package for 8 sessions; the control group did not receive any training. Follow-up was done after a month. Covariance test was used to analyze the results. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Analysis of the findings shows that the mean scores of mental health of individuals according to the group (control and experiment) after adjusting the pre-test, there is a significant difference (p <0.05) and the experimental group after receiving adjustment training Excitement indicates higher mental health.

Therefore, it can be said that emotion regulation training increases the overall positive orientation, positive cognitive processes, and positive emotional function of individuals and therefore improves the mental health of physicians and nurses during the outbreak of Covid 19.

Infidelity in marriage is a major cause of marital dissatisfaction and also the main cause of marital and sexual conflicts and incompatibilities, therefore; the purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of the religion-based forgiveness training and the fairness-based contextual therapy on improvement of self-esteem and empathy of betrayed women in Ahvaz.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method was experimental with a pre-test and post-test design and a control group with random assignment. The statistical population of this research included all married women who had experienced infidelity who referred to international counseling centers and Rah Kamal in Ahvaz city, out of which 45 people were selected using available sampling method and randomly and equally passed to the training group. Religion-based (experiment 1), fairness-based contextual therapy group (experiment 2) and control group were assigned. Subjects responded to Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (1965) and Bateson's scale of empathic traits (Bateson et al. 1983). Each experimental group received the number of relevant training sessions based on their respective instructions, while the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), Bonferroni post hoc test and SPSS software version 26.

The results of Bonferroni's post hoc test showed that religion-based forgiveness training and justice-oriented contextual therapy increase self-esteem (p < 0.001) and empathy (p < 0.001) of betrayed women compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference between the two methods in increasing self-esteem (p = 0.415) and empathy (p = 0.114) of betrayed women.

Based on the results, it can be said that in order to help increase the self-esteem and empathy of betrayed women towards their husbands, any of the methods of religion-based forgiveness training or justice-based contextual therapy can be used successfully.

The use of social networks (USN) is very common among students. Excessive USN can negatively affect their psychosocial performance. Students' health is affected by the amount of use of social networks. Uncontrolled USN affects people's social, academic and professional life. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between the USN with failure tolerance and irrational beliefs in female students.

Methods and Materials:

 The present study was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The statistical population of the study is all female students in Azad university of Tehran, Saveh and Tonekabon in year of 2020-2021. 240 female students were selected using the available sampling method. The Irrational beliefs questionnaire, failure tolerance questionnaire, and virtual networks tendency questionnaire were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient and regression analysis using the SPSS version 25.

There was a negative relationship between the USN and failure tolerance (r=0.70, P<0.001). There was a positive relationship between the USN and irrational beliefs (r=0.80, P<0.001). The results of multiple regression showed that the amount of the USN has the ability to predict 33.3% failure tolerance and 53.9% irrational beliefs of female students. The type of the USN can predict 29.4% of failure tolerance and 49.2% of irrational beliefs of female students. Also, the level of trust of users has the ability to predict 24.4% of failure tolerance and 49.9% of irrational beliefs of female students (P<0.05).

Problematic and excessive use of online social networks can endanger students' physical and mental health by increasing irrational beliefs and reducing failure tolerance. Therefore, education and culture building in the field of optimal use of online social networks is necessary during student life.

Considering importance of marriage and growing statistics of divorce, methods to decrease marital conflicts and increase marital satisfaction hold great importance. Purpose of this study is to assess the usage of compassion focused therapy on marital conflict in women applying for divorce.

Methods and Materials: 

Method used in this study is semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and control group. Statistical population constitutes women with marital conflicts, applying for divorce that came to Isfahan city consulting centers in year 2020. This study sample constitutes of 30 women that were chosen with convenience sampling method then put randomly in two groups, 15 women in experiment group and 15 women in control group. All participants filled marital conflict questionnaire Sanaei (MCQ) in pre-test, then experiment group went through 12 sessions (each 90 minutes) of compassion focused therapy package (Gilbert, 2014). Meanwhile control group did not face any intervention. In the end both groups were evaluated again. Data of the study were analyzed with single variant covariance analyze test.

Analyzing data show that, compassion focused therapy is significantly effective in decreasing marital conflicts and its sub-scales (reduction in cooperation and sexual relationship, increasing emotional reactions, increase in attracting children support, increasing personal relationship with relatives and separating financial matters from others) in experiment group (p<0.05).

Considering results of this study it can be said that compassion focused therapy can be effective in decreasing marital conflicts in women applying for divorce, therefore it can be used as a method to decrease divorce.

The need to establish intimacy and close relationships with others is considered as a basic and important human motivation. The present study aimed to investigate the role of the quality of object relationships on close relationship experience mediated by the self-differentiation and cognitive emotion regulation.

Methods and Materials:

 The study was a descriptive-correlational one conducted using Structural Equation Modeling. The population included all people who were married for at least two years and visited psychological and counseling clinics in Mashhad, Iran, from 2020 to 21 due to suffering from matrimonial conflicts. The participants were selected using the convenience sampling technique. Then, 300 questionnaires were distributed among the participants, and 260 questionnaires were gathered. The instruments for data collection included Bell’s Object Relations and Reality Testing Inventory, the cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, the questionnaire concerning the self-differentiation, and close relationship experience questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and the structural equation modeling.

The findings showed that the quality of object relationships predicted the rates of close relationship experience (P>0/05). Moreover, the findings showed that the differential of self and negative cognitive emotion regulation played mediatory roles (P>0/05).

Accordingly, both in premarital counseling and in couple therapy sessions, it is vital to determine variables based on psychoanalytic concepts like the quality of object relationships and self-differentiation and adjust interventions based on these concepts.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is one of the diseases that can limit the function of the lungs and consequently the function of the patient's whole body. Therefore, research related to this disease can be effective. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explain the severity of symptoms in patients with COPD based on health-promoting style with a mediating role of personality traits.

Methods and Materials: 

The present study was descriptive and structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study included all patients with COPD who referred to the health center of Kosar Hospital in Semnan for a period of 1 year from April to March 2016. 205 people were selected by random sampling method and completed the research questionnaires. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling using SPSSV19 and LISRELV8.80 software.

The results showed that health promotion has a negative and significant effect on neurosis and disease severity. Health promotion has a positive and significant effect on other personality traits (P<0.01). The results also showed that the health-promoting lifestyle variable has an indirect and significant effect on the severity of symptoms due to extraversion (-0.13) and conscientiousness (-0.15).

The findings of this study indicate that the variables of personality traits and health-promoting style were related to the severity of symptoms in patients with COPD and had a direct and indirect effect on it. Therefore, experts' knowledge of these variables can help to improve the lifestyle of people with COPD.

Depression is a common disorder in adolescence that has wide cognitive and social consequences; One of the cognitive consequences is mental confusion, which hurts the depressed person by exacerbating dysfunctional thoughts. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of Adolescent-Based Mindfulness Therapy on mind wandering and depressive symptoms.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design with control group and follow-up period. The study population was depressed adolescent girls who referred to psychological centers in Isfahan in 2022. From this population, 30 depressed adolescent girls were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Subjects responded to Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Mind Wandering Scale (MWS) in the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 60-minute adolescent-centered mindfulness treatment, while the control group did not receive any intervention. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance using SPSS software version 26.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the scores of depression and mind wandering of the groups in post-test and follow-up compared to pre-test. The effect of intergroup intervention variable is also significant in reducing depression and mind wandering. That is, adolescent-centered mindfulness therapy was able to reduce the scores of depression and mind wandering compared to the control group (p<0.001).

Based on the results, adolescent-centered mindfulness treatment can be used as an effective intervention option to help depressed adolescents and reduce their mind wandering.

Family is the most important and basic foundation for creating a healthy society. If couples have a healthy and good relationship with each other, we will have a healthy family and as a result, a healthy society. Now, if couples have an inappropriate relationship with each other, problems will arise for them. One of the most important issues that, in addition to disrupting the family unit and the couple's relationship, aggravates the injury in the injured person, is post-traumatic stress disorder caused by marital infidelity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotion-focused couple therapy approach on post-traumatic stress disorder caused by marital infidelity.

Methods and Materials: 

The quasi-experimental research method was pretest-posttest with a control group. The statistical population included all women affected by the phenomenon of infidelity in the winter of 2022. The number of 30 couples who visited the Education Counseling Center of the 2nd District of Tehran and had moderate to high symptoms in the scores of the FOA (2003) Emotional PTSD scale scores were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The subjects in the experimental group participated in a group program of emotional couple therapy for 15 sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention.

The results of the analysis showed that emotional couple therapy is effective in reducing the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder in women affected by marital infidelity and this effect is stable in the follow-up phase.

Since emotion-oriented couple therapy regulates a person's emotions and due to the effectiveness of this approach in couples involved in marital infidelity, its use as a therapeutic approach in this type of issues is recommended.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between basic needs and psychological well-being with mediation of social networks addiction. Social networkks addiction is excessive dependence, strong motivation to log in or use, and spending a lot of time on social networks that harm other social activities, studies / jobs, interpersonal relationships, or mental health. Thus, in the last decade, the factors and consequences associated with problematic use of social networks have increased interest and empirical study in this area.

Methods and Materials: 

The statistical population in this study was people over 18 years old in Hamedan and Shiraz from which 396 people (170 male and 226 female) were selected by convenience sampling method. The instruments used in this study were the basic psychological needs scale (Gagné, 2033), social networks addiction (Panayides and Walker, 2012) and psychological well-being (Ryyf, 1989). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and path analysis.

The highest correlation coefficient among the basic needs was related to the need for relatedness with -0.64 and then the needs of autonomy and competence were -0.62 and -0.58, respectively. The correlation coefficient between social networks addiction and psychological well-being was -0.48. Also, the correlation coefficient of basic needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness with psychological well-being were 0.69, 0.60 and 0.66, respectively.

Frustration of basic needs can appear in the form of corrective methods and in the form of excessive use of social networks and pave the way for addictive use of these networks. Frustration of basic needs is also directly and indirectly associated with reduced psychological well-being.

Nowadays, in the global society, it is necessary to examine people's behavior, especially their behavior patterns. Health promotion is receiving more and more attention due to its central role in health care. The main goal of this research was to investigate the structural relationships between abnormal personality traits and fear of the corona virus with health-oriented behavior patterns during the covid- pandemic.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method of this study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included the employees of Alzahra State Hospital in Isfahan. The sampling method was available and according to the table of Morgan and Gerjesi, it was equal to people. The research tools included the questionnaire of abnormal dimensions of personality (PID-5), the scale of fear of the corona virus (Visi et al.) and health-oriented behavioral patterns (Walker et al.). Pearson's correlation coefficient (with SPSS. software) and structural equation modeling (SMART PLS.) were used for data analysis.

There was a relationship between abnormal personality traits and health-oriented behavior patterns during the covid- pandemic period (p<.05). There was a relationship between the fear of corona virus and health-oriented behavior patterns during the covid- pandemic period (p<.05). Also, the mediating role of fear of corona virus in the relationship between abnormal personality traits and health-oriented behavioral patterns was significant (p<.05).

According to the results of the current research, it can be said that fear of corona has a significant mediating role in the relationship between abnormal personality traits and health-oriented behavioral patterns.

Marital intimacy in divorcing couples is associated with shortcomings, based on this, this research aimed to compare the effectiveness of schema couple therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on marital intimacy in Couples Exposed to divorce.

Methods and Materials: 

The method of the current research was quantitative and a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, and post-test design and follow-up period. The statistical population of the research consisted of all the women facing divorce who refer to Avai counseling and psychology center in Paveh city in the year 1400, of which 45 people were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly in the group The schema couple therapy experiment, the mindfulness-based cognitive therapy experiment group, and the control group was replaced. Thomson and Volker's Marital Intimacy Questionnaire was used in data collection. Also, variance analysis with repeated measures has been used to analyze the data.

The results of data analysis showed that schema couple therapy had a significant effect on increasing marital intimacy (p<0.05), on the other hand, cognitive behavioral therapy based on mindfulness also improved marital intimacy. It has been significantly fruitful (p<0.05), also, no significant difference was observed between the two groups of schema couple therapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the variable of marital intimacy.

The results of the present study showed that schema couple therapy and cognitive therapy based on mindfulness were effective in increasing the intimacy of women facing divorce. These two treatment approaches have the same result in improving marital intimacy in women facing divorce.

Cancer and its special treatments and hospitalization in the cold environment of the hospital have deep psychological effects on children.  The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of the cognitive intervention program and family-oriented play therapy on depression and anxiety of children with cancer.

Methods and Materials:

 The study is a time series quasi-experimental design with multiple groups. The sample included 45 children between 7 and 10 years old with brain tumors selected from Mahak's Pediatric Cancer Hospital purposefully and by considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. After matching in terms of age and gender, the subjects were randomly replaced in 3 groups of 15 people (group 1: cognitive rehabilitation; group 2: cognitive rehabilitation with play therapy; group 3: control group). The experimental groups received relevant interventions in 8 sessions. The pre-test, post-test and 1-month follow-up of the participants of all 3 groups were conducted with the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI) and the Spence Children's Anxiety Scale (SCAS). In order to analyze the data, split-plot ANOVA design (SPANOVA) was used.

The results of the study indicated that both interventions had created significant changes in the variables of depression and anxiety in the experimental groups (significance level 0.01). Depression and anxiety in children of both experimental groups, especially in the cognitive rehabilitation group with play therapy, were reduced compared to the control group.

Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that rehabilitation and play therapy, especially rehabilitation with play therapy, which had a more stable effect, can be used to reduce depression and anxiety in children with various types of brain tumors. Therefore, the use of rehabilitation therapy integrated with recreational play therapy is recommended to resolve these children's problems more deeply and permanently.

Women with marital conflict have less resilience in their lives, for this reason, the present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of the therapeutic package of originality in the three worlds based on Rollo May existential theory on the resilience of women with marital conflict.

Methods and Materials:

 The current research method was quantitative and of the type of quasi-experimental studies and pre-test and post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up period. The statistical population of this study included women who refer to the psychological clinics of Isfahan city, from which 26 were selected by convenience sampling method and randomly placed in two experimental and control groups. Resilience questionnaires were used to collect information. The experimental group received the therapeutic package during 14 sessions of 75 minutes, and the control group did not receive any intervention during this period. Data analysis was done with spss-24 software and with the statistical method of analysis of variance with repeated measures and chi-square test at the level of 0.05.

Based on the chi-square test, no significant difference was observed in terms of age, education, and job between the two groups (P <0.05). On the other hand, this educational package has caused a significant increase in the score Subscales of competence, acceptance, trust in instincts and spiritual influences the experimental group compared to the control group (p<0.05).

The results of the research indicate the significant effectiveness of the educational program of originality in the three worlds based on Rollo May existential theory on resilience in women with marital conflict. Therefore, this educational package can be used to promote the resilience of women with marital conflict.

The experience of independent living, changing lifestyle, quick consequences and dormitory life are among the challenges of students, which can have negative effects on the level of sleep and quality of life of students. This research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the effectiveness of 12 weeks of aerobic exercises on the level of sleep quality and quality of life indicators of students.

Methods and Materials: 

The research method is semi-experimental. The statistical population of the research was made up of female students of Islamic Azad University, Lahijan Branch, who were selected purposefully and based on the entry and exit criteria of 27 people. The PSQI questionnaire was used to measure sleep quality and the SF-36 questionnaire was used to measure the subjects' quality of life. The special exercise protocol of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) was used for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week. Dependent and independent t-tests were used for data analysis and for statistical calculations using SPSS version 25 software.

The results showed that the exercise protocol had a significant effect on the quality of sleep and quality of life and their components (P<0.05).

It seems that the desired exercise protocol can be used as a suitable strategy and approach to improve the quality of sleep and quality of life in students, however, considering that the number of subjects. More research should be done in order to increase the external credibility of research.