نشریه تحقیقات نوین میان رشته ای حقوق
سال دوم شماره 3 (پیاپی 6، پاییز 1401)

Michael Sandel is a famous contemporary political theoretician and philosopher who has explained his philosophical-political teachings with a clear and exemplary approach in numerous books. Sandel's efforts, whose main fame is due to his strength in expressing and moving the abstract topics of political philosophy to concrete social, political and economic issues, are always in line with explaining and recognizing the teachings of political philosophy, with a focus on the issue of pluralism, diversity and variety of communities. In this research, while benefiting from the descriptive-analytical method, we are evaluating and presenting the political philosophy of collectivism and the idea of Michael Sandel as one of the contemporary normative approaches of social sciences in explaining political phenomena, and in the meantime, taking into account the central importance of the subject of human rights in political studies and the role of social cohesion in Sandel's thought, we seek to answer the question of what were the methodological components of socialism of Michael Sandel and what concept of human rights is acceptable in Michael Sandel's thought? We discuss the methodological principles and main concepts of congregationalism. Sandel and collectivist thinkers in general are structuralists in the field of methodology, whose level of analysis is not micro and macro, but local, and geography and environmental rationality are very important to them. The application of this approach instead of other theories of positivist and hermeneutic approaches, despite some intellectual resistance, seems to be able to obtain a native approach for understanding and policy-making in the pluralistic Iranian society and can be used as an interdisciplinary theory for humanities.

Legal education should be along with legal Instruction. A lawyer gradually gets to know legal rules and principles from the time of learning law and uses them when needed. The need to have a correct legal attitude and insight based on Islamic thoughts in creating purposeful and directed habits and behavior systems leads to the growth and excellence of the legal personality and prevents undesirable abuses in decisions and legal inferences based on Lawyers internal talents. Creating habits and behavioral characteristics in certain mechanisms in the face of personal and social relationships increases and stabilizes the legal taste and creativity of lawyers in academic and professional situations. Legal education means fondness for justice in the attraction of truth and the repulsion of falsehood. This research, while benefiting from the viewpoints of Islamic values and ethics, explains the behavioral patterns of a lawyer in learning the knowledge of law for the development of legal personality and advancing legal issues based on the profound hadith of "Onvan Basry" in a descriptive and analytical method using library sources.

The principle of acquittal in jurisprudence means acquittal from duty and religion. The acquittal is the abrogation of the right that a person has over another's obligation, in other words, the forfeiture of a fixed right over another's obligation. According to the opinion of jurists, acquittal is a kind of unilateral obligation, and in jurisprudence texts, the doctor was responsible for the loss of the patient or his deficiency, because the loss was the result of his behavior, he intended the act and at the same time did not intend to commit a crime. Therefore, the patient's permission in his treatment does not conflict with the doctor's guarantee. All jurists believe in obtaining acquittal, which Imam Sadiq (a.s.) confirmed this issue by quoting the sayings of Amir al-Mu'minan Ali (a.s.). The legislator's action in granting the right of doctor's discharge to the patient himself or when he is not obligated or unable to discharge, to his religious guardian for the exemption from the guarantee due to his death is contrary to the opinion of the majority of Imamiye jurists. Some jurists have cited "the sovereignty of a person who is obligated to his own life" as a reason to prove the right of the patient to ask the doctor. The present article is written based on an analyticaldescriptive approach and valid library resources and documents, and the hypotheses in the study have been proven.

Since the beginning of history, the family has been the main social institution, the foundation of societies and the origin of cultures, civilizations and human history. Dealing with this fundamental building and guiding it to its true position has always been the reason for reforming the great human family and neglecting it has caused mankind to move away from real life and fall into the abyss of destruction. In today's changing world, few things can be found that remain unchanged, the changes have also included the family and major changes have been made in it. In this article, we intend to express the state of the family and its transformations in the West and Iran and the effectiveness of the solutions provided in Islam to preserve this sacred social institution. It is important to pay attention to this issue because western societies are seeking to develop laws that solve human issues and problems by referring to human reason and changing moral and behavioral norms. In regard with family and human issues, trusting the humanistic schools is quite pointless and useless, and the only way is to use the religious model because the divine laws are comprehensive and have the ability to ensure the happiness of this world and the hereafter.

Legal education should be along with legal Instruction. A lawyer gradually gets to know legal rules and principles from the time of learning law and uses them when needed. The need to have a correct legal attitude and insight based on Islamic thoughts in creating purposeful and directed habits and behavior systems leads to the growth and excellence of the legal personality and prevents undesirable abuses in decisions and legal inferences based on Lawyers internal talents. Creating habits and behavioral characteristics in certain mechanisms in the face of personal and social relationships increases and stabilizes the legal taste and creativity of lawyers in academic and professional situations. Legal education means fondness for justice in the attraction of truth and the repulsion of falsehood. This research, while benefiting from the viewpoints of Islamic values and ethics, explains the behavioral patterns of a lawyer in learning the knowledge of law for the development of legal personality and advancing legal issues based on the profound hadith of "Onvan Basry" in a descriptive and analytical method using library sources.

The formation of cryptocurrencies in late 2008 led to widespread developments in world trade. Cryptocurrencies are a form of digital currency on blockchain and encrypted and that's why they have many disadvantages and benefits that distinguish them from other virtual money and traditional money. The nature of cryptocurrencies has led the international organizations as well as Iran and other countries to adopt different approaches to cryptocurrencies in recent years. The popularity and value of the cryptocurrencies are increasing day by day, and today there are few people who do not know the cryptocurrencies, for this reason, a transparent approach from governments should be adopted and a comprehensive law must be adopted to be able to use the cryptocurrencies in the best way and by recognizing their shortcomings, prevent possible damage to the economy and security of the country. It is necessary and essential to study this issue in view of the imposition of the United States of America sanctions on our country and the increasing expansion of these sanctions and the resulting economic problems because cryptocurrencies have certain features and advantages that can be used as a way to pay and transfer internationally and even domestic payments in these situations. This article tries to answer the following main question: What is the position of cryptocurrencies in world trade? And also, these questions are to be answered: What are the advantages and disadvantages of cryptocurrencies? What is the approach of international organizations and Iran regarding cryptocurrencies?