نشریه دانش کشاورزی و تولید پایدار
سال سی و دوم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

Medicinal plants’ intercropping system is a relatively new approach to enhance their sustainable production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of fenugreek-dill to the integrated application of manure and bio-fertilizers in the intercropping system.

In a field experiment during the growing season of 2020, the effect of manure levels (no application, 6 and 12 t ha-1), either inoculated or non-inoculated with N-fixing bacteria on biomass production, land equivalent ratio (LER), Area-time equivalent ratio, land use efficiency, agronomy efficiency of fertilizer (AEF), and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in monoculture compared to different intercropping patterns of dill:fenugreek (75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) were examined.

The results showed that the decrease in biomass production due to the decrease of fenugreek cropping ratio was compensated by 100% fertilization and bacterial inoculation which led to an increase in NUE, AEF, LERf, and the whole system advantageous in 75:25 and 50:50 dill:fenugreek intercropping ratios. Despite the decrease in biomass production and NUE with decreasing dill ratio in intercropping, biomass production under bacterial inoculation and 50% fertilization did not show any significant difference with 100% manure application, which led to increased AEF, NUE, and LER in these conditions.

According to the results, 25:75 and 50:50 dill:fenugreek intercropping ratios under 100% fertilization and bacterial inoculation can increase the total advantageous indices and NUE. For sustainable production of dill, 75:25 dill:fenugreek intercropping ratio inoculated with bacteria in 50% manure application can be recommended.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cover crops and their residues and mechanical and chemical methods on weed density and biomass in the Miandoab vineyards.

To achieve the research goal, a factorial experiment was conducted in the form of completely random blocks with 4 replications and 2 factors in the spring of 2015 and 2016 in the Sogli Tappeh (altitude 1300 meters, latitude 46 degrees and 2 minutes and longitude 36 degrees and 93 minutes) and Nasir Kandi villages (altitude 1300 meters, latitude 46 degrees and 7 minutes and longitude 36 degrees and 91 minutes). The first factor includes planting Vicia peregrina cover crop (after plowing), planting Vicia peregrina cover crop (without plowing), planting Ajowan cover crop (after plowing), planting Ajowan cover crop (without plowing), the application of glyphosate herbicide after growing (3 liters per hectare), manual weeding, weed-free control, and the second factor includes the standing and traditional systems.

The predominant weeds in the studied vineyards include Johnson grass, Binweed and Licorice. Nonplowed Vicia peregrina in the standing system (132 g.m-2 ) and Ajowan after conventional plowing in the standing system (95 g.m-2 ) had the highest and lowest biomass production of cover crops. In both Vicia peregrina and Ajowan plants, cover biomass production was the same in traditional and standing systems. Application of herbicide, similar to weed-free control, reduced weed density by more than 90%, and the highest length and weight of grape were obtained in this treatment. But Vicia peregrina and Ajowan without plowing in both horticultural systems reduced the weed density by 47% and 32%, respectively, compared to the weedinfected control. Regardless of plowing type in both horticultural systems, the weight and length of grape in planting cover crops such as Vicia peregrina and Ajowan increased significantly compared to weed-infected conditions (no weeding). Also, the amount of soluble solids varied from 10.8% in weed-infected control to 15.16% in glyphosate herbicide usage.

Since among the cover crops, non-plowed Vicia peregrina had the highest reduction in weed growth with comparing the weed density averages, it can be introduced as the best management strategy for weed control in vineyards. In general, planting cover crops in both garden systems with any type of plowing can reduce weed density and increase the quantitative and qualitative of grapes, although herbicides and weedfree control are superior to cover crops.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of summer cover crop residues and row spacing of faba bean on weed population, yield and components yield of faba bean (Barakat cultivar).

experiment was conducted as factorial based on split-split-plot design with three replications in Bandar-Gaz Service Center in June-July 2019. The order of cover crops (mung bean, millet, and no cover crop), row spacing of faba bean (25, 35, 45, and 55 plant per m2), and interference of weeds (weeding and no weeding) were placed in the main plot, subplot, and sub subplot, respectively.

The use of mung bean and millet cover crop residues, especially millet, were effective in reducing density and dry matter of weeds. the highest number of pods per plant was recorded in millet cover crop residues in row spacing of 55 cm row and weeding treatment.The highest and lowest 100-seed weight were observed in millet residues and no cover crop treatments, respectively. The results showed that millet residues in no weeding and weeding condition had the highest grain yield with 2870.12 and 5049.43 kg.ha-1, respectively.

The results of the present study show that the use of cover crop residues alone is not able to completely control weeds. Reducing row spacing in combination with planting of cover crops can play an effective role in controlling weeds and improving crop yield.

Salicylic acid is a phenolic compound that plays an important role in inducing drought resistance in various plant species as a growth regulator.

Methods & Materials: 

In this study, the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid on chlorophyll content, relative water content, accumulation of osmotic compounds and fruit and seeds yield of medicine pumpkin under different levels of drought stress was investigated. Experimental treatments were included the foliar application of salicylic acid at 4 levels (control (spray with distilled water), 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg L-1) and drought stress at 4 levels (100% field capacity, 85% field capacity, 70% field capacity and 55% field capacity).

According to the present results, with increasing drought stress, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photosynthesis rate and leaf water content significantly decreased, however drought stress increased the amount of proline and soluble carbohydrates. These changes were accompanied by a reduction of fruit and seed yield of medicine pumpkin, so that the lowest yield was achieved under severe drought stress (55% of field capacity). Foliar application of salicylic acid by enhancing the accumulation of osmotic and protein compounds led to the mitigation of the drought stress and improved plant water status, photosynthesis and fruit and seed yield.

Based on the present results, the use of 1 mg L-1 salicylic acid is recommended to improve the yield of medicine pumpkin especially under drought stress condition.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of potassium and phosphorus biofertilizers on growth characteristics and yield of alfalfa (cv. ‘Nikshahri’) at different ages.

This combined experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications during two consecutive years under the climatic conditions of Jiroft, Kerman, Iran. The studied factors included alfalfa age (one, three and five-years old) and bio-fertilizers (Control, Pota-Barvar, Phosphate Barvar II, Pota-Barvar + Phosphate Barvar II). The biofertilizers were used along with irrigation water.

The results of the combined variance analysis showed that there was a significant difference between different ages of alfalfa in terms of some growth characteristics and yield. The highest yield and growth characteristics were related to three-year-old plants and the yield significantly decreased by increasing the age to 5-years old. Based on the results, the highest growth characteristics (except internode length) and yield were related to Pota-Barvar + Phosphate Barvar II treatment, which was not significantly different with Pota-Barvar treatment in term of leaf area index and leaf: stem weight ratio. The interaction effect of age and biofertilizer showed that the combined application of biofertilizers improved the growth characteristics and yield of the older alfalfa plants and the highest yield was found in 3-years old plants treated by combination of both biofertilizers.

The combined application of both biofertilizers (PotaBarvar + Phosphate Barvar II) can be an effective way to prevent alfalfa yield decline in old farms.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of Sugarecane residue compost,Trichoderma Fungi and Bacillus bacteria inoculation on some agronomic characteristics and yield of quinoa, which is valuable in terms of nutritional value and tolerance to adverse environmental conditions.

The experiment was conducted as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications in Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan during 2019-2020 growing season. Experimental factors included amount of sugarcane residue compost at five levels (zero, 10, 20, 30 and 40 t.ha-1) and biofertilizer at three levels (no inoculation, Trichoderma asperelloides and Bacillus subtilis inoculation).

Results :

The highest biological yield (5152 kg.ha-1) was obtained from Trichoderma inoculation treatment and the lowest (4234 kg.ha-1) from non-inoculation treatment. The highest grain yield (1908 kg.ha-1) was related to Trichoderma treatment. Inoculation of Trichoderma and Bacillus increased grain yield by 27% and 19% compared to no inoculation, respectively. Maximum grain yield was obtained from treatments of 20 and 30 t.ha-1, respectively.

Considering that the best treatments of this experiment in most traits were 20 and 30 tons of sugarcane residue compost per hectare, to reduce the cost, it is recommended to use 20 tons of this organic fertilizer to achieve maximum quinoa grain yield. Inoculation of Trichoderma and Bacillus bacteria, especially Trichoderma, is also recommended to improve the growth and yield of quinoa.

To increase the quantitative yield of canola (Brassica napus L.),due to the interaction of zinc application in winter planting dates on spring canola cultivars.

The experiment was performed as a factorial split-plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted during two experimental years (2016-2017) in Alborz province (Karaj).Experimental factors including winter planting date in three levels (11.20, 11.30 and 12.10) and zinc factor in two levels (no application of zinc and application of zinc in stem elongation stage were considered as factorial in the main plots and factor cultivars were classified into four levels (Sarigol, Dalgan, Salsa and Solar) in the subplot.

The results showed that planting date has a great impact on yield, yield components and oil of canola cultivars.Delayed culture reduced leaf chlorophyll concentration.Also the yield components of canola were reduced due to delay in planting and non-application of zinc,which eventually reduced the yield of canola seed and oil.The tested genotypes had the highest yield on the date of normal cultivation.The highest oil yield was observed in the Dalgan cultivar (2066 kg/ha) due to zinc application on normal cultivation.Delay in planting caused an increase in glucosinolate.

In general, foliar application of zinc,reduced the negative effects of delay in planting in most of the studied traits of different rapeseed cultivars.Due to the effect of zinc application and adaptation of Dalgan cultivar to a certain range of planting date for canola production in this area and areas with similar climates is recommended

This study was conducted to evaluate the interaction effects of potassium nitrate and arbuscular mycorrhiza on the growth and quantitative characteristics of G. glabra in the greenhouse condition.

Methods & Materials:

 In order to evaluate the effects of KNO3 and Arbuscular mycorrhiza (Glomus mossea) on the growth and quantitative characters of G. glabra an experiment as factorial based on the completely randomized design with three replications was carried out. The mycorrhiza treatments included: noninoculated (Control), 25, 50 and 100 g per pot and potassium nitrate had three levels: 0 (control), 10, 20 mmol L-1. Some characters such as plant height stem diameter, leaf area, foliage and root fresh and dry weight, leaf relative water content, chlorophyll a and b and carotenoid content were assessed.

Based on the results of this study the interaction of potassium nitrate and mycorrhiza affected the investigated characters and treatment combination of 20 mM potassium nitrate with 100 g per pot mycorrhiza increased plant height (67%), stem diameter (48.5%), foliage fresh weight (48.7%) foliage dry weight (54.9%), root fresh (69.1%) and root dry weight (64%) in relation to control. Also leaf area (41%) leaf relative water content (6.25%) chlorophyll a (28%), b (38%) and carotenoid (41%) contents increased significantly in comparison with control.

Simultaneous application of potassium nitrate and mycorrhiza, significantly affected the all of evaluated characters and improved all of them.

In this study, water hyacinth compost and humic acid were used in the production of Narcissus jonquilla cv. German.

The present experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design. The first factor was water hyacinth compost (Control, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and the second factor was humic acid (Control, 250, 500 mg L-1).

According to the results, the effect of compost, humic acid and their interaction on most of the studied traits was significant. The highest flowering stem height and the highest concentration of iron increase compared to control treatment) were recorded in compost 50% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest number of leaves and calcium concentration was observed in compost 25% + 250 mg L-1 humic acid. The longest leaf length increase compared to control treatment) was related to compost 75% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The maximum flower diameter size was recorded in compost 75% + 250 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest concentration of potassium was reported in compost 75% + 500 mg L-1 humic acid.

According to the obtained results, water hyacinth compost with humic acid due to improving the root environment and increasing the better absorption of nutrients increased the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of daffodils compared to the control treatment. Therefore, water hyacinth compost with the use of humic acid for growing daffodils is recommended.

Therefore, due to the increasing concerns about the destructive environmental effects of high consumption of nitrogen fertilizers and also the high economic cost of supplying these fertilizers, the present study was done to evaluate the growth, development and yield of three common maize cultivars in Response to different amounts of nitrogen in semi-arid climatic conditions of Kerman province .

A two-year experiment was laid out as a randomized complete block design with factorial arrangement of treatments and three replications during 2014 and 2015 growing seasons at Kerman province in Iran. Four nitrogen rates (0 (control), 92, 220 and 368 kg ha-1) were applied to three maize hybrids (KSC 704, Maxima and TWC 604).

Results showed both hybrid and nitrogen had significant (P<0.01) effect on morphology, biological and grain yield of maize. We found the significant yield benefits of KSC 704 and Maxima compared to TWC 604 under N stress as well as potential conditions. However, the grain yield of all hybrids was lower in 2015 than 2014 which was a consequence of depletion of soil N as a result of previous maize on one side and light texture of the soil (consisting about 85% sand) on the other side which led to high N leaching from the soil. The highest and lowest values for grain yield was observed at 368 kg N ha-1 (12359.3 kg ha-1) in 2014 and 0 kg N ha-1 in 2015 (640 kg ha-1) respectively.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and fulvic acid foli-ar use on some growth responses and essential oil content of thyme.

A factorial experiment as completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The first and second factors included: fulvic acid (0,1,1.5,2 mg/l) and salicylic acid (0,10,50,100 µM). After spray-ing and harvesting, the following factors were evaluated; fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, total antioxidants activity, and essential oil content of the aerial parts.

Foliar treatments significantly influenced plant height, fresh and dry weight biomass as well as chlorophyll b content. Also, salicylic acid had a significant effect on yield traits such as fresh weight, total antioxidant activity, flavonoids and essential oil content. The interactions of salicylic acid and fulvic acid on fresh and dry weight also showed a significant effect. The highest total antioxidants activity and flavo-noids were obtained at 100 µM salicylic acid. The highest essential oil content was obtained at of 50 µM salicylic acid.

In order to produce the highest yield of the plant, the application of 50 μM concentrations of salicylic acid and fulvic acid with a concentration of 1.5 mg/l seems appropriate. Also, to achieve the highest essential oil content of shoots and leaves, a concentration of 50 μM salicylic acid is recommend-ed.

Water deficit is one of the most important factors limiting the crops performance like basil. Using growth-promoting bacteria along with silica could improve them. Accordingly, the present research was conducted to investigate the effect of Enterobacter sp. and foliar application of silica on vegetative and physiological characteristics of basil under water deficit irrigation.

Methods & Materials:

 This research was conducted in a split factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design. The main plot was irrigation levels (two, three and four days) and sub-plots were Enterobacter (inoculation and control) and silica concentrations (0, 6C, 6X and 12X).

Results showed that irrigation with three- and four-days intervals reduced vegetative and some physiological traits alone. However, SPAD in irrigation with three and four days intervals and essential oil percentage (EOP) and yield in four days intervals showed an increase at the range of 11 and 29%. 12X silica was very useful in some of these traits with increasing irrigation intervals. Although using bacteria inoculation with 12X silica was able to produce the highest amount of chlorophyll a and a+b in complete irrigation and dry matter yield in water deficit irrigation. However, when plants grown under water deficit irrigation, using 12X silica was maximally improved the EOP and yield.

In conclusion, the positive effect of silica was more pronounced than Enterobacter on improving the vegetative and physiological traits of basil. In addition, silica with high concentration (X) showed better results than low (C) concentration.

This study aimed to investigate some physiological mechanisms of drought tolerance in grain sorghum genotypes.

The experiment was conducted as a split plots design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Karaj. Irrigation regime as the main factor in three levels, including normal irrigation , mild stress, and severe stress and genotype as the sub-factor at five levels were evaluated.

Drought stress decreased biological yield, grain yield, chlorophyll content, stomatal conductivity, and osmotic potential and increased the canopy temperature, proline, and soluble sugars. Under normal irrigation, the highest grain yield (8994 kgha-1) was obtained by cultivar Kimia. In contrast, the maximum grain yield under mild and severe stress conditions (7633 and 6275 kgha-1) was recorded in cultivar Fouman. Also, under stress conditions, cultivar Fouman showed the highest stomatal conductivity and the lowest percentage of yield reduction compared to normal irrigation. In addition, the lowest canopy temperature was recorded in Fouman cultivar under mild and severe stress conditions(32.40 and 32.63 °C, respectively).

Overall, cultivar Fooman with higher water uptake efficiency than other genotypes, which showed more stomatal conductivity and lower canopy temperature, was able to reduce the severity of water deficit stress in the plant and produce maximum grain yield under drought stress. Cultivar Kimia was able to increase its water absorption capacity and produce a relatively good yield under stress conditions by reducing the osmotic potential and increasing the accumulation of osmolytes such as soluble sugars and proline.

This study is to investigate the effect of Thiobacillus inoculant and sulfur bio bacteria on less water stress in Khatouni melon plants.

the aim of the experiment was conducted with split plots in a three-replication randomized complete block design.Irrigation regime as the main plot with levels of 100, 75 and 50%of melon water requirements and fertilizer treatments as a sub-plot with three levels of thiobacillus (without inoculum, 250 and 500 kg sulfur per hectare along with 5 and10 kg of bacterial with a population of 107 bacteria per gram inoculum).

The results study indicate that all studied agronomic traits affected by stress, so that drought stress had a significant impact on all traits. On the other hand, sulfur plus thiobacillus reduced the negative effects of water stress and led to significant increases in total chlorophyll content, carotenoids, number of fruits per plant, and fruit weight at various levels of drought.Thus,application Third level of sulfur, A significant effect of drought stress interaction with the sulfur application was seen on all traits studied except for conductance at level of one percent.

The application of sulfur and thiobacillus can improve growth traits and increase yield, irrespective of its irrigation level. Moreover, the use of sulfur and thiobacillus in the treatment of dehydration results in 75% of the water requirement of 500 kg sulfur per hectare with 10 kg of Thiobacillus. It was also observed that with increasing dehydration stress , effect of sulfur and thiobacillus on improving growth traits declined.

Background & Adjective:

 In the recent years, studies have been focusing on the use of safe and biocompatible compounds to reduce the damage caused by drought stress. In this study, the effect of exogenous application of methyl jasmonate in modulating the effects of drought stress on Physalis plants and improvement of antioxidant activity was evaluated.

In the present study, drought stress at 3 levels (100, 75 and 50 % of field capacity) and different concentrations of methyl jasmonate at 3 levels (0, 10 and 100 μM) were used as the experimental factors.

According to the results, drought stress significantly reduced fresh and dry weight, relative water content, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids and beta-carotene in physalis leaves while total phenol and flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (fruits and leaves), soluble sugar, proline and malondialdehyde (leaves) increased under drought stress conditions. Foliar application with methyl jasmonate reduced the negative effects of drought stress in physalis plants by affecting the relative water content, chlorophyll content, membrane stability (decrease of malondialdehyde), and increasing compatible solutions (soluble sugar and proline), total phenol and flavonoids and antioxidant activity so that the fresh weight of the fruit increased (54.73%) by spraying 100 μM methyl jasmonate in the second level of stress.

In general, the results of the study showed that foliar application of methyl jasmonate, especially at 100 μM concentration, reduced the effects of drought stress on the physalis plants, and improved antioxidant activity and fruit weight, thus improving the yield.

To determine the critical period of weed control in transplanted tomato in Kermanshah, in order to reduce the weed control costs.

a field experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were divided in to two series. The first one consisted of six weed interference until 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after transplanting and then weeds were removed until the end of the growth period, and the second one consisted of six weed control until 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 days after transplanting and then permit to weeds to complete to crop until the end of growth season.

The results showed that full weed interference reduced total dry matter, maximum leaf area index and fresh fruit yield of tomato by 67.2, 36.5 and 83.5 percentages, respectively. The critical period for weed control was determined using logistic and gompertz functions. Critical period of weed control based on 5 and 10 percent acceptable yield loss was determined from 14 to 89 and from 19 to 78 days after transplanting, respectively, that was equal to from 103 to 1189 and from 144 to 1003 growth degree days after transplanting, respectively.

Generally due to the low planting density and the non-complete canopy closure, it is necessary to weed control be started from two to three weeks after tomato transplanting and continued for five to six weeks.

The Study's objective is to determine the optimal irrigation water allocation for wheat, barley, weed, and sorghum crops in the Sistan region.

The current research, using nonlinear multi-objective programming (MOP), aimed to maximize net profit while minimizing irrigation water use, risk taking, fertilizer and pesticide consumption in the Sistan region through an optimal cropping pattern. The data for the study were gathered by reviewing agricultural statistical yearbooks,

The findings of this study indicate that the Sistan region's current cropping pattern is not optimal. Continued use of this pattern will result in problems such as water scarcity and environmental pollution as a result of excessive chemical input consumption. The area under cultivation of some crops decreased, while others increased, with the goal of maximizing gross profit while minimizing irrigation water, fertilizer, and chemical pesticide consumption, as well as risk, which is motivated by product revenue and input usage. It is proposed, based on the findings of this study, to increase the proportion of water in products that earn more money per cubic meter of water consumed.

According to the findings of this study, it is necessary to prioritize environmental goals, which include reducing the use of chemical inputs in crop pattern optimization. Along with selecting an appropriate model and making the best use of available water and land resources, using the model can be an effective step toward increasing profits and mitigating environmental impacts.

one of the strategies for sustainable urban development, preservation and development of urban agriculture as one of the main patterns of ecological development and sustainability, which has been a key role in urban ecological balance as well as being a key role in the creation of food security and employment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the ecological and economic effects of urban agriculture on the sustainability of the urban environment.This study investigated the ecological and economic impacts of urban agriculture on urban environment sustainability using library resources and preparing a questionnaire and analyzing it with Spss software and ENVI-met simulator software has also been used to evaluate the environmental performance of agriculture in the city. In this study, the city of Tabriz has been selected as one of the major cities in the country to study these changes and the changes of Tabriz urban green spaces during the past decades have been analyzed and studied. Landsat satellite imagery has been used to evaluate these changes.The study of the obtained results shows that with the expansion of the city to the surrounding area and mainly on the green spaces and gardens of the city, major changes have taken place in the amount of green spaces. The results of the study of both ecological and economic functions indicate that the ecological impact of agriculture improves environmental conditions, thereby increasing production, employment and improving food security of urban communities and improving the economic status of cities.

The major aim of this study was to determine the effective driving factors on the development of agricultural conversion and complementary industries.

In this study, the structural-interpretive modeling method was used. This research was applied and a descriptive-survey one in terms of data collection. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with a matrix nature. The statistical population of the study included 29 managers of conversion and complementary industries. In order to collect information through purposive sampling, 15 managers of relevant industry units were interviewed, which based on theoretical saturation, the data collection process was stopped.

According to MICMAC analysis, self-governing factors with low dependence and low influence included: supportive policy, R&D support, special and preferential support and subsidies, market organizing and marketing.

Based on the independent components: banking system support and the existence of long-term program, plan, decision and actions which were determined the key factors for the development of conversion and complementary industries. It is suggested that the necessary financial resources including (facilities, credits, subsidies.) be allocated to the conversion and complementary industries, as well as to some financial incentives such as: low interest rates, increasing the breathing period of credit use, provide export incentive subsidies. Regarding the necessity of implementing programs, plans and projects related to conversion and complementary industries, it is suggested to be predicted and implemented in three formats: short-term, medium-term and long-term plans, all of which have a single strategy for the development of conversion and complementary industries.

The present study was conducted with the aim of designing a sustainable marketing model for the development of sustainable agriculture in the country using the data method of the foundation.

In this research, a qualitative research method has been used, which is a combination of the foundation data method and Delphi. . To investigate this goal, 15 people were selected by snowball sampling method for interviewing experts from the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture in the export of agricultural products, and information was collected through in-depth interviews. Then, after identifying and categorizing the factors, the Delphi method was used to measure the validity of the model and variables.

Foundation data method was used for analysis. First, the initial coding was done and 84 codes were identified, and in the next stage, by applying changes (merging and deleting), then in the second stage, 32 concepts were categorized, and finally the known concepts were classified into five categories. Delphi results were examined in two stages and by removing and adding concepts, 32 were identified.

Therefore, the results show that the proposed model included economic factors, social factors, marketing factors, environmental factors and consumer-related factors and considered different aspects and in each of the identified components to the subcomponent. They also noted that in order to better implement sustainability in marketing, it is recommended to pay attention.

In this study, while measuring some important indicators such as net income, number of mechanized operations, fuel consumption, water efficiency, pesticides and chemical fertilizers used, energy ratio, energy intensity and its strategic level in sustainable production of agricultural products in Moghan plain For the first time, using a new method, the best cultivation pattern that is most compatible with sustainable agriculture was introduced. The results showed that among the cultivation patterns, garlic cultivation had the highest net income, the least number of mechanized operations, the least fuel consumption, the highest number of workers per hectare, the lowest chemical fertilizer consumption, the lowest ratio and energy intensity. It has the least amount of strategy. Peanut cultivation requires the least amount of pesticide and wheat-silage corn cultivation pattern with Maximum water efficiency requires the most fuel and chemical fertilizer. Also, most of the chemical fertilizers used are allocated to the wheat-corn pattern. The highest and lowest energy ratios are related to canola-corn and garlic patterns, respectively, and the highest and lowest specific energy are related to canola-corn and garlic patterns, respectively. The results also showed that the wheat-silage corn cultivation pattern with CL* = 0.78 had the highest correlation with the sustainable agriculture pattern among the common patterns in the Moghan region. And despite the fact that garlic cultivation brings the highest net income to the farmer, but due to the need for more labor and the lowest energy ratio (ER = 1.44) is in the lower ranks of sustainable agriculture.

Cereal production systems in Iran are often associated with high costs and low productivity, improper use of inputs causes irreversible damage to the environment. Efficient farm management is one of the most important issues in achieving sustainable performance. This study aimed to determine and compare the ecological sustainability of two production ecosystems of irrigated wheat and grain maize using emergy analysis.

This research was carried out in the cropping year of 2019-2020 in Dez catchment. Interviews were conducted with 400 farmers of wheat and maize based on a questionnaire to collect data on production processes in farms. In this study, the emergy analysis method was selected to measure the sustainability of the desired agricultural products. Finally, the sustainability of the systems was evaluated using the value of emergy indicators.

The total emergy inputs for the irrigated wheat and maize production ecosystems were 1.60347E+16 and 2.54883E+16 sej ha-1 per year, respectively. The results indicated the production of both crops is in an environmentally unsustainable condition, and of all consumption inputs; chemical fertilizers, especially nitrate and phosphate, and then diesel have the most impact on environmental unsustainability in the study area.

As a final result, the ecosystem of irrigated wheat production is more desirable than grain maize in terms of yield, renewability, and environmental sustainability, and wheat production in the region is the superior system for achieving sustainability compared to maize production.

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of homogeneous and heterogeneous soils on root distribution and yield of maize under irrigation without stress and with moisture stress under greenhouse conditions.

In this study, two soil types of clay (soil A) and silt loam (soil B) were used to prepare homogeneous substrates as single-layer (AA and BB) and heterogeneous substrates as double-layer (AB and BA) inside cylindrical PVC pipes with a length of 80 cm in the greenhouse. This research was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. So that the type of soil in the pots with 4 levels (AA, BB, AB and BA) and irrigation conditions with 2 levels (without moisture stress and with moisture stress) were the factors of this experiment. At the end of the growth period, the roots were photographed to evaluate the pixel density of the roots.

The results of the present study showed that in drought stress, maize root in homogeneous silt loam soil (BB) was less dense than that in clay homogeneous soil (AA)(15.0 g and 27.6 g, respectively),but in conditions without water stress, its growth was significantly improved (28.7 g). Also, in BA and AB pots, a better substrate for root growth was provided in irrigation conditions with stress and without stress, respectively. For all pots, there was a significant correlation between corn weight and lower half of the root dry weight at the 5% probability level.

This research aims to investigate the yield and yield components of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) in intercropping with dragon head (Lallemantia iberica).

Mixed cropping was done based on increasing series, where Carthamus tinctorius is the main plant and Lallemantia iberica is the Sub plant. The basic design of the experiment was in the form of randomized complete blocks with four replications. Different cultivation patterns include pure Carthamus tinctorius cultivation, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 15% Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 30% Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius cultivation with 45% Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 60%Lallemantia iberica, 100% Carthamus tinctorius with 75%Lallemantia iberica. In this study, Carthamus tinctorius traits included number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, weight of 1000 seeds, seed yield and biological yield.

The results showed that the effect of different cultivation patterns on the number of seeds per plant and seed weight was not significant, but it was significant on the number of pods per plant, seed yield and biological yield .The highest number of seeds according to the 100:30 mixed crop pattern (Lallemantia iberica- Carthamus tinctorius) and the highest seed yield and biological yield belonged to pure Carthamus tinctorius cultivation.The highest land equivalent ratio belonged to 100:30 mixed cultivation (Lallemantia iberica-Carthamus tinctorius).

100:30 intercropping pattern (Lallemantia iberica-Carthamus tinctorius) was suggested as the suitable pattern of mixed cropping due to highest grain yield, biological yield and economic benefit.