نشریه فضای زیست
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، پاییز و زمستان 1401)

with the arrival of different cultures in Iran, the plan and form of the houses underwent changes. The form of the plans in Qajar residences changed from introversion and respecting privacy to extroverted forms, and components such as interiors and vestibules, which had the role of protecting the privacy of the house, became less. Although at the beginning of the Pahlavi period, residential construction was tried to be close to the Qajar period, but with the arrival of educated architects from outside Iran and the injection of foreign culture into this architecture, these changes reached their peak in the second Pahlavi period. Knowing the factors affecting architecture in different periods has always been one of the most important ways to prevent the fading of authentic architecture with Iranian identity. Knowing these factors and how they affect architecture is an issue that must be taken into account in order to prevent abnormal and incorrect changes in urban spaces, of which the house is the smallest part, in contemporary and future architecture; Because the architecture of every nation is always a picture book of that nation's culture, therefore, it is important to examine the process of changes in plans and spaces and the change of the form and shape of the house as a fundamental part of a city.The purpose of architecture is to create an image within the physical form and architecture is a reflection of human life. The architecture of today and tomorrow cannot be unrelated to the architecture of the past. This is the most important issue of our contemporary architecture; That it is separated from its components and canvas and the place of Iranian architecture in it is not clear. Because in the contemporary architecture of Iran, there is always the concern of creating a connection between the architecture of the past and the present, and giving meaning to what has existed in theory and what has been in practice, and what is interesting and disgusting, is that in recent years, the concept of ancient architecture in the history of Iran, using the phrase " "Traditional architecture" is expressed, which does not imply the concept of the antiquity and value of this architecture. In fact, the concept of traditional architecture brings to mind that it is a type of architecture in Iran that covers a certain period and may have passed its use-by date. In other words, unfortunately, before evoking something precious and valuable, it evokes a color and smell full of oldness and backwardness in the mind. Many factors in the contemporary era cause fundamental changes in Iranian architecture. Examining the criteria of tradition and modernism in residential architecture in Iran is important because it will be more clear in the history of contemporary architecture in Iran. This research aims to investigate the characteristics of tradition and modernism in the physical structure of contemporary Iranian residential architecture in the Pahlavi period, and tries to answer the question of how the characteristics of tradition and modernism have been implemented in the physical structure of residential buildings in the contemporary period, and from the combined research method of nest to The nest is used to achieve this goal; First, the indicators of tradition and modernism are extracted from the concepts, and then the code table is compiled, then interviews are arranged, based on these interviews, the variables used in tradition and modernism in the building are proposed, and then a questionnaire is used for verification. The sample size of the qualitative stage is 46 interviews and 384 people in the quantitative part. The results show that in modernism, the components of honest expression of structural materials in the facade with a value of 0.965, the mute element of architectural elements with a value of 0.856, and the use of rectangular volumes with a value of 0.818 have the highest correlation with other components of modernism. Also, to upgrade a unit of tradition in the space with the user of a unit, one of the characteristics of using brick as the dominant material of the walls and the use of physical elements of traditional architecture with a value of 1.000 can increase the association of tradition in a residential building.

By utilising biological knowledge, the application of nature strategies in the building of an architect can assist businesses and designers in moving towards a sustainable future by fostering a cohabitation and harmony between the natural and artificial environments.We need to understand the creation processes of the architect with framing inspiration from nature due to the complexity of nature's ways and the nature of its fields, despite these constructive and outstanding strategies in settling human conflict.The rich reservoir of knowledge that is nature can be used to significantly influence and nurture sustainable thinking as a way of thinking and an intellectual apparatus.Due to the breadth of biological knowledge and the complexity in understanding and employing nature's strategies as a result of knowledge developments, we necessitate a model to use in area of biological strategies. This model starts with the use of biological studies in the first step and uses an intelligent processing system on the side. The deliberate and obvious relationship between these ideas, as well as the identification and clarification of the elements of design projects, which opens up new avenues for developing new designs that are inspired by nature, are the primary issues of the research.

The current study used a combination of qualitative research methods, including field investigations, case studies as well as a descriptive-analytical approach.The order of nature-inspired design education places doing field studies by testing and utilising the studied technique first when testing research hypotheses.A total of 132 master's degree students from the Islamic Azad University of Mashhad and the Tehran Science and Research Branch participated in exploration and field investigations that were conducted in two stages of pre test and test over the course of two academic years and three academic semesters. There is a review of the pre-examination results analysis and the planning and preparation for the exam in the academic year 2019-2020 in the second semester of the academic year 2018-2019.

In terms of philosophy and theoretical issues, several approaches—such as Biomimicry, The Hannover Principles, and Cradle to Cradle— are considered to be design approaches that employ ecological considerations in their designs. Furthermore, there isn't agreement yet on whether these methods should be applied in conjunction with a certain design process. The primary challenge of this study is to explain how to apply natural solution methods to architectural problems and to close the gaps that have been identified. In order to achieve a balance between the natural and built environments, the research's overall goal is to present the attitude, tools, and methods for converting the architectural solutions found in nature. According to the research, the biological foundation of the architectural development process starts with the design problem-solving methodology. In addition to changing the product's quality and functionality, biological knowledge and information also affects how buildings are made. The main result is a shift in design philosophy that aims to produce harmony and balance between the natural and artificial environments, boosting output and bringing about stability rather than lessening instability.The authors recognize that there are various approaches to achieving sustainability and striking a balance between the man-built environment and nature. We must develop sustainable thinking as an intellectual tool if we intend to achieve this goal. Choosing and identifying the best design attitude (problem- or solution-based approach), picking and developing the best problem-solving techniques, and using the right tools to translate natural solutions into architectural solutions. In a model, that also illustrates the characteristics of each phase with several subsections relevant to the design process; they were able to convey the mindset, tools, and method of using nature's strategies and converting them into architectural solutions in a process with four main phases.To test the research's hypotheses to make the topics understandable and navigable, and as a result, the qualitative variables have been transformed into quantitative and measurable variables in a form that can be cited and presented in the form of a diagram among the appropriate statistical population, i.e., university students (architecture students). The researchers could divide the complicated and wide-ranging topic of the architectural design process inspired by nature into independent variables and dependent variables, explain them appropriately and then conduct a test to determine their relative importance.

The house and knowing its features have always been given a lot of attention and importance by designers and builders in order to increase the quality of human living place.House is an important social need that can be analyzed from different aspects. Therefore, in this regard, knowing and examining the roots affecting the houses of the past, including the physical aspects, can be an important and positive step in improving the quality of new and modern houses.The necessity of creating a house is its body, which has been recognized by many researchers. But the various investigations of the physical aspect to compare the spatial relations of the houses have received less attention, which is why this research has addressed it.According to the surveys conducted in the residential houses of the second Pahlavi period in Tehran, due to the increasing population growth and the increase in the migration of villagers to the cities, mass building is formed to meet the needs of the people, these gradual changes applied by studying the houses of each The decade of this historical period was summarized and analyzed separately.On the other hand, the existence of a multi-directional relationship between the text and the audience and the general culture and the connection of literary works with the existing approaches in the society, leads the research point of view to fiction literature, so that the process of house changes can be investigated from this point of view. In the context of the relationship between literature and society, we can mention the attention and influence of literature into people and society, and the special literary importance of this period was also due to the greater proportion of literary works of this period compared to the periods before and after it. Therefore, since the literary landscape refers to social issues and the realities of society, it seems that by rereading the literary stories of the second Pahlavi period, the gradual changes applied in the spatial relations of residential houses can be read and identified in terms of the physical dimension.The production of literary discourse and the flourishing of residential architecture also necessitates a deep study of the second Pahlavi period.The aim of the current research is to investigate the influential physical components in the different spaces of the houses of Tehran in the second Pahlavi period from the point of view of the literary writers in order to discover the important components of the houses from a new perspective. Also, this research has been done with a qualitative approach and a type of interpretative philosophy, with the approach of analyzing the content of the text and using the classical hermeneutic method, to examine and understand and explore the physical components of the houses of the second Pahlavi period from the texts of the books examined in a descriptive-analytical way. And finally, it has been dealt with by comparative comparison.The research tools were selected from the works of the writers of the second Pahlavi with a purposeful sampling of documentary studies.Finally, the results of the research show that the houses of the early Pahlavi II period are different in terms of physical and shape compared to the houses of the late Pahlavi II period. In the beginning of the second Pahlavi period, the open space of the yard and the porch play an important role in the house, which includes the pond and garden and different types of vegetation, but gradually with the removal of the yard and other architectural elements, including the porch, pond, garden and cover Plants, houses without these elements and sometimes even without a yard and as apartment units are observed. These changes show the gradual changes in the spatial relations of the houses of the second Pahlavi period, which shows the houses specific to that period by examining each decade.In this way, by removing or reducing and changing some elements and components from the plan of the houses, and despite changes in the spatial relations of the houses, the importance of the body and spatial relations in the houses of the decades before the 40s compared to the houses of the 50s and the new appears.

The research method is a combination of both qualitative and quantitative, which is conducted in the qualitative phase to extract the components of the sense of place in context-oriented structures, semi-structured interviews, and in the quantitative phase, a questionnaire with a Likert scale is designed and provided to spatial users. The results are collected in ORIGINPRO software and analyzed by PC. The results show that in the age group of 20 to 40 years, the highest factor contribution is related to activity, memorableness, social interactions and security with a value of (1.000) and the lowest factor contribution is related to The direction of the sun is (0.262), doors (0.265) and windows (0.274). In the age group of 40 to 60 years, the highest factor share is related to security, natural landscape, memorableness, giving meaning with a value of (1.000); And the lowest factor contribution is related to slope and unevenness (0.254), skyline (0.311) and doors (0.315). In the age group of 60 to 80 years, the highest factor contribution is related to green space, natural landscape, and social interactions. , comfort and security with a value of (1.000) and the lowest factor contribution is related to the indices of size (0.256), direction of the sun (0.266), uneven slope (0.244).With the expansion of communication methods in the modern world, social relations have declined and decreased. In the built buildings, the communication with the environment and its perception through various senses has been weakened and has created spaces lacking the necessary efficiency and performance (Mahmoudinejad et al., 2008: 284) Development in modern cities, man, city and It has made architecture unfamiliar with meaning and feeling and has created a large number of unknown and meaningless spaces, which has been much more in different age groups (Daneshpour et al., 2009: 39). So it can be said that these buildings are designed only for certain age groups. In general, losing the idea of ​​the place of life can be one of the dominant crises in the present era and it has caused a change in the perception of memories in the residential complexes of the modern world and has turned them into a place without spirit and feeling. (Aegei, 2008: 45) The effect that architecture has on the human soul in the short and long term is undeniable, the space can be from a dry and soulless and cold body to a body in which the sense and spirit of the place flows, currently in Today's cities are empty of spaces that are full of a rich sense of place. (Nurberg Schultz, 2003: 48) Interest in the sense of place has grown rapidly in recent years, and the concept of spending time has expanded to entertainment and a wide range of programs (Madanipour). , 2000: 68) The concept of sense of place is an interdisciplinary concept that is studied in sciences such as psychology, sociology, architecture and geography. However, paying attention to place belonging has a historical background (Nurberg Schultz, 2014: 52). Paying attention to sustainable architecture and its principles is more and more on the agenda of different countries. One of these solutions is to develop the characteristics of the region, such as the body and environment, and to pay attention to the culture of each region. In short, the application of all these things can be called regionalism. Regionalism is a theory that advocates resistance to various forms of superiority, globalization, and standardized constructs that reduce ethnic differences. This theory suggests methods and criteria to protect the revival and, if necessary, rebuild the life of the framework of the region's characteristics (Bayzidi, 1392: 10). It emphasizes the cultural, geographical and climatic aspects of a particular region. In this research, while examining the issue of the sense of place, and extracting its components, the effect of each component in the age group of 20-40, 40-60, 60-80 is investigated. The scope of the study is buildings that have characteristics are regionalism, and the verification of a component happens in the qualitative part. In this research, the question is answered that in each age group, which of the components has a greater contribution in creating a sense of place in the regional buildings of Khuzestan province.

Heidegger, the founder of philosophical hermeneutics, whose most important concern is the neglect of existence. Philosophical hermeneutics, in the strict sense of the word, clearly refers to understanding, and pure understanding. In the process of perception and understanding of any category, there are basically two directions. Considering that understanding is achieved in different ways, perhaps it is better to attribute this transfer to the message. Therefore, hermeneutics is proposed in art and architecture. The thought of the architect and the audience can be two desired aspects in architecture. Therefore, the thought of contemporary Iranian architects is one of the topics that can be read on this basis. Sheikh Zain al-Din is one of those architects who looks for dynamism and change in the essence of architecture, so the purpose of this research is to read his thought based on philosophical hermeneutics. which can be used to define a new language for today's architecture. The research method of this research is logical reasoning. Since logical reasoning is based on words; The present research is qualitative in terms of the nature of the data. Therefore, it is a descriptive form that tends to the process of meaning and understanding resulting from words; To clarify the relationships between elements and concepts, the technique of discourse analysis through lectures and interviews in specialized architectural press; is used and finally coding and discourse analysis is done. In the reading of Sheikh Zainuddin's thought based on Heidegger's philosophical hermeneutics, the most important point is historicity. Historicity in key words such as paying attention to the past, present and future, the past in stable tradition, the present in today's architecture, the past, present and future are three important key words in the architect's discourse. Therefore, today's architectural language can be determined. The characteristics of this architectural language are the lack of conflict between tradition and progress, which can establish a peaceful relationship between world architecture and traditional architecture. In the thought of the neo-traditionalist architect, the transformation of man from the past to the future takes place by using the achievements of the past and with a new expression in the new world. Therefore, man is present with fluidity and flow.

from past to present behavioral modules and social relations exist or existed in people's lives, But as it should be, they have not been recognized and have not been taken into consideration, while they are of a great value. As the space syntax has been studied in urban planning , we will put steps in understanding this method in the field of architecture, to realize hidden social-governmental patterns In the architectural works of the past, in order to evolution of today’s architecture. A building means creating spaces for specific functions for residents. In this study, in order to gain better understanding of the formation and the hidden relationships between spaces , the potential social relations in the Diplomatic buildings , particularly the Safavid palaces are considered. It is difficult to know the whole space as a whole, Because people are always faced with a part of space and it is not possible to understand the whole at a time. What is emphasized is that the building is never a single-function phenomenon. Buildings organize spaces and shape relationships and social activities inside and out. The building is an independent and variable set in the environment and its function is appropriate to the spaces that are defined in it. The main goal of researchers is to understand social relationships in space, such as creating privacy and public spaces. The creators of this method have a social view of works of art in general and architectural buildings in particular. They believe that although the builder of the building creates a single shape, but to achieve this single shape, he has regulated spaces together. Regulation of spaces together means communication within the spaces with each other. So, with evaluating the relationship between space and hidden social relationship of the inhabitants in an architectural space and extending it to similar spaces, we can participate in this movement. In the simplest explanation we can say, Space syntax is a set of methods and theories that study the configuration of space at the scale of architecture and urban planning to explain how the configuration of space, social organization and social behaviors interact. The arrangement of spaces next to each other has a direct effect on how people use spaces. The use of this method has been proposed by several English scientists since the early seventies. Of this group, Estedman, Hillier and Hanson are the most famous. In the Research process the relationship Between physical space and its current events have been investigated by using space syntax Analysis software. Mathematical and graphical data is portrayed as graphical charts And graphs of hidden social - governmental Relations which lies at the heart of this building. The first phase of their work in the 1970s involved real environments, indigenous buildings, and organic complexes. The second stage in the development of the method of space syntax occurred in the eighties. To achieve their goal, they introduced a drawing technique called " Justification charts".This drawing method allowed them to simulate different spatial patterns. The third stage is the globalization of the syntax of architectural space.The methodology of this paper is descriptive-analytical and after explaining the corresponding concepts, social relations governing the diplomatic architecture of the past is studied, and the sample is chehelsotoon palace in Isfahan, which was built during the Safavid era. Based on the analysis of explanatory diagrams that express the internal relations of palaces in the form of lines and circles, and by simplifying the planned relations and displaying them graphically, we will reach a simpler and more understandable expression. Spaces of the same category are in the same row and numerically valued in the same row, and spaces according to how they get from one space to another , They are connected by a line. The reasoning method is deductive. In this paper we tried to make the hidden social-governmental relations in the spirit of the diplomatic architecture of Safavid era visible.Analyzing the spatial order of the palace using the method of space syntax enables the architectural professional community to create a model that predicts social-governmental behavior in diplomatic spaces. This model can be used in the design process and an interactive relationship can be established with it.

The purpose of the current research is to analyze the suitability of land for temporary housing after a possible earthquake in Lavasan city. Earthquake is one of the most dangerous and harmful natural disasters of the present era, which has always shown its importance objectively. Earthquake is a natural disaster that, based on its magnitude, can cause huge disasters in a short period of time. Due to its location on two faults north of Tehran and the Masha fault, Lavasan is an earthquake-prone city, and preparations should be made for post-earthquake conditions in this city. Earthquake is a natural disaster that, based on its magnitude, can cause huge disasters in a short period of time.Considering that the main need of the earthquake victims is to have a shelter and it is not possible to provide suitable facilities for the earthquake victims quickly after the earthquake, it is necessary to From the occurrence of such crises, he provided suitable places for the victims of the earthquake. Appropriate temporary housing facilities protect earthquake victims from difficult environmental conditions, strengthen their sense of security and stability, and enable them to resume daily life and activities. Land suitability analysis is the process of determining the suitability of a certain piece of land for the allocation of a certain use. It is obvious that failure to comply with the land suitability analysis may lead to another disaster even far more serious than the initial disaster. The housing crisis is one of the inevitable consequences of the earthquake due to widespread destruction; Therefore, housing management is an important part in post-disaster conditions. According to the mentioned cases, land suitability analysis for temporary settlement after a possible earthquake in the cityLavasan using multi-criteria decision-making technique and GIS software, the current research is done.Determining the right place for the establishment of various urban uses depends on several factors, these factors are determined according to the nature and type of related user activity. Therefore, by considering the main features and characteristics that a suitable place for temporary housing should have, the influencing factors can be determined. After choosing the effective criteria and sub-criteria in land suitability analysis, in order to combine them with each other in the form of information layers, the weight of each of them should be determined according to their importance. Because some criteria are more important than other criteria and play a decisive role in land suitability analysis. The weight of each criterion indicates its importance and value compared to other criteria. The criteria studied in this research include:Natural factors include: fault, cause;Physical factors include: access to communication passages, bridges;Functional factors include: proximity to water sources, proximity to medical centers, proximity to firefighting centers.In this research, which is of a quantitative type, in addition to library surveys and the use of available sources, various maps have also been used. Criterion maps were classified according to the objectives and multi-criteria decision making method. After identifying the effective criteria in locating the temporary housing and preparing a hierarchy chart, the decision makers were asked to compare the criteria and express the relative importance of the elements using numbers, by evaluating the criteria and sub-criteria according to the weights. Obtained from pairwise comparison using the multi-criteria decision making technique, which is in the softwareExpertChoice has been loaded, The weight of each criterion using the toolRaster Calculator In the raster layer, each criterion is multiplied and their sum creates the final map. Finally, the extracted areas were divided into 9 categories (Unsuitable range in red, to completely suitable range in green), the green parts are suitable lands for temporary housing after the earthquake in this region.The eastern region of the studied area has better and more favorable conditions for the construction of temporary accommodation after the earthquake, which includes parks and stadiums.The use of GIS software along with the use of multi-criteria decision-making techniques can work well in the discussion of land suitability analysis and bring us to the final Target of the research; However, the more the number of research criteria and the smaller the research limitation, the more accurate results will be obtained.

Today's human is facing many cultural, social, and environmental crises. Each of these crises can be investigated from different perspectives and opinions. One of the essential factors in creating these crises in architecture and urban planning has emerged due to the undesirable human dwelling on the planet, which has been discussed under the general concept of "dwelling crisis". The beginning of human dwelling can be seen as primitive people settling in caves and trying to meet several needs, such as security and environmental comfort. However, as long as the human presence on the earth has passed in different ages, the dwelling has become more complex and extensive. In different civilizations, the dwelling has undergone many changes in terms of concept and has become more complicated. The unbreakable, strong relationship between the dwelling and concepts such as place, space, and environment has made architecture one of the essential fields in defining the concept of dwelling. The concept of dwelling consists of different aspects, such as physical dwelling, mental dwelling, and imaginary dwelling. Considering the philosophical aspects of dwelling to achieve a deep understanding of the dwelling is crucial given the correspondent relationship of these levels with humans and the environment. Looking through Western philosophy, many philosophers and experts have expressed their opinions and thoughts about dwelling directly and indirectly. Therefore, accurate knowledge and understanding of the concept of dwelling and its influential components, including physical, mental, and psychological factors, is crucial in improving the quality of human life. To this end, this research aims to compare and categorize the perspectives of a selected number of experts in terms of the dwelling concept; it then provides a conceptual framework for a better understanding of the components of dwelling in architecture from the perspective of experts in this field. Looking through Western philosophy, one can find few philosophers equal to Martin Heidegger, who directly expressed his thoughts about dwelling. Also, Christian Norberg Schultz has generally reflected Heidegger's insights in architecture, emphasizing his thoughts' importance in understanding the concept of dwelling. Thus, based on the thoughts of the mentioned philosopher and those of several prominent contemporary architects, this study will seek to understand the components of the dwelling. The current research was conducted using a qualitative method and logical reasoning strategy. First, information has been collected through library and document studies based on selected experts' perspectives (Martin Heidegger, Christian Norberg Schultz, Amos Rapoport, Richard Rogers, Christopher Alexander, Charles Jenks, Robert Venturi). By focusing on the native dwelling, Amos Rapoport has written explicitly about the dwelling and proposed solutions to achieve the ideal settlement in the contemporary period. Richard Rogers has explained sustainable dwelling on the planet by proposing architecture and urban planning compatible with nature through clean energies. While criticizing modern architecture and urbanism, Christopher Alexander has found the timeless way of building in a non-linear and non-tree dwelling. Charles Jenks has been the representative of Postmodernism in architecture and compared the architecture influenced by the role of people and their characteristics with elitist architecture in achieving an ideal settlement. Along with Charles Jenks, Robert Venturi has also explained the ideal settlement in the context of Postmodernist Architecture with features such as contrast and complexity and bringing back the decorations to Postmodernist Architecture. Through a qualitative content analysis, the components of the dwelling were then extracted from the perspective of the experts; based on logical reasoning, perspective comparisons, and categorizing the extracted components, a conceptual model of the dwelling was also presented. In this research, fifty-four essential dwelling components were extracted based on the perspective of experts; these components were then compared and categorized into six main groups. These perspectives are placed in a range of topics from "conceptual/ theoretical" to "physical/ practical," They show that the levels of dwelling begin with quantitative and objective needs and finally end with reflecting the most transcendental needs representing the qualitative themes. All these components have a complex and unbreakable relationship and are steps that, without each other, cannot become the basis for the transcendence of human settlement; therefore, the more aspects of these components are considered together in the design process, the higher the quality of architectural design and human dwelling.