نشریه فضای زیست
سال سوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 5، بهار و تابستان 1402)

Among many theories regarding the relationship between space and humans, the concept of sense of place is the most widely used theory to explain the existence of place. From the environmental psychology perspective, humans need specific sensory, emotional, and spiritual experiences of the environment in which they are. These needs can be met through intimate interaction and identification with the place where they attend. This interaction, which is called the sense of place, is an important factor in the harmony between the human and the environment and leads to better use of the environment, the users' satisfaction with the environment, and ultimately, a sense of belonging, continuity of presence and use, and increased quality of life. The sense of place physically and psychologically leads to the connection between an individual and the place and enhances his attachment to the place. Although the topic of sense of place is not new, the need to pay attention to it from new angles has been emphasized in recent years. The creation of new social spaces and its expansion has had an impact on human social life. contemporary man can experience a space in which he has never been physically present. Therefore, it seems that the emergence of the digital age and the increasing number of users of virtual spaces can affect the concept of "sense of place". The present study aims to analyze the sense of place in public spaces in the age of virtual media and present a theoretical model to help improve citizens' sense of place in public spaces. There are two main research questions:1. What are the most important factors affecting the sense of place in real and virtual public spaces? and 2. How was the sense of place of the users of the public space in the center of Rasht city, and how has it changed in the last decade? To answer the first question, Sandelowski and Barroso's Meta-Synthesis Method and CASP checklists are used. To answer the second research question, the Grounded Theory method is used. In this part of the research, the main assumption states that the sense of place of the users of the public space in the center of Rasht City seems to have changed in the last decade. Because, it has experienced extensive physical changes (due to regeneration in 2016) on the one hand, and the spread of virtual media has affected all aspects of urban life, from employment to social interactions, on the other hand. In the open coding phase of the grounded theory method, 537 codes were extracted from 15 detailed interviews with experts and professionals in the research field, and finally, 18 categories were identified. The results of this stage include the formation of basic concepts and the resulting codes. Also, on a scale higher than the codes, an attempt was made to identify a more abstract concept to place them in categories representing the characteristics of the codes by comparing the codes with each other. The research results show that the expansion of virtual spaces has been effective in changing the sense of place of citizens in objective social spaces. This effect is observed in all three dimensions of activity, body, and meaning in urban spaces and it occurs in the form of the human scale, meaning, body, performance, environment, art and beauty, and non-physical and physical components. The public space in the center of Rasht City has witnessed more invitations and pauses and the emergence of new behaviors in the last decade. Categories such as acceptance of others, identity, hangout, etc. are the causes and consequences of this issue. Also, the spread of virtual media influences the interaction between humans and space, and thereby, the sense of place in a geographical place. So, by regarding it as the core category in grounded theory, the sense of place can show the relationships between categories and concepts. Using modern technologies in public spaces, designing a particular route for using mobile phones while walking, establishing urban furniture in the right number, with the right design, and in the right place, designing and implementing 24-hour lighting, supporting the presence of itinerant artists, and properly planning the climate comfort of pedestrians are among the research suggestions.

In this article, we examine the thermal comfort levels of residents living in new facilities in the mountainous area of Aliabad Katul in the Golestan province. This area has its own climatic conditions and is influenced by moderate climate conditions due to its location in the southern region of the Caspian Sea. Golestan is located in the temperate and humid region of the shores of the Caspian Sea. The more we move to the east on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea, the less humidity and rainfall. In this area, the average temperature is between 25 and 30 degrees Celsius in summer and 0 and 5 degrees Celsius in winter. The four selected buildings are located in the mountainous area of Rig Cheshme and are built on two floors and the second floor is 3 meters above the ground, and each floor has an area of 45 square meters. The south porch is 10.3 meters in length and 2.95 meters in width. Most of the primary openings are located in this area of the building, which also serves as the main entry to the units. These buildings have one bedroom, one bathroom and six openings. These buildings were chosen for the study because all the new buildings in the area was strikingly similar to them in terms of construction techniques, materials, and their floor plans. The sole heating source in the main room is a wood fireplace, while the only cooling source in the building is a ceiling fan. These buildings are influenced by the local traditional architecture, including broad porches on the southern side that face the valley. In this study, the participants' comfort levels were assessed, and their opinions were gathered utilizing the assembled questionnaires. Two data loggers were also employed to capture the relative humidity and air temperature of the inside and outside environments at the same time the questionnaires were being completed. For one week in July, the hours for collecting opinions and gathering data were 10:00–18:00. Since July has the warmest weather of the year, there is a higher than usual demand for cooling solutions during this month. One data logger is placed outside (on the south porch and in the shade) at a height of 1.2 meters, while the other is placed inside the residences in the center of the room at the same height. Cross ventilation was set up and air flow speed was monitored during the data collection period in order to examine the impact of air flow intensity on relative humidity and air temperature within the building. The volume of the questionnaire was set at 100 since this study was conducted in high-altitude regions and in Ali Abad Katul villages with a population of less than 1000 people. These questionnaires were not passed out to those under the age of 18 or those over the age of 60 in order to validate the research's findings, and the ones they filled out were also removed. considering the area's limited population, 87 completed questionnaires were chosen for this study. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were checked using the SPSS 26 program. We utilized the Cronbach's alpha test for this reason; the Cronbach's alpha value is equal to 0.816, which shows moderate and acceptable reliability, when examining at questions on the same spectrum concerning people's responses to their thermal sensations and reactions. The surveys gather information on people's age, body mass index (BMI), length of residency, thermal sensation, thermal expectations, sources of discomfort in the space, and hours of discomfort. Finally, the findings were examined by investigating various aspects of people's comfort levels. According to the study's findings, those who had lived in the area for a longer time were more adapted to its environmental conditions, and a factor like clothing had no impact on whether they felt comfortable or uncomfortable. The day's maximum temperature occurred in the afternoon, and the presence of high relative humidity in the air and a lack of natural ventilation are two factors that led to people's discomfort. For this study, the regression slope is 0.329, the neutral temperature is 26.1°C, and the acceptable range is 22.9°C to 29.5°C (for the 90% of people's comfort).

Universities are one of the first examples of the application of tradition and modernism in the buildings of any country, and the audience is educated adults who can play an effective role in society. The traditional architecture of India before the arrival of the British in India was more about creating spectacular and attractive forms carved out of stone. At this time, the main purpose of architectural tools was to glorify and magnify rituals and customs. Then the British entered the scene and they built their first modern buildings, which housed all the necessities of running a large empire. At this time, the culture and art of the colonialist country consciously and unconsciously influenced the way of construction and architecture, especially in the big cities of India. India declared independence in 1947 with non-violent struggles. The purpose of this research is to investigate the components of the modernism tradition in the university buildings of Iran and India. The research method in this research is a combination of nested type (qualitative in quantitative) with comparative weighting to the results of analysis in the quantitative field, in the qualitative part, first, using the technique of systematic review of the theoretical literature of articles in the field of tradition and modernism, indicators of tradition and modernism are extracted. And then they are categorized and semi-structured interview questions are developed based on them in the qualitative section. The experts who are selected based on the snowball system with the entry criteria are interviewed and the results are entered into the ATLASTI software for ease of coding. University buildings are selected with Delphi future research system with Kendall's coefficient, and then based on the obtained components, a questionnaire is compiled and provided to space users. The method of selecting the study samples was such that among about 200 universities in Iran and India according to architectural characteristics (tangible and intangible strategies and metaphors), the number of 22 universities in Iran and India in the first stage according to research data, documents and documents available , the plans were selected and then according to the opinion of designers and theorists in the field of contemporary architecture in Iran, using the Delphi method and taking into account the influential factors in their design as well as the availability of existing documents, their number was reduced to 18 universities in Iran and India and examined. In the quantitative stage, the sample size is selected by Morgan's table with the number of 384 people. The results are entered into JMP software for the analysis of inferential statistics. The results indicate that in the university buildings of Iran, the game components with visual communication elements with a value of (1.000) have the highest coefficients of determination in the association of tradition, and introversion with a value of (0.246) has the lowest correlation. In Indian university buildings, the use of brick as the dominant wall material with the value of (1.000) is the highest and the lowest is related to the spatial hierarchy with the value of (0.254). In the components of modernism in Iranian academic buildings, playing with honest dimensions (1.000), honest expression of structural materials on the facade (1.000) and reminders of modernism have the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest related to the connection between inside and outside with wide transparent surfaces with The value is (0.354) in Indian university buildings, the play of light and shadow, the honest expression of structural materials on the facade and reminiscent of modernism with the value (1.000) is the highest value and the lowest value is related to the use of materials and new technological achievements (0.155) ) Is. In the correlation stage between the components of modernism in the universities of the two countries, it was found that in Indian universities, the honest expression of the structural materials in the facade has the highest value (0.865) and the component of spatial planning has the lowest value (0.188) in the buildings. University of Iran, the component of the game with honest dimensions (0.882) has the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest correlation coefficient is related to the component emphasizing the height of the building with the value (0.258).

Currently, the population increase in Iran leads to an increasing number of high-rise residential buildings. Many studies have been done regarding tall buildings, however, living in tall buildings makes the residents dissatisfied. Though numerous factors are effective in line with residents' satisfaction with living in high-rise buildings, their feelings and needs are focal points in this regard that can upsurge their satisfaction. Due to the fact that residents’ mental image of high-rise buildings is effective in their feelings in line with the environment, studies done in this regard aim to examine and study the mental image to increase the satisfaction of the residents. These dissatisfactions could be reduced via a perfect mental image in the residents’ minds. Physical and psychological factors are really significant in people’s mental image formation, and regarding this fact, in the present article, physical factors are considered. In terms of purpose, present research is fundamental; because it aims to recognize traditional houses and tall residential buildings and spaces that can be effective in creating mental images. Accordingly, traditional houses and high-rise residential buildings in Urmia are investigated and compared via the descriptive-analytical method, and their spaces are analyzed. In the next step, the present study identifies the spaces that are effective in the mental image of the residents of high-rise residential buildings using a quantitative approach and a questionnaire that is scored based on a Likert scale. A combination of library studies (theoretical) and field studies is used to collect the required research data and in this regard, a questionnaire-based survey with closed questions was used as the desired tool. In the present article, first, numerous traditional houses that belong to the first and second Pahlavi periods (Assadollahzadeh, Neshat, Rezqdeh, Teymurzadeh, and Shafipour houses) in Urmia were visited and observed. They have been compared with the high-rise residential buildings of Urmia (Elahiyeh, Golestan, Pezeshkan, Golshahr, and Valiasr buildings). It is evident that all traditional houses of Urmia city have basements and wooden roofs are seen in most of them. At the beginning of the first Pahlavi Era, the residential and service areas were separated by a large yard. Over time, the houses have been renovated and all the spaces have been assigned to one section. Instead, compared to the first Pahlavi period, the number of warehouses decreased in the second Pahlavi period. The building facade constructed with brick and different designs along with large vertical windows is one of the distinguishing features of these houses. To communicate with family members, inner windows and niches are seen in different places. The trunk is part of the main furniture of these houses. The survey of high-rise residential buildings in Urmia City discloses that every residential and service part are limited to one unit. Conversely, the yard and basement are removed or publicly available to everyone. The spaces connection is evident at low height and the houses are high. Likewise, most of the houses are smaller, and closely connected interior spaces can be seen in the house. The comparison of Pahlavi Era houses and high-rise residential buildings revealed that, over time, factors have been removed or even replaced in the high-rise residential buildings. In line with these changed items, one can mention the removal of the private courtyards, removal of the basement, removal of Iranian and traditional designs, shortening of windows, lack of different spaces such as the rooftop, removal of Iranian architecture, removal of traditional furniture, removal of native and natural materials and the connection of internal spaces using internal windows.Then, in three months, via random sampling method, the questionnaire was given to 384 residents of high-rise residential buildings. In the current study, the statistical population is all the residents of residential buildings above 8 floors, which is about 15,000 people regarding the statistics of Urmia City Housing and Urban Development Department. The sample population is obtained from Morgan's table as 375 people. A total of 297 residents filled out the questionnaire, of which 97 questionnaires were discarded due to incompleteness. Consequently, 200 questionnaires were analyzed. The questionnaire results revealed that large and all-around windows with less OKB independent yards, using local materials, availability of different spaces of the building, and brick façade and traditional furniture can be effective in its mental image.

The alleys of the villages are the narrators of the people who were the creators of architecture not so long ago, which today is the study platform of many researchers for the settlement and construction of Iran.What causes this attention and importance is the achievement that is the result of years of life experience of rural people.In order to preserve and maintain the villages, it is inevitable to pay attention to harmony with the environment, landscape and climate and to use renewable energies instead of fossil fuels. This research deals with one of the most important and fundamental components of climate and environmental compatibility, that is, paying attention to solar energy in rural houses in cold and mountainous areas.Paying attention to the space of the sunny courtyard in the body of rural houses, although it is related to the architecture of the past; But paying attention to solar energy is not limited by time and the mutual and inevitable connection of local context and new constructions shows the important fact that in order to maintain kinship and connection between rural structures and to optimize and save energy consumption, reflection and attention to local patterns and creating links In the form of new and modern architecture, it is vital, important and valuable for the village.The main goal of this research is to identify and introduce the sunlit space and to express its role in creating a micro-climate in order to benefit from renewable solar energy and save energy.The basic and important question of this research is, what are the characteristics of a favorable and effective sunlit space in microclimate and what factors does it depend on? And what role does new architecture and construction have on the quality of the sunlit space, sometimes neglecting the solar envelope and creating unwanted shadows on the sunlit space of the vernacular houses?This research is an applied research in terms of its purpose and it is a qualitative-quantitative research in terms of its nature.Collecting the information of this research was done by library and documentary method and a significant part of it was done in the field and in the villages.The sample community in this research was the mountain villages of Shemiranat, Tehran, based on factors, 10 villages were selected, and after many observations in these villages, 40 native houses were visited, studied and analyzed. The studied statistical population, along with conversations and qualitative interviews with the villagers and residents of these native houses, a selected example with a dominant sunny courtyard, was simulated by Design Builder software in order to answer the problem and validate the local conversations. The design builder software that was used in this research is a building energy performance simulation user interface that uses the Energy Plus simulation engine. This tool calculates and analyzes the heat transfer from different levels of the building throughout the year and estimates the temperature of the indoor environment. In this way, by taking into account the type of facility system and taking into account the appropriate temperature of the environment, the amount of energy consumption of the building can be obtained.According to the results of the research and many examples observed in the mountain villages, the quality of the sunny courtyard and the extent of its influence in creating a microclimate are dependent on several factors that oblige the builders of rural housing to comply with the rules in construction.The idea of using the sunlit space is often suitable for climates that are cold and there is a need to intensify the flow of solar energy and heat into the building; Therefore, as much importance is given to energy absorption as it is to preserve it in the internal environment. Therefore, using a covered balcony, which the villagers do with experience, and cover the sun porches and courtyards with plastic in winter, will create an uncontrolled space (similar to a greenhouse) that will also contribute to the energy supply of the company. and it is very effective and by reducing the temperature difference, it will reduce heat loss; Therefore, in general, the issue of design should be looked at as a set of solutions, and definitely one element or factor alone will not guarantee ideal and optimal conditions.

One of the most obvious changes that have taken place in the fabric of contemporary cities compared to the old cities of Iran is the loss of physical cohesion. This is hard to find in today's cities. Despite that, cohesion as an essential quality in the physical, social and economic life of cities has received less attention. Urban cohesion has always been one of the most basic structural qualities and central principles and concepts in cities. The urban structure of the Karaj metropolis faces many problems in the field of participation, the growth of informal settlements, administrative, physical, excessive growth of the city, politicization of the performance of urban management, etc.; As a result, paying attention to the space and body of the city and finding solutions to get out of the existing situation and how to integrate the city body and how to control and guide the city from different aspects are of double importance. The present research aims; The analysis of background factors affecting the physical integrity of Karaj city has been compiled, the type of applied research, the method used is analytical-quantitative. Data collection has been done based on library and field sources (researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population of the research includes experts in the field of urban planning and management. Research indicators in several fields (sectoral integration, urban management, public participation and municipal revenue sources) were extracted and analyzed with PLS software. The results of the analysis show that the indicators of management structure, rules and regulations, urban management, participation and income sources with a significance level of 0.000 and the average observation respectively; 3/388, 3/512, 3/243, 3/179, 3/3 with a total index of 3/228 have a higher than average impact on the physical cohesion of Karaj city. In other words, all the investigated factors are effective in the physical cohesion of one area of Karaj municipality and play an important role in increasing the physical cohesion in the studied area.One of the most obvious changes that have taken place in the fabric of contemporary cities compared to the old cities of Iran is the loss of physical cohesion. This is hard to find in today's cities. Despite that, cohesion as an essential quality in the physical, social and economic life of cities has received less attention. Urban cohesion has always been one of the most basic structural qualities and central principles and concepts in cities. The urban structure of the Karaj metropolis faces many problems in the field of participation, the growth of informal settlements, administrative, physical, excessive growth of the city, politicization of the performance of urban management, etc.; As a result, paying attention to the space and body of the city and finding solutions to get out of the existing situation and how to integrate the city body and how to control and guide the city from different aspects are of double importance. The present research aims; The analysis of background factors affecting the physical integrity of Karaj city has been compiled, the type of applied research, the method used is analytical-quantitative. Data collection has been done based on library and field sources (researcher-made questionnaire). The statistical population of the research includes experts in the field of urban planning and management. Research indicators in several fields (sectoral integration, urban management, public participation and municipal revenue sources) were extracted and analyzed with PLS software. The results of the analysis show that the indicators of management structure, rules and regulations, urban management, participation and income sources with a significance level of 0.000 and the average observation respectively; 3/388, 3/512, 3/243, 3/179, 3/3 with a total index of 3/228 have a higher than average impact on the physical cohesion of Karaj city. In other words, all the investigated factors are effective in the physical cohesion of one area of Karaj municipality and play an important role in increasing the physical cohesion in the studied area.results of the analysis show that the indicators of management structure, rules and regulations, urban management, participation and income sources with a significance level of 0.000 and the average observation respectively; 3/388, 3/512, 3/243, 3/179, 3/3 with a total index of 3/228 have a higher than average impact on the physical cohesion of Karaj city.

Today, with the advancement of technology, buildings have mechanical systems of heating, cooling, etc., which have increased energy consumption. Therefore, to solve this problem, it is suggested to design buildings sustainably. In addition, with the updating of technology, the construction of sustainable buildings has become important, and after that, new concepts of smart buildings have been proposed. Architecture that is designed based on fixed parameters does not react to external factors. Therefore, to reach a responsive architecture, these parameters must be changeable. Non-intelligent buildings cannot change with the path of the sun, wind changes, etc., and this creates a separation between the building and the surrounding environment. Therefore, today there is a need for buildings that adapt to changes in the external environment and learn to adapt using the information given. Also, when the systems achieve adaptability, they have a dynamic character and can respond to external factors, which ultimately increases the system's efficiency.Nature, which has one of the best responsive systems, can be a good model for providing a solution to this problem. The building facade communicates between the interior and the exterior of the building; Therefore, factors such as ventilation, light, cooling, heating, etc. of the building depend on a façade’s performance. Therefore, a facade design which has responsive to external factors can be very important to achieve a green building. In addition, with the correct design of a facade, energy consumption can be reduced and interior space can be provided for the comfort of the residents, which is one of the main goals of building design. Nature itself is made up of different parts which include: human, animal, plant form, and inanimate nature, and also the building has different parts that in this research to limit the title, from nature, the category of plants, and the building, a facade selected for research. The focus of the research is on providing solutions that bring compatibility between architecture and the environment, and finally, the ultimate goal is to provide new and innovative solutions for designing smart facades in buildings. Considering that plants are fixed like buildings with their roots in place, they need to react to external factors, and this reaction is realized with specific movements. In this sense, the plant is very similar to the building that is sewn to the ground and must protect itself from rain, storm, wind, light, etc. For this reason, the current research has investigated a type of plant with an opening and closing movement mechanism to make the facade of the building more intelligent so that a facade can adapt to the outside environment and protect the interior of the building.Finally, with the investigations, the carnivorous plant was chosen as the source of inspiration for this research, and the kinetic algorithm of the plant was analyzed. Because this plant reacts quickly in proximity to the surrounding environment and has a unique movement mechanism. Also, today it has been the attention of researchers from a behavioral point of view. The present research is hybrid and based on theoretical research, concepts, definitions, topics and gathering information from the compatible plant and presenting a program to convert the data related to the plant into the kinetic algorithm of the intelligent shell of the building facade. As a result, an idea to provide a solution with the combination of biology and technology for the climate adaptation of the building shell with the surrounding environment has been proposed, inspired by the adaptation of the plant to the surrounding environment. The research method is modeling-simulation. In this way, the kinetic shell is modeled in Rhino 6 software and Grasshopper plugin and Radiance analysis due to sunlight hitting the shell is obtained by Ladybug plugin. The Daylight simulation is obtained by Honeybee plugin. Shiraz climate data is obtained from Energy Plus software The results show that the kinetic shell, inspired by the carnivorous plant's kinetic algorithm is dynamic and adaptable and has the ability to control Radiant analysis and reduce the entry of Daylight up to 30% in the hot seasons of the year. Therefore, the kinetic shell modeled in the current research has a good performance in Shiraz climate.

Biophilic architecture, which is referred to as biophilic architecture, and the construction of interstitial space in residential complexes in Iran in the current era, is facing many challenges and what is being built;In order to benefit from the principles of biophilic architecture,which leads to the improvement of the interaction between humans and the environment,it is not considered.At the same time, observing the principles of biophilic architecture(partial interaction between humans and the environment) is one of the most obvious characteristics of improving the architecture of interstitial spaces in the external environments located between the blocks of residential complexes in Iran,which can bring peace of mind and subsequent psychological restoration of the residents. Interstitial space is a space that is constantly It is on the move and not necessarily a place in itself with a built-in boundary. Also,this space becomes a stable place in a geometry with complex inter-relationships, a place where the surrounding geometry inhales and exhales, and the architecture of this space absorbs everything it can use to build it. As the basis of spatial hierarchy, the interstitial space has had a special place in the structure of historical residential architecture in Iran. Nowadays, due to the destruction of the residential architecture structure, the position of the intermediate arena has also suffered from deficiencies. The lack of an intermediate arena has caused many psychological and social anomalies in the structure of today's residential architecture. Meanwhile, unfortunately, nowadays,in the construction of interstitial physical space in neighboring residential environments, we witness the forgetting of the principles and standards of biophilic architecture, which in turn could calm or restore the mentality and spirit of the residents. At the same time, biophilic architecture, which should be induced through creating the body of buildings in residential environments; Remaining unknown and continuous between the natural and building environments, and along with that the interaction between man and nature and the effect of nature on the human psyche, has been damaged and gradually goes into oblivion. Therefore, biophilic architecture can promote the relative understanding of the evolution of the human body and mind and its relationship with nature. However, paying attention to biophilic architecture in the design principles of the interstitial space in general can lead to the improvement of human life. Because the elements of nature, by being placed in the interspace outside the residential blocks, in addition to reducing stress and creating a positive mood in the users, they bring the elements in these spaces closer to each other and thus strengthen the bond between man and nature. Therefore, the aim of the present research is to investigate the interspace in the residential complex of Zeytoun Isfahan based on the approach of bio-oriented architecture. The question is, what is the relationship between the physical components (materials, geometry, height of neighboring buildings and dimensions) of the interspace of Zeytoun in Isfahan city residential complex with bio-oriented architecture from the residents' point of view? Analytical and using the method of logical reasoning along with the method of collecting information in the form of library and field studies with the tool of questionnaire and the use of correlation test came to the conclusion that the physical components of the Biophilic interspace in the residential complex of Zeytoun in the city of Isfahan, (materials, geometry,dimensions,the height of neighboring buildings) in addition to improving the climatic and environmental performance, it has improved the quality of life of the residents and their mental health due to the use of natural systems and processes, and there is a continuous relationship of mutual actions between the physical components of the interspace of the Zeytoun residential complex in the metropolis of Isfahan and Biophilic architecture lies in the direction of improving the relationship between man and the environment, the creation of space and its perception. Also, according to the audience's point of view, the results showed that there is a significant relationship between the physical components (materials, geometry, height of neighboring buildings and the dimensions(length and width)of the interspace with Biophilic architecture from the perspective of the residents in the Zeytoun residential complex with an average significance level of 98%. and the variables have been evaluated positively and in the same direction with each other.

This study aims to design an air purifier façade as a secondary skin façade for the five-story Pars Hospital. The main purpose of this study is to equip the existing buildings’ facades in urban areas with a high percentage of air pollution by an air purifier skin to increase the lifecycle of facades and improve those buildings’ users’ well-being. To choose the case study, three factors were taken into consideration. First, based on the statistics of the air quality monitoring stations, district 6 of Tehran was selected as one of the most polluted and sensitive areas of the city. This is rooted in its central location in the structure of the city, the concentration of administrative, commercial, educational, and recreational zones, as well as the high volume of daily traffic in it. Then, this research focuses on the medical centers and hospitals located in this area and specifically along Keshavarz Boulevard, which is home to many medical centers and hospitals, and from this point of view, it is one of the sensitive and fragile axes in front of air pollution. Eventually, among the medical centers located on this axis, Pars Hospital was selected as the case study due to its specific visitors, patients with respiratory and lung malfunctions, and their priority need for fresh air. Simulation based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is used as the research method. In this process, through several stages of simulation and analysis of different parameters with the use of Energy Plus software and Design Builder user interface (v6.1.0.6), an optimal design is presented for a secondary skin, accompanied by a significant increase in air velocity and a decrease in the concentration of pollutants. At simulation time, attention to the studied climate and considering the principles of passive design, are the most important factors in determining the optimal behavior of the building façade, for this purpose in the simulation process, weather information of Tehran city will be used as a database using Energy Plus software with Design Builder user interface.Findings are:1- The optimal distance of the cavity is 150 cm, if the depth of the cavity is less than 150 cm, the cavity of the double-skin façade will benefit more from the stack effect and lead to more heating of the cavity, and if the depth of the cavity is higher than 150 cm, the cavity of the double-skin façade, will not benefit from the stack effect and the temperature of the cavity will decrease, but according to the simulations if the depth of the cavity is considered to be 150 cm, the temperature and size of the cavity will be suitable for growing air pollution absorbing plants and also, the amount of air circulation is done well. 2- For equal distribution of airflow in the cavity, this space should be separated by the floors. 3- Optimal ventilation mode is outside to inside. In this ventilation mode, the purpose is to provide, clean air for breathing, reduce the concentration of pollutants in the cavity, and remove pollutants and polluted air from Pars Hospital. With the increase of fresh air exchange, the concentration of air particles also decreases. 4- The ratio of the area of the air inlet and outlet openings to that of the wall should be 0.075 so that while increasing the speed of the airflow, the age of air in the cavity will be reduced. 5-The optimal form of the secondary skin is grooved in the direction of the wind. With an optimal design of an air purifier skin, the speed of natural airflow in the cavity can be increased and the concentration of pollutants can be reduced. the curved grooves on the facade cause suction and direct the airflow upwards like an air channel, which causes the airflow to continue and increase its speed on the facade. with an optimal design of an air purifier skin, the speed of natural airflow in the cavity can be increased and the concentration of pollutants can be reduced, Research findings in these 5 modes have the most optimal form and function. It should be noted, that the influence of the variables is dependent on others. and all these variables together follow a specific purpose.

Statement of the problem: visual pollution in the informal sociable environments of contemporary commercial places, while reducing the physical quality of spaces and social interactions, can lead to irreparable damages due to the lack of awareness of the users of being in a polluted area and the immeasurable glare, inappropriate contrast, or the presence of direct light. be made This issue is more critical in commercial food courts, which in the last decade have had a high share of attracting the audience and creating human connections due to the nature of pauses and stops similar to comfort spaces. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the design of the environments in question and especially the environments with the potential to pause for customers in the commercial building, focusing on identifying the points and conditions that aggravate visual pollution, conducting research in three examples of informal collective spaces in commercial-office places in Tehran. has doneResearch The current research is practical in terms of its purpose, which is applied-practical research in terms of the exploratory view of identifying the problem of the spaces in question. Also, in order to measure the current situation based on mathematical models and photometric evaluation of space, it is causal-experimental mixed research from the point of view of nature and method. The method of collecting information in this research is field due to the need for visual perception and environmental photography, and in order to choose more suitable spaces for measuring glare, non-random sampling has been used as described above. For this purpose, the intensity of illumination is analyzed with the help of the luminance spectrum resulting from the dynamic imaging of the Lupine meter software during photography.The spaces studied in the research were three food courts of Shemiran Center, Seven Center, and Sam Center in Tehran during the period of using artificial light (after sunset) which were chosen non-randomly due to the spatial characteristics and availability of access to collect the necessary data. . The effective components of artificial light disturbance are displayed in each of the samples. As mentioned before, in addition to the light source, its type, and arrangement, other environmental factors such as materials are important in terms of the present reflective effect. In order to estimate the amount of reflection of materials, the dominant materials in these environments, such as metal, cement, glass, stone, plaster, wood, brick, and concrete, are numbered and displayed in percentage calculations. Comparing the analysis performed by Lupine Meter software, it was observed that generally spotlighting, especially spotlighting on the bright surface of the ceiling or walls, causes maximum glare in direct or peripheral view due to the functional enhancement of light with background reflection. On the other hand, after spotlighting, transparent surfaces and windows with a high reflection coefficient caused more glare when faced with inappropriate lighting angles.Also, based on the points made in all three food courts, it was found that glare and light pollution are more in the parts related to the central parts and less in the corner parts. This importance has also shown the maximums and minimums of the evaluations by intensifying the transparent walls in the centers and the cloudy walls at the edges of the space.These results, while confirming the importance and priority of "material type", "polished material reflection coefficient", "color", "installation angle", "arrangement" and "chosen lamp and light type" in previous research, intensify the factors and their synergy in Showed together.It is obvious that the current research has been carried out due to the limitations of studies on the basis of artificial light and the hours of field harvesting after sunset (no use of natural light) as well as the establishment of the space of the selected food courts on the fourth and fifth levels and regardless of the external artificial lighting of the background. This issue can be considered for future research. Also, as mentioned at the beginning of the article, the present research was formed with the aim of improving the environmental quality of sociable spaces in commercial-office buildings, which can be measured and compared in qualitative methods and based on the perceptive votes of the audience.

In a broader sense, housing is more than a mere physical shelter and includes all services and public facilities necessary for human living. A residential complex is a number of building blocks that can include different types of housing, single-family, short and high-rise apartments. In these complexes, apartment blocks are placed on a piece of land based on a pre-thought design. The blocks can be combined with each other in different forms and the open space can be meaningfully connected with the buildings. Residential complexes can be completely closed and separated from the rest of the city with hard boundaries, and they can somehow maintain their environmental connection and at the same time have their own privacy and territory.In a general view, the residential complex consists of blocks and open space between them. According to the number of blocks, the height and arrangement of open and closed space, there are various forms of residential complexes. The design of residential complexes is proposed in three major scales, firstly in the scale of the external link of residential complexes with the surrounding environment, secondly in the scale of internal relations of residential complexes and thirdly in the scale of residential units. In the territory of a residential complex, three private, semi-public and public arenas can be distinguished. Private arenas are residential units. The semi-public area includes the entrance hall, corridors, stairs, elevator and parking. It means the public area of the complex. The typology of high-rise residential complexes consisting of different blocks, in addition to the typology based on the type of access and relationships of internal spaces, is also based on the placement and coexistence of open and closed spaces. The dominant types of these complexes are peripheral arrangement, single blocks, row blocks and a combination of other blocks. The environmental arrangement is in accordance with the principles of traditional Iranian central courtyard houses. In this way, the main facade of the blocks faces the public passage and the private space is located behind the block. The arrangement of blocks around the central core creates a private open space that can be common to all blocks or divided into small private pieces. In the single layout, high-rise residential blocks stand separately next to each otherResidential communities are an integral part of contemporary urban planning in developing countries, and their use for the settlement of people in a specific cultural and social class is increasing day by day. The outer spaces and open spaces of residential complexes are the boundary between urban public spaces and private spaces in residential complexes and are the place of communication and interaction between people and the surrounding environment. With the aim of extracting the components of solitude that are involved with signs, this research tries to explain the contribution of each one in creating this category. Therefore, the research method in this research is a combination of nested type with analytical weighting in the quantitative part. Therefore, in this research, in the qualitative part, the components that are relevant to the scope of the study are refined with a semi-structured interview. In order to reduce the diverse data obtained from the interview, by using grand theory techniques, they are coded in the Atlasti software. In the quantitative section, after compiling the questionnaire from the obtained components and distributing it among the space users, the results are entered into the Originpro software and analyzed with inferential statistics. Sampling in the qualitative section is done with the Delphi panel in three phases and by specifying Kendall's coefficient; And in the quantitative section, the upper limit of Morgan's table is defined as 384 people. The results show that based on the obtained results, it was determined that "increasing the sense of ownership of the residents towards the public space", "clarity of the boundaries between public and private areas" and "public and private hierarchy" with a value of (1.000) have the greatest effect in The creation of solitude in the open spaces of the residential complexes of Hamadan city is the least related to the exclusive use of public and semi-public spaces by the people of the residential complexes with a value of (0.395).

Crisis management is one of the significant factors in reducing the amount of damage and human casualties when accidents occur. If the necessary principles have already been considered before the crisis occurs and people have enough training, practices, and experience from past accidents, it would be a greater chance of success in a management crisis. The purpose study is to investigate (explain) the problems and obstacles and observe the crisis factors after the reconstruction of the Plasco building. The renewal of the Plasco building has been studied by three factors (structural, non-structural, and crisis management). This research is applied and descriptive-analytical research. The area under study in this research is the Plasco building which is located in Tehran, which absolutely collapsed due to a fire in 1995. The statistical population was among the people who have been playing a role in the reconstruction of the studied area, including 15 to 60 people. In this research, the sampling continued until the data reached saturation, and this research was studied with 15 people. The research results showed that the average score for the spectrum of awareness of resources and equipment is 9.7, which is higher than the average spectrum score, which is 6, that is a significant difference. The analysis on people's knowledge about warning systems showed that the proper planning or policy for renewing the Plasco building is in good condition due to the existence of warning systems. Also, the statistical findings have shown that the average score of the respondents from the dimension of response mechanism is 45, which means that in the reconstruction of the Plasko building, the way to respond to the fire crisis will be in good condition. The average score of the respondents from the spectrum existing of the necessary policy and policy to deal with fire is 32/43, the state of planning appropriate policies in structural, non-structural, crisis management, organization, preparing of organization, after the reconstruction of the Plasco building is correct. Fire has always been one of the most significant issues that has caused lots of damage to humans.