مجله روانشناسی و روانپزشکی شناخت
سال نهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 45، بهمن و اسفند 1401)

One of the manifestations of violence against women is spousal abuse. Due to patriarchy in Iranian societies, spousal abuse is mainly applied by men and against women in various forms.

The present study aimed to develop a model of experiencing spousal violence in women based on personality traits with a mediating role of psychological distress.

The present study is an applied-fundamental research in terms of aim and a descriptive, structural equations type research in terms of implementation. The study population consisted of all women referring to divorce counseling, welfare, social emergency and counseling centers in Sanandaj in 2021. Among them, 400 were selected using a convenience sampling method. The research instruments included the Spousal Abuse, Dark Personality Traits, Alexithymia and Psychological Distress questionnaires. SPSS-25 and SmartPLS-3.2.8 software was used to analyze the data.

The results showed that dark personality traits (β=0.351), alexithymia (β=0.168) and psychological distress (β=0.470) have direct and positive (p<0.001) impact on spousal abuse, and dark personality traits (β=0.198) and alexithymia (β=0.207) indirectly and through psychological distress (p<0.001) had a positive and significant effect on spousal abuse. The standardized root mean squared residual was 0.067, indicating a good fit of the model.

Women with high scores of alexithymia, dark personality traits and psychological distress are more likely to be abused by their husbands. By controlling these characteristics, it is possible to change the behavior of spouses towards women, and finally, it is possible to prevent spousal abuse and further harms.

Although self-disturbance is considered as an essential aspect of borderline personality disorder, there is little knowledge about its nature in affected individuals.

The present study aimed to determine the patterns of self in women with borderline personality disorder.

This study was a basic research with a qualitative approach. The statistical population consisted of women with borderline personality disorder in Mashhad and psychologists and psychiatrists in Mashhad and Tehran, Iran, in 2021. Fifteen women with borderline personality disorder were selected by convenience sampling using Leichsenring's Borderline Questionnaire (1999) from Ibn Sina Hospital in Mashhad, and eight specialists were selected through purposive sampling. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and coded through thematic analysis.

In the data analysis, five main themes, including self-knowledge, self-agency, loneliness, self and injury, and self and emotions, were identified. The self-knowledge theme has two sub-themes, namely, lack of self-awareness and instability. Self-agency included two external and internal themes. Loneliness was also divided into three themes of rejection, being misunderstood, and avoidance. Self and injury contained the themes of self pathology and self-harm, and finally, the main theme of self and emotions was divided into positive and negative emotions.

In women with borderline personality disorder, under the influence of adverse and harmful experiences from early relationships and due to the accumulation of unprocessed emotions that cause impulsive behaviors, the self is incoherent, unstable with low self-awareness, and weak agency in facing life difficulties. Therefore; the extracted themes can provide a more comprehensive understanding of these individuals.

Obesity is a complex disease with multifactorial etiology, which is sometimes the cause and effect of another disease such as diabetes.

The present study was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of self-compassion therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy on emotional regulation and cognitive fusion in obese patients.

The research method was applied and semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all the women suffering from obesity in Arak city in 2018, using available sampling method, 45 people were randomly selected into three groups of treatment based on self-compassion (15 people), interpersonal psychotherapy ( 15 people) and the control group (15 people) were replaced. The data collection tool was the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire. Data analysis was analyzed through analysis of covariance using spss software version 24.

The results of covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the two experimental groups and the control group (P<0.01), and interpersonal psychotherapy is more effective in improving emotional regulation skills than self-compassion-based therapy (P<0.001, F=27.57) and reduced cognitive fusion (p<0.001, F=32.835).

Based on the findings of the research, interpersonal psychotherapy led to the improvement of emotions in obese patients by increasing and improving discipline skills and reducing cognitive fusion; so it is suggested to use these methods along with other treatment methods to improve the quality of life of obese women.

Motivation is essential in learning and progress. Every person's action has a source of reason whose purpose is to strengthen the person's desirable efforts and feelings.

This study examines the relationship between personality traits and psychological characteristic of achievement motivation among girl’s students.

The method was descriptive- correlational. The population includes all students among ShareRay branch of Islamic Azad University, Sama and AmirKabir Universities in 2018-2019. 175 girls were selected by the available sampling method. Subjects completed the Neo Personality Traits (NEO-AC), and Gill Achievement Motivation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient test with using SPSS-20.

The results showed that there were significant inverse relationships between neuroticism personality trait with conscientiousness, extraversion, and agreeableness (P<0.05), a direct and significant relationship between conscientiousness and agreeableness (P<0.05), and a direct relationship between extraversion with conscientiousness and agreeableness (P<0.05). Finally, none of the personality components had a significant relationship with achievement motivation (P>0.05).

According to the results of the present research, the personality characteristics of female students can be mentioned as an important factor in improving their psychological components. Thus, based on the obtained results, it is suggested that in explaining the results related to the psychological characteristics of female students, their personality characteristics and achievement motivation should be considered.

Human resource management in any organization is the main key to achieving the goals of the organization; because new ideas for prosperity and innovation are the achievement of new products.

The purpose of this study was to evaluation of cognitive and educational-motivational indexes affecting human resource risk management.

The research method is descriptive-survey. The statistical population included all the employees of Tejarat Bank of Tehran province in 2021. 310 people were selected as a statistical sample using the cluster sampling method. The demographic characteristics and Human Resource Risk Management Questionnaires were distributed and collected after completion. Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation model method were used to analyze the data. Data analysis was done using SmartPLS software version 4 and SPSS software version 20.

The results showed that the cognitive index with 7 components and the educational-motivational index with 6 components have a significant relationship (0.77 to 0.84) with human resources risk management. Also, the current research showed that the cognitive indexes of job satisfaction, organizational commitment, reduction of job burnout, and educational-motivational index of job productivity has a significant and direct effect on human resource risk management (P<0.05).

Based on the results of the present research, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, reduction of job burnout and job productivity have an important effect on human resource risk management; so that, the people who have more freedom of action and participation in decision-making can increase the satisfaction, awareness, and motivation of employee's.

Depression and love trauma syndrome are characterized by changes in mood and emotions and disruptions in performance.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotion focused therapy on mental pain, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness in women with depression, who experienced a romantic relationship breakup.

In the present study, a semi-experimental, pretest-posttest, control group design with a three-month follow-up was employed. The statistical population consisted of all females, aged 18-35 years, who experienced a romantic relationship breakdown in Isfahan, Iran, in 2021. Thirty participants were selected via available sampling and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in 10 sessions of emotion focused therapy (90 minutes per session). For data collection, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Love Trauma Syndrome Questionnaire (1999), Beck Depression Inventory (1996), Heartland Forgiveness Scale (2005), Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (2003), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (2004) were used. Descriptive and inferential data were analyzed in SPSS Version 24, using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The results indicated significant differences in the mean scores of mental pain, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness between the experimental and control groups (P<0.001). Regarding these variables, 73.1%, 39.7%, and 80.1% of the variance between the groups in the post-test, and 76.2%, 41.8%, and 77.1% of the variance between the groups in the follow-up were attributed to the effects of intervention, respectively.

The emotion focused therapy was effective in improving the mental pain, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness of women with depression and who experience relationship breakdown. Therefore, this method can be used to improve the emotional health of these women.

 The sentiment of responsibility is a productive skill for students to attain lifetime achievements.

 The current study was conducted to detect cognitive and behavioral factors efficacious on the curriculum by stressing students' responsibility.

 The research scheme was qualitative-quantitative mixed with an exploratory theme. The statistical population comprised all curriculum experts and educational group leaders of Tabriz secondary schools in 2021-2022. Moreover, 205 people from the statistical population were selected using total sampling. To collect the data, the researcher utilized the 35 questions of their inquiry contingent on six dimensions of value, institutional, cognitive, personal and individual, emotional, and functional factors while developing self-management strategies that were performed on the research's sample. Additionally, the analysis of structural equations was done using SPSS version 25 and Amos version 24 to examine the data.

 The study's findings illustrate that all the indicators had proper proportions of measurement for value, institutional, cognitive, personal and individual, emotional, and functional factors and developing self-management strategies. Based on the results of factor loadings (influence coefficients), cognitive factors (β=0.942) and value factors (β=0.923) have the most impression, whereas institutional factors (β=0.840) have the minimum impact on rational and behavioral factors affecting curriculum.

 The obtained results demonstrated that value, institutional, cognitive, personal and individual, emotional, and functional factors, and developing self-management strategies are considered cognitive-behavioral features effectual on curriculum. Furthermore, noticing these items in schools' educational and training program compilation provides a platform for students' growth, appertaining their accountability.

Stress, negative emotional states, emotional disorders, low self-esteem, and feelings of loneliness and isolation are among contributing factors, which can trigger disordered eating behaviors.

The present study aimed to investigate the association of perceived stress, social support, and self-esteem with disordered eating due to alexithymia.

In this correlational study with structural equation modeling, the statistical population consisted of individuals, who were referred to Baraka Obesity Treatment Clinic in Tehran, Iran, during 2021-2022. A total of 303 people with a body mass index above 30 kg/m2 were selected using the convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Perceived Stress Questionnaire by Cohen et al. (1983), Perceived Social Support Scale by Zimmet et al. (1988), Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale (1965), Alexithymia Scale by Bagby et al. (1994), and Eating Behavior Questionnaire by Van Stein and colleagues (1986). The structural equation modeling method was used to analyze the data.

The results of the structural equation modeling indicated the significant direct effects of perceived stress (β=0.22, P<0.01), social support (β=-0.25, P<0.01), and self-esteem (β=-0.21, P<0.01) on disordered eating. Also, the indirect effects of perceived stress (Z=7.69, P<0.01), social support (Z=-6.13, P<0.01), and self-esteem (Z=-6.46, P<0.01) were significant on disordered eating through alexithymia.

The results of the present study showed that factors, such as the level of stress, social support, self-esteem, and identifying and expressing one’s emotions, can affect disordered eating behaviors. Therefore, by reducing stress and alexithymia and improving social support and self-esteem, disordered eating behaviors are speculated to decrease in obese people.

Depressive disorder is associated with various consequences such as psychological distress and social isolation, whichtheir removing is of importance.

The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of social-emotional skills training on psychological disturbance and social isolation in adolescents with depressive symptoms by modulating coping styles.

This research is a semi-experimental type. Its statistical population was formed by male students suffering from depression disorder in Baneh city with an age range of 16-18 years in 2020. 30 students were targeted and screening method selected as a statistical sample based on the results of the Lazarus and Folkman coping styles scale and divided into two groups of 15 people (excitement-oriented and problem-oriented) were divided. The questionnaires used in this research included Beck Depression Questionnaire and Depression, Anxiety and Stress Questionnaire and Social Isolation Questionnaire. SPSS version 20 software and multivariate covariance analysis were used for data analysis.

The results of data analysis using multivariate analysis of covariance showed that social-emotional skills training was effective in improving psychological disturbance and social isolation. Also, coping styles moderate the effect of social-emotional skills training in psychological disturbance and signs of social isolation (P<0.05).

The findings of this study showed that teaching emotional and social skills to adolescents with symptoms of depression was useful and reduces psychological disturbance and social isolation, and the type of coping styles was also effective in these changes. It is suggested to include social-emotional skills training in the treatment program of adolescents with depression.

Consumers are essential in the economic system because the economy practically collapses without effective their demand.

This study examines the relationship between psychological and personality traits with consumer behavior factors.

The research method is descriptive-correlational. The population includes the consumers of sports clubs in Tehran in 2021-2022. Because of the infinite population and according to Morgan's table, 356 people were selected by random cluster sampling. The research tool is Costa and McCrae's (1992) Standard Personality Traits Questionnaire, Zhou's (2009) Consumer Behavior Questionnaire, and a researcher-made psychological traits questionnaire. Pearson correlation and regression coefficients in SPSS and Amos 23 are used to analyze the data.

The results showed that the relationship model of psychological and personality traits fits well with consumer behavior factors. Also, according to the results of the correlation test, there is a positive relationship between personality traits (extraversion, flexibility, adaptability, and conscientiousness) and psychological traits (perception, motivation, learning, attitude, health, psychology, and cognitive intelligence) with consumer behavior factors (P≤0.05) and a significant negative relationship between psychosis and consumer behavior factors (p=0.001, rho=-0.586).

The results showed that personality and psychological traits significantly affect consumer behavior. Therefore; psychological and personality variables related to consumer behavior should be taken into account.

Even though sexual assault is rarely considered a serious social problem; it can lead to severe mental-health consequences.

The aim of the current study was to assess the attrition rates and the effectiveness of a therapeutic program of art and mindfulness on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in female sexual assault survivors.

This study was a controlled clinical trial with a design of pre-test, post-test, and a two-month follow-up. The population included women with sexual assault experience that had sought professional help in the psychotherapy clinics of Hamedan in 2019. 16 individuals were first selected using purposive sampling and then were allocated randomly to control (N=8) and experimental groups (N=8). The utilized questionnaires included the Impact-of-Event-Scale (2007) and the Depression-Anxiety-Stress-Scale-21 (1995). The combined treatment of art and mindfulness was conducted for the experimental group through eight two-hour weekly sessions. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, one-way ANCOVA and SPSS software-version 22.

Findings indicated that the combined art and mindfulness therapeutic program reduced intrusion (F=20.34, P<0.001), arousal (F=20.43, P<0.001), avoidance (F=14.32, P<0.002), and stress scores (F=33.46, P<0.001) significantly in the experimental group.

The findings indicated that the combined art therapy and mindfulness method could play a significant role in the alleviation of PTSD symptoms in sexually traumatized individuals. It is suggested that the therapists consider this intervention for individuals that are severely afraid of their trauma-related memories.

Multiple sclerosis is a disorder of the nervous system that causes many physical and mental changes in a person.

The present study investigated the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in improving rumination, perceived stress, and loneliness in women with multiple sclerosis.

This was a clinical trial with pre-tests, post-tests, and follow-ups with a control group. All women aged 20 to 40 who referred to the MS Association of Sanandaj in the spring and summer of 2019 were included in the study. We randomly divided 40 women with MS into two experimental and control groups based on available sampling. Based on available sampling, we randomly divided 40 women with MS into two experimental and control groups. Research tools included Nolen Hoeksma and Maro (1991) Rumination Response Scales, Cohen's (1983) Perceived Stress Questionnaire, and Russell et al.'s (1978) California Loneliness Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using analysis of covariance with the help of SPSS version 24 software.

The findings showed that mindfulness-based therapy was effective in improving the amount of rumination, perceived stress, and loneliness in both the post-test and follow-up phases in the experimental group (P<0.05).

Mindfulness-based therapy is an effective method in improving rumination, perceived stress, and feelings of loneliness in people with MS. It was MS, so it is suggested to be used in the treatment of people with MS.