نشریه مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری
پیاپی 59 (پاییز 1401)

With the advent of the sharing economy, peer-to-peer accommodations around the world have had much success. These accommodations offer benefits such as low prices and a variety of services. One of the ways that tourist-friendly countries have exploited the potential of these accommodations and can help these accommodations to operate more successfully is to use the potential of tourist co-creation. On the other hand, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the consumption experience in the hospitality industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present a new model using related literature, including the dimensions, determinants, and consequences of the co-creation experience of tourists in peer-to-peer accommodations. For this purpose, the seven-step meta-synthesis method established by Sandelowski and Barroso was used. Sixty-three qualitative articles were identified and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The results identified the six dimensions of control, learning, connection, personalization, authenticity, and autonomy as dimensions of the co-creation experience. Also, factors related to the host, factors related to the customer, factors related to other customers and the local community, factors related to technology, and factors related to the accommodation were identified as determinants and variables of functional value, cost value, social value, and experiential value were identified as consequences.

The country's hospitality industry is severely short of hotels. Many hotels are of low quality and demand high prices because there are no subsidies for hotels, and they are not occupied in all seasons. Also, the complex process of obtaining a construction permit, lack of necessary facilities, and payment of taxes and duties make the return of capital difficult and have reduced the motivation and desire of investors to build a hotel. In addition, hotels do not meet the needs of tourists to socialize and gain experience of local life due to their many restrictions and standard products. Given these problems of hotels and the high need for investment in hotels, and the limited government budget for investment, it is inevitable to use other methods to create accommodation facilities. One is to convert houses or part of houses into accommodation at a meager cost for the private sector or the government. The main problem with these accommodations in our country is that the owners of these accommodations, who are non-professionals and have yet to receive the necessary training, sometimes provide hospitality services in addition to their main job to earn more money, with new ways to satisfy tourists. One of how tourist-friendly countries have solved this problem and can help these resorts to operate more successfully is by taking advantage of the potential of tourist co-creation.On the other hand, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the consumption experience in the tourism industry. Recent research results emphasize the role of tourists in creating new and creative ideas for the growth of the tourism market. In Iran, however, this vital factor, unlike other tourist countries in the world, is not seen as a strategic opportunity for growth. Therefore, this research modeled the customer co-creation experience in peer-to-peer accommodations.

This research used the meta-synthesis method to synthesize previous qualitative studies. In this study, the seven-step meta-synthesis method established by Sandelowski and Barroso was used, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the sample texts in the meta-synthesis method.Discussion and ResultsSix dimensions of control, learning, connection, personalization, authenticity, and autonomy were identified as dimensions of the co-creation experience. Also, variables of host-related factors, customer-related factors, factors related to other customers and the local community, technology-related factors, and accommodation-related factors were identified as determinants of the co-creation experience—moreover, functional value, cost value, social value, and experiential value as consequences.ConclusionsThe control dimension is one of the dimensions of the co-creation experience resulting from meta-synthesis analysis. The theoretical basis behind this result is the theory of self-efficacy. Customers participate in the co-creation process because they expect to increase self-efficacy. Another dimension of the co-creation experience is personalization. The theoretical foundations behind this result are theories of self-efficacy and self-image. Control affects all aspects of human interaction, so customers' search for a personalized online environment can be driven by their desire for control, and self-expression is an essential motivator for individuals to create. The learning dimension is another dimension of co-creation. The theoretical foundations behind this result are active and experiential learning theories. Theoretical foundations behind the concept of authenticity, as one of the dimensions of the co-creation experience, are existential authenticity and self-determination theories. While existential authenticity is a way in which tourists create their own identity to experience a more authentic sense of self by creating holiday activities, according to the theory of self-determination, intrinsically motivated behaviors are not alien and are original because they are self-determined. Connection means customers' access to information and social relationships with actors involved in the consumption experience. According to the self-determination theory, the three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and connection are the basis of the logic of behaviors. The last dimension is autonomy. According to the self-determination theory, autonomy refers to a person's sense of freedom and emphasizes intrinsic motivation. Unlike the traditional consumption process, co-creation involves autonomous activities with different actors.IntroductionThe country's hospitality industry is severely short of hotels. Many hotels are of low quality and demand high prices because there are no subsidies for hotels, and they are not occupied in all seasons. Also, the complex process of obtaining a construction permit, lack of necessary facilities, and payment of taxes and duties make the return of capital difficult and have reduced the motivation and desire of investors to build a hotel. In addition, hotels do not meet the needs of tourists to socialize and gain experience of local life due to their many restrictions and standard products. Given these problems of hotels and the high need for investment in hotels, and the limited government budget for investment, it is inevitable to use other methods to create accommodation facilities. One is to convert houses or part of houses into accommodation at a meager cost for the private sector or the government. The main problem with these accommodations in our country is that the owners of these accommodations, who are non-professionals and have yet to receive the necessary training, sometimes provide hospitality services in addition to their main job to earn more money, with new ways to satisfy tourists. One of how tourist-friendly countries have solved this problem and can help these resorts to operate more successfully is by taking advantage of the potential of tourist co-creation.On the other hand, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the consumption experience in the tourism industry. Recent research results emphasize the role of tourists in creating new and creative ideas for the growth of the tourism market. In Iran, however, this vital factor, unlike other tourist countries in the world, is not seen as a strategic opportunity for growth. Therefore, this research modeled the customer co-creation experience in peer-to-peer accommodations.Materials and MethodsThis research used the meta-synthesis method to synthesize previous qualitative studies. In this study, the seven-step meta-synthesis method established by Sandelowski and Barroso was used, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the sample texts in the meta-synthesis method.

Six dimensions of control, learning, connection, personalization, authenticity, and autonomy were identified as dimensions of the co-creation experience. Also, variables of host-related factors, customer-related factors, factors related to other customers and the local community, technology-related factors, and accommodation-related factors were identified as determinants of the co-creation experience—moreover, functional value, cost value, social value, and experiential value as consequences.ConclusionsThe control dimension is one of the dimensions of the co-creation experience resulting from meta-synthesis analysis. The theoretical basis behind this result is the theory of self-efficacy. Customers participate in the co-creation process because they expect to increase self-efficacy. Another dimension of the co-creation experience is personalization. The theoretical foundations behind this result are theories of self-efficacy and self-image. Control affects all aspects of human interaction, so customers' search for a personalized online environment can be driven by their desire for control, and self-expression is an essential motivator for individuals to create. The learning dimension is another dimension of co-creation. The theoretical foundations behind this result are active and experiential learning theories. Theoretical foundations behind the concept of authenticity, as one of the dimensions of the co-creation experience, are existential authenticity and self-determination theories. While existential authenticity is a way in which tourists create their own identity to experience a more authentic sense of self by creating holiday activities, according to the theory of self-determination, intrinsically motivated behaviors are not alien and are original because they are self-determined.

means customers' access to information and social relationships with actors involved in the consumption experience. According to the self-determination theory, the three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and connection are the basis of the logic of behaviors. The last dimension is autonomy. According to the self-determination theory, autonomy refers to a person's sense of freedom and emphasizes intrinsic motivation. Unlike the traditional consumption process, co-creation involves autonomous activities with different actors.

Today, historical contexts have been forgotten with the expansion of cities and their rapid growth. The design of urban spaces for the passage of cars has caused historical context destructions and the removal of pedestrians from these spaces. In addition, the presence of valuable elements in these contexts has made the need to protect the old context of cities even more apparent. The historical context of Bushehr city also contains a rich cultural heritage. Problems such as the buildings' destruction and the unfavorable visual condition, distinctive architecture, the lack of spatial connection between valuable historical elements, and cultural customs that are being forgotten, formed the idea of this research. This research solves these issues to identify the tourist route in the historical context with the culture-based tourism approach using a descriptive-analytical method. The information required for this study was extracted through library and field methods. After scrutiny of the studied area, it was analyzed by various methods such as interviews and related software. The research results indicate many tourism potentials in historical-cultural, religious, commercial, and customs fields in the historical context of Bushehr. In order to introduce these potentials to tourists, three different scenarios of tourism are defined in the historical context of Bushehr, which has been tried to have the most significant tourism potential. It is appropriate to introduce these potentials to local and foreign tourists by defining specific tourist routes in the historical context and leading to boost the residents' economy and brand the historical context of Bushehr.

The historical context of Bushehr, which dates back to the Afshariya period, is one of the few historical contexts in Iran that have been provided for the formation of its urban skeleton in three different periods. Identifying tourist walking routes to establish spatial connections between valuable historical elements is one of the ways to save the historical context from decay and destruction. The lack of spatial communication through these routes leads to the forgetting of the context, the loss of identity and the forgetting of the authentic culture and old traditions of Bushehr, the absence of a good mentality towards the context, the lack of attention to the needs of the residents and the provision of the services they need, the destruction of the building and destruction of the urban landscape, lack of economic growth, and finally migration of primary residents and destruction of historic fabric. This research has been done to develop and facilitate tourism in the historical context of Bushehr with a tourism-based approach. Now, the critical issue is how to help attract tourists to Bushehr by regenerating the historical context of Bushehr city and identifying the tourism route in it. 

The present study, in terms of purpose, has been applied to the research group. In terms of method, it has a descriptive-analytical and qualitative approach. The required information related to the research sample has been obtained through observation, field observations, interviews, and completed questionnaires from people living in the area and tourists.The research analysis is in such a way that criteria are determined for the extracted indicators so they can be checked. These criteria have been analyzed and checked by spatial analysis in the Arc GIS software. According to the 2016 census, the population of the historical context of Bushehr is estimated at 11,940 people. Based on the mentioned number and using Cochran's formula method, 372 questionnaires have been completed in the old context. 

The indicators of the presence of mixed-use and the existence of service and welfare facilities have been analyzed to investigate the performance component. Due to the location of commercial-service areas along the principal axes, access to residential areas located in the center of the neighborhoods is unfavorable. The mobility and accessibility component includes priority indicators for pedestrian versus vehicular movement, emergency vehicle passage, and access to public transportation stations. In general, the state of public transportation and the level of people's acceptance and use of it in Bushehr is unfavorable. The component of comfort and convenience has been examined by the index of the absence of noise and noise pollution, and the indicators of the presence of vegetation and green space and good sun exposure and shading have presented the environmental component. In order to examine the physical component, several indicators, such as centers and historical elements with capacity for development, the presence of physical permeability, and the rest, have been used. The safety and security component has been measured with two indicators the presence of night activities and the presence of residential units along the axis. The lack of night activities and lighting in the old context has reduced security at night. Social and cultural values include two indicators of cultural, historical, commercial, and religious signs and buildings (tangible cultural heritage) and collective and ritual ceremonies (intangible cultural heritage).

The first step in reviving the historical context of Bushehr is to identify the valuable historical and cultural elements. In order to determine the path of tourists in the historical context and design the selected route, three scenarios have been considered. In each scenario, the effort has been to cross the route with more historical monuments while maintaining the average length of the route and the proximity to the public transport station and passing nearby or the routes that can provide appropriate relief. The first scenario, the trip to old Lian, is 1.92 km long and mainly passes through the historical cores of the neighborhoods. In addition, this route passes through well-known and restored buildings. The second scenario is called the lost mansions, and with a length of 2.22 km, it connects the centers of the old neighborhoods of the past like a ring and, on its way, introduces many historical mansions that are less known to tourists. The third scenario is called market walking, and with a length of 1.48 km, it passes through the lines of the old market. In this way, it has been tried to introduce tourists to some historical and religious monuments and various ceremonies in addition to passing through the old market. By scoring based on the extracted indicators, the second scenario (lost mansions) was introduced as the best scenario.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the perception of covid-19 on the entrepreneurial intention of tourism students with respect to the mediating role of the two factors of proactiveness and optimism. The statistical population of this study included all students and graduates of the master's degree in tourism management of Maziar Institute of Higher Education in Royan in two majors of planning and marketing. Due to the epidemic disease situation and lack of face-to-face access to the statistical population, an electronic questionnaire was used on social networks with convenience sampling. Thus, 200 questionnaires without defects were collected, and the structural equation method with PLS software was used to analyze the data. Findings indicated that perception of Covid-19 did not directly affect students' entrepreneurial intent, but the mediating role of optimism in this regard was confirmed. The results also showed that the satisfaction of students' psychological needs directly and significantly affects students' entrepreneurial intention indirectly through optimism. On the other hand, the results showed that optimism about the future situation is a key factor in strengthening the entrepreneurial intent of tourism students, which can reduce the negative effect of the perception of Covid-19. 

Entrepreneurship is a determining factor for economic and social development. Covid-19 is a severe disease caused by a new type of coronavirus first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The virus spread rapidly around the world. In the field of entrepreneurship literature, the entrepreneurial intention is considered to be the essential prerequisite for creating a business. Many researchers point out that satisfying or not satisfying basic psychological needs depends on the environment in which one lives. Perceptions of the epidemic can affect people's entrepreneurial intent by mentally perceiving risk, limiting positive behaviors, and neutralizing the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Universities have also taken a step in this direction, and by adopting measures, they have tried to implement the indicators of an entrepreneurial university. They have tried to strengthen and lead students toward entrepreneurship by presenting various programs. Maziar Higher Education Institute, as the second center offering a master's degree in tourism in both planning and marketing in Mazandaran province, also pays serious attention to this issue and seeks to strengthen itself, students, and graduates towards entrepreneurial skills. Therefore, this study aims to identify the effects of the perception of COVID-19 and to satisfy the psychological needs of tourism students regarding their entrepreneurial intent with respect to the two mediating factors of proactiveness and optimism.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research includes all students and graduates of the master's degree program in tourism management of Maziar Institute of Higher Education in Royan in two directions of planning and marketing. Due to the researchers' access to the students of this university as the second center providing master's degree education in tourism management in Mazandaran province, this statistical population was considered for research. Because of the Covid-19 pandemic and the lack of face-to-face access of researchers to the statistical community, the electronic questionnaire was used on WhatsApp social networks as a private message and Instagram (with at least 209 members). This way, the questionnaire link was made available on social networks, and people were invited to answer the questionnaires. Thus, 200 questionnaires without defects were collected and used for analysis. The analysis method was based on structural equations with partial least squares using PLS software.

this research, eight hypotheses were developed. The hypotheses were tested on the data obtained from the master's degree students in the field of tourism management using related tests and the method of the structural equation using the partial least squares method. The results showed that the variables of psychological need satisfaction and optimism significantly affect students' entrepreneurial intention. However, according to the path coefficient and significant numbers obtained between the variable of perception of Covid-19 and proactiveness on entrepreneurial intention, perception of Covid-19 and proactiveness do not significantly affect students' entrepreneurial intention. The fifth hypothesis of the research is that the effect of perception of Covid-19 on entrepreneurial intention through the proactiveness mediator variable, therefore at the 95% confidence level, the effect of the proactiveness mediating variable on the relationship between perception of Covid-19 and entrepreneurial intention is not significant.Regarding the sixth hypothesis of the research, i.e., the effect of perception of Covid-19 on entrepreneurial intention through the optimistic mediator variable, at the 95% confidence level, the mediating effect of optimism on the relationship between perception of Covid-19 and entrepreneurial intention is significant. Regarding the seventh research hypothesis, i.e., the effect of psychological need satisfaction on students' entrepreneurial intention through the proactiveness variable, at a 95% confidence level, the effect of the proactiveness mediator variable on the relationship between psychological need satisfaction and entrepreneurial intention is not significant. Regarding the eighth hypothesis of the research, i.e., the effect of psychological need satisfaction on students' entrepreneurial intention through the mediating variable of optimism, at a 95% confidence level, the mediating effect of optimism on the relationship between psychological need satisfaction and entrepreneurial intention is significant.

Presently, students do not have a negative perception of Covid-19 and are somehow accustomed to it. According to the findings of the descriptive section, they often seek to establish their businesses, especially in the field of online businesses. On the other hand, the mediating role of optimism has a positive effect on the entrepreneurial process and increases the chances of success of a new company. Slowly Thus, although the perception of Covid-19 does not affect students' entrepreneurial intentions, if accompanied by their optimism for the future, it can enhance students' entrepreneurial intent in an epidemic situation and reduce the negative effect of the perception of Covid-19. If students' psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and communication) are adequately met, it can act as an accelerator of entrepreneurial activity and ultimately increase their entrepreneurial intention. In other words, if these needs are met, people are more likely to be consistently involved in entrepreneurial behavior. In fact, having an optimistic outlook on the future is an essential factor, especially in conditions of uncertainty, and it helps a lot to become an entrepreneur in this environment. Given the state of the Covid-19 epidemic, where unemployment is high and job opportunities are limited, entrepreneurship is a solution that can generate higher returns than other alternative employment opportunities. In fact, in a crisis, optimistic entrepreneurs are more likely to believe in the success of their actions and, therefore, more likely to start a new business. As a result, almost two years after the epidemic, e-commerce has created new opportunities that students are aware of and looking to start their online businesses for entrepreneurship.

Tourism development is increasingly considered essential in promoting economic growth, reducing poverty, and promoting food security. From the sustainable development point of view, tourism is a reliable source in many countries that can have an increasing effect on growing income at the national and local level, as well as advancing social opportunities and transforming and expanding production while preserving the interests of future generations. In the sustainable livelihood approach, to solve this problem and increase the assets of the local people, the diversification of the economic activities of the villages is emphasized a lot. Because the more diverse the economy of the villages is, by creating more opportunities and taking advantage of the capabilities, the more villagers will have access to the standards of life. With over 22,000 historical and natural buildings and monuments, 1,850 of which have been registered nationally and seven of them globally, Isfahan province is the focus of foreign and domestic tourists. There are over 600 historical monuments in Isfahan province, and more than half are in rural areas. On the other hand, in the past years, with the expansion of communication routes, as well as the increase in trips and the increase in the number of tourists in the rural areas of this province, it has witnessed the development of tourism. However, the question is whether this development is sustainable. Undoubtedly, there are obstacles and challenges facing ∗ Corresponding Author: a.hajarian@ltr.ui.ac.ir How to Cite: Kazemiyeh, Hajarian, A. (2022). Analysis of Themes Affecting Sustainable Rural Tourism in Rural Areas of Isfahan Province. Tourism Management Studies, 17(59), 115- 151. doi: 10.22054/tms.2022.68582.2730 116 | مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری | سال 17 | شماره 59 | پاییز 1401 sustainable tourism on this path, and knowing these obstacles helps the growth and development of sustainable tourism. Therefore, the critical problem of the current research is to identify the obstacles and challenges facing sustainable tourism development in the studied region.

The research data has been obtained through semi-structured in-depth targeted interviews with 20 local managers, investors, and local residents with expertise. According to theoretical saturation with deep analysis and the adequacy of the codes acquired and also found, new concepts were used in the subsequent interviews with the help of independent coders. The primary research tool is the interview.

The data obtained from the interviews were analyzed by the thematic analysis method. The main themes were identified to analyze the obstacles and challenges of sustainable rural tourism. Based on the data's thematic analysis, 29 basic concepts have been identified that form the basis of the research model. These concepts were divided into seven categories, including policy, infrastructural, organizational, economic, social, environmental, and physical quality, as organizing themes of the research topic.

In this research, according to the themes extracted, the category of sustainable tourism development is a concept that can cover other categories and has an analysis aspect. The interviewees admitted that if policy obstacles are removed in sustainable tourism development, planning, projects, administrative activities, and so on., they will have successful results, and its positive effects will be manifested. People living in the village who use its resources and their life and ways of livelihood are based on the realities and entities of the place. Therefore, it is inevitable to consider all the effective aspects of sustainable tourism, especially management and marketing and the participation of local communities. Due to the phenomenon of sustainable tourism development, it is considered the primary factor and central core of the theme analysis model. Another point that should be noted is that sustainable tourism development is a multi-stakeholder process that includes all stakeholders. All stakeholders should participate in identifying problems and resources of interest in developing and implementing related plans with strategies that bring social تحلیل مضامین موثر بر گردشگری پایدار روستایی…حجاریان | 117 and economic sustainability. With the development of sustainable tourism, one can see its consequences, such as "reducing the migration of local people to the city," "empowering local people," "reducing social harm," and "increasing the level of participation and sense of responsibility and cooperation among residents." "Improving the educational situation," "Improving the population structure," "Reducing the dependence of local people on credits and facilities and government assistance such as subsidies," "Upgrading the infrastructure of tourism and tourism industry," "Rural growth and development," "Improving livelihood local people," "Increasing the quality of products," "Improving economic well-being" and "Moving on the path of sustainable development."

Nowadays, adventure tourism guarantees sustainable tourism precisely because of its proximity to nature and the aim of responsible preservation of natural resources. This research explores the propellant and influencing forces on the development of adventure tourism. A practical, quantitative-qualitative, and exploratory method develops possible scenarios based on the future research approach. Data analysis was done using crass-impact balance analysis and forming a group of experts. The metaphors of headwaters, ponds, deserts, and swamps were presented to draw the vision of scenarios and to describe and predict the future of adventure tourism in 1410. The results of four robust, compatible, and probable scenarios indicate that the narrative of the swamp reveals the instability of the development of adventure tourism in Iran. Iran is very capable of becoming a destination for adventure tourism. Considering the influential role of tourism in the economy and society, corrective and targeted solutions for the sustainable development of tourism are inevitable for a hopeful future.

Risky is the primary feature of adventure tourism. Processing data and information on the sustainable development variables, safety, natural resources, health, adventure activity resources, entrepreneurship, humanitarian, infrastructure, cultural resources, and the image of the adventure brand Adventure Tourism Development Index (ATDI) provide this possibility to by exploring and understanding assemble the course of evolution and the influence of determining factors on the sustainable development of adventure. It provides possession of researchers, policies, beneficiaries, and local communities. Thinking about the future requires specific language and techniques in order to predict the future. Scenarios can express any targeted and planned management in the form of predictable elements and uncertainties. The importance of foresight in the tourism industry has caused scenario-based planning to be referred to as the backbone of tourism (Postma, 2015, p. 46). Adventure tourism is significantly higher than the average growth rate of global tourism (Schott, 2007, p. 264). Kumar & Deshmukh (2022) predict the value of adventure tourism to reach $1,169,095 million by 2028, from $112,227 in 2020, with an annual growth rate of 20%. In this research, we show, by examining the two concepts of sustainable tourism and adventure tourism, that tourism as an intervening activity in the environment has essential effects on destination communities. Iran’s adventure tourism rank and position is a flip to investigate the reasons for inattention to this pioneer industry and to identify and narrate its compatible and probable scenarios.

The future study tries to determine the aims and values, describe the trends, and specify the conditions of realization and situations to draw different pictures of the future and evaluate and select alternative policies and plans. One of the methods of future study is scenario codification, in which two or more different scenarios or texts are usually written about the future of the subject that is most likely to occur. This research is applied, descriptive-analytical, and quantitative-qualitative. Generally, the scenario planning process is based on five steps: identification of context scenarios; recognition of influential factors; analysis of key factors; scenario production; scenario transfer (Kosow & Gaßner, 2008, p. 25). The data is a combination of a bibliographic and systematic review of tourism research in general and adventure tourism in particular. Statistical data processing and expert opinions were done by forming a Delphi panel and completing the mutual effects questionnaire. Variables were collected by examining previous research; the statistical population is the activists, employees, and tourists of the Iranian tourism industry, and the sample size consists of 12 tourism experts and activists, especially adventure tourism. The analysis of exploratory and probable scenarios through Scenario Wizard software deals with possible futures with a horizon of 1410.

The analysis of the findings was completed by using the main stages of future studies by Voros (2005). In this model, field identification and propellant forces have been obtained from the global index of adventure tourism. ATDI 2020 shows the weak position of Iran with a rank of 91 among 163 developing countries (Less than the global average). The three main factors of security and hosting, adventure, and preparation are influential in determining the index; each of these factors includes a set of variables that significantly impact the development of adventure. The Crass-Impact balance analysis method is used in scenario analysis, which is a qualitative technique for analyzing influence networks. Each variable with a range of different current situations was exposed to the four concepts of development, continuity, destruction, and crisis. In the best case, the possible and compatible scenarios obtained from the consensus of experts reflect the continuation of the current situation. Finally, an intense scenario and three scenarios with high compatibility and higher probability of occurrence were presented, indicating the continuation of the current trend and the crisis in the medium-term future. The two propellant forces of sustainable development and the image of the adventure brand form the two heads of the model due to their importance and uncertainty. The metaphors of headwater, pond, desert, and swamp were presented to draw the vision of scenarios and to describe and predict the future of adventure tourism in 1410.

A strong and probable scenario can be realized by predicting the swamp narrative on the horizon of 1410 unless they are replaced by a change in the attitude towards specific tourism, the social participation of the host community in the planning and development process, rational and embodied policies and most importantly, efficient reforms of out of access scenarios. Iran’s geographical conditions and economic and social characteristics are an opportunity for the future of adventure tourism. Educated, professional, and interested audiences accept many of the cultural constraints and barriers of the local community and act responsibly towards cultural resources. In the direction of the research aim, a set of policy, management, and research solutions are presented in this field. This enables tourism policies and planners to answer these two questions in the future, what will we do? Furthermore, how should we do it? Make a decision

The coronavirus pandemis caused many operational challenges for hotel management. In this situation, it became clear that many hotels and accommodation centers do not use performance management systems. On the contrary, they have performance evaluation systems that usually include annual evaluation and review, and there is little alignment between the hotel's performance and its strategic goals. It only focuses on the past performance of the hotel. Therefore, the necessity of identifying suitable criteria for performance management rather than its evaluation is felt in hotels. For this purpose, in this article, criteria for designing the performance management model in hotels with the meta-synthesis method were collected and leveled using the structural-interpretive modeling approach according to the opinion of experts. In this article, 14 criteria have been identified that will help to improve the management of hotel performance in the critical conditions of the corona outbreak and are in line with the essential administrative, strategic, and communication goals, development, and maintenance of hotels. Therefore, they can help address performance management challenges. In the classification of identified criteria, "government policies and leadership skills" were the most effective criteria, and "customer loyalty and reduction of hotel costs" were among the most effective criteria. IntroductionIn recent years, globalization has made the spread of viruses more effective and has created significant challenges for manufacturing and service industries. In 2019, the high infection rate of the coronavirus (COVID-19) and the death rate created a new fear in society as people worried about the negative consequences of this pandemic. Life in the 21st century has become challenging due to the dramatic changes caused by the recent pandemic. The severity of the effects of Covid-19 has caused all industries to face unprecedented economic crises. The hotel and tourism industry has faced many problems due to a sharp reduction in the workforce and tourists, and financial issues arising from it. (Gosling et al., 2020). The problem that exists in this regard is the problems of the hotel industry in the field of performance management and that the expected improvements in performance, responsiveness, transparency, and service quality have not yet occurred as desired; On the other hand, the spread of the coronavirus has fueled the problems in this area. Due to the lack of research, the need for more research in this field is felt.Therefore, the design and expression of a new and innovative model of performance management in such organizations are necessary and undeniable, and the lack of a model for managing the performance of hotels, especially in Yazd, whose historical context has also reached the world record. It is the basis for the formation of this research.

The main goal of this research is to design a performance management framework for hotels in the context of the outbreak of the coronavirus, which can be used to obtain real results from the relationships between performance management criteria. Considering this goal and the research questions mentioned in the problem statement, the current research is exploratory-survey and practical in terms of its purpose. The field of research is organizational performance management in hotels in Yazd province. This research data has been collected in two ways: documentary and survey.This article consists of two parts: first, stating the problem, necessity, and background of the research and identifying performance management criteria in the hotel industry, various sources including books, articles, and other resources available in the field of the research problem have been studied and analyzed by meta-synthesis. Various methods have been presented to perform meta-synthesis, and the seven-stage model of Sandelowski and Barroso has been used in this article.In the second part, the structural-interpretive modeling method is used to design the model of relationships between criteria.

The first part: determining and finalizing the criteria: to extract the criteria systematically, the meta-synthesis method was used.All the criteria in the table above were categorized and provided to research experts. During various meetings, experts reviewed, evaluated, and sometimes combined the criteria. Finally, 14 criteria were agreed upon and entered the next research stage as the final criteria. The final criteria are:Financial ability and hotel facilities (hotel resources); 2. Health and medical preparation in the hotel; 3. Government policies; 4. Leadership and management skills; 5. Hotel marketing actions and strategies; 6. Crisis management; 7. Innovation in providing hotel services and activities; 8. Flexibility in providing new services in the hotel; 9. Identify key performance areas; 10. Transparency in the current affairs of the hotel (creating trust and confidence); 11. Reducing hotel costs; 12. Improving the quality of services provided to hotel guests; 13. Customer loyalty to the hotel; 14. Increase in hotel staff empowerment.The second part: designing a structural-interpretive model of hotel performance management during the corona outbreak; to draw the structural-interpretive model based on the levels of the variables and the final access matrix, a preliminary model was drawn, and the final model was obtained by removing transferability."Decreasing hotel costs" is the highest-level of goal. The goals at a higher level have less influence and are more influenced by the criteria of lower levels. At the lowest level of the model, there are "government policies" and "leadership and management skills." These two criteria act as basic criteria, and the hotel performance management process during corona's outbreak should be one of these criteria. Start and spread to other criteria. 

The results of this research determined that performance management criteria in the hotel industry with the ISM approach are placed at six levels. Whereas the criteria of "government policies and leadership and management skills" were at the lowest level. This means that the factors mentioned above are the basis of hotel performance management during the corona outbreak, and attention to these factors is prioritized for hotel management in critical and special conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to improve hotel management skills and make decisions and plans based on government policies.Also, based on the findings of the Mic-Mac framework, it was determined that the criteria of hotel resources, health and medical preparation in the hotel, marketing measures and strategies, and innovation in the provision of hotel services and activities; have a significant influence on other factors. So hotel managers should pay more attention to them because changes in these criteria affect other performance criteria.