نشریه مهندسی جغرافیایی سرزمین
پیاپی 12 (تابستان 1401)

The issue of intra-regional and inter-regional inequality in many countries is a major challenge to development. This inequality is one of the manifestations of the Third World countries and is due to the economic, social and political conditions of these countries. This study examined the extent of deprivation among urban and rural areas and settlements. This research was compiled as a descriptive-analytical nature of the applied studies and its data was documented. To measure social deprivation, 18 indicators were used, economic deprivation of 20 indicators, and 11 indicators were used for environmental deprivation. The results of the study showed that rural settlements have been deprived of social and economic deprivation more than urban residences, and these settlements are less deprived of urban residences in terms of environmental deprivation. Also, in terms of the combination of deprivation index, which was used as a cluster analysis technique. Provinces of the country were classified into three deprived departments: low, medium and high. According to this analysis, provinces with a lower depreciation level were concentrated in the central and central parts of the country, and these regions comprise the largest urban population, and in contrast, The areas of the average deprivation rate have been the highest in the eastern and western parts of the country, and these provinces have the most rural populations in the country.

The concept of livability is one of the new and emerging concepts in the literature of geography and rural planning that focuses on the ability of place. Currently, the poor living conditions in the rural areas of our country have caused the villages to face many challenges in the economic, social and environmental fields. Consequently, it is necessary to pay attention to the viability of rural settlements. The statistical population of this research is the villages of Sowme Sara county. The aim of this study is to analyze the economic viability of rural settlements in Sowme Sara county by descriptive-analytical method. To achieve this goal, library resources and field studies based on the distribution of questionnaires and interviews with 377 heads of households living in sample villages (20 villages selected by stratified random sampling method) have been used. In order to assess economic viability, five components of employment and income, household expenditure, agricultural status, land and housing value, and tourism status were identified. In this study, one sample t-test analysis, multiple regression and path analysis were used in SPSS software. The results showed that the economic viability is lower than the expected average. Also, the amount of livability is directly affected by the employment and income index (0.422) and tourism index (0.269).

Production of healthy products in the present age is one of the main concerns in the field of agriculture and the food industry. Villages are the main platform for food production and rural women are one of the most important groups influencing this issue.

Due to the demand to produce a healthy product and the important role of rural women in it, in this study, the role of women in villages of Shaft and Soomehsara counties in producing healthy product was studied.

The research method is descriptive-analytical, in data collection, both library and field methods have been used. The obtained data were evaluated by Pearson and Spearman correlation tests in SPSS software.Geographical Context: Shaft and Soomehsara Counties, Guilan Province.

Some Characteristics such as age, number of family members, and income did not significantly affect the role of women in product production. In contrast, rural women are aware of the dangers of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, motivate them to participate in extension classes, increase the motivation to produce a healthy product by holding training courses, increase awareness of producing a healthy product through the use of training publications. And the amount of transfer of experiences in the field of healthy product production to other farmers plays an effective role in healthy production.

According to the research findings, the role of rural women in achieving a healthier product can be considered effective and fundamental.

Urban catalyst is known as one of the important and effective strategies because of its benefits in relation to the inner growth of cities.

The overall and main purpose of the present study is to explain the framework for applying the catalyst strategy in the sustainable regeneration of inefficient urban areas and the practical purpose of the research is to apply the catalyst strategy in the regeneration of Panbehriseh neighborhood.

The present study is based on the purpose of applied-developmental type and in terms of methodological approach is qualitative-quantitative, which has been done in two parts of theoretical and practical studies using descriptive-analytical method and analysis has been done through the SWOT analysis matrix and the quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM).
Geographical Context: Panbehriseh Neighborhood, Qazvin City.

By reviewing previous studies, the theoretical framework of the research has been explained based on physical, social, economic and environmental dimensions, and based on it, other steps of the research including identifying, analysis and presentation of strategies have been done that, in the section of cognition, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Panbehriseh neighborhood have been analyzed in the form of SWOT and with the help of it, catalyst strategies have been expressed. Finally, using QSPM, strategies for sustainable regeneration of textures have been prioritized and presented.

The results obtained from the findings indicate that the inefficiency of a texture depends on various factors that, if identified correctly and in a timely manner, the tissue can be protected from the risk of decline and gradual death. One of the ways to save such tissues is to regenerate them with catalyst strategy, which, with the help of small and large scale stimulus projects, affects sustainable regeneration by restoring dynamism and vitality to inefficient textures. Catalyst strategies and projects derived from them, if implemented properly, can help increase prosperity and development in the neighborhood, and inject dynamism and mobility into the texture. Therefore, catalyst strategies, by defining useful and executive stimulus projects, can play an important role in the sustainable regeneration of inefficient tissues, including the Panbehriseh neighborhood of Qazvin city.

Environmental hazards, such as earthquakes, cause irreparable damages in rural areas. One of the most important damages is social ones. Social resilience can be used to reduce the damage and destructive effects of earthquakes. The present study is descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application and method. In order to collect the required data, two documentary and field methods (questionnaire instrument) have been used. The statistical population of the study is the villages located in Avaj city and the unit of analysis is the heads of households living in the villages. According to the Cochran method, 370 heads have been randomly selected. With the help of villagers and rural managers, after documentary studies, 7 general social indicators and 20 partial indicators in the study area were identified and resilience scores were calculated using the indicators. The results of the study show that the items of unity and cohesion of the local community with an average of 3.76 and the item of educational programs to deal with the occurrence of accidents with an average of 2.11 had the highest and lowest impact on the social resilience of the studied villages, respectively. The villages of Hossein Abad, Shahrbaz and Abdullah Massoud Sofla (0.0149) are in the best and the villages of Milaq, Ek, Yamaq (0.0029) are in the worst level of social resilience. Furthermore, the results of Copras model indicated that 40 villages are in good condition, 24 villages are in medium condition and 38 villages are in unfavorable condition.

Transit is an important part of the underlying economy and the various aspects of political, cultural, social and economic interest of most countries. Today, this industry is one of the most profitable business is the world's resources. Full income from the industry, competition in facilitating countries to increase their contribution in these areas has increased.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic development of urban areas through road transit exchanges (Case study: Sistan).

The present study is an analytical-applied research. The method used in the data collection stage is based on a review of valid external and internal and field sources (questionnaire). Software (SPSS) was used to analyze descriptive and inferential information. The statistical population of the present study includes the residents of Sistan region, which was determined as the sample size using the Cochran's formula (383), which was distributed to the population of any city in the Sistan region
Geographical Context: Includes 5 township of Sistan region (Zabol, Zahak, Hirmand, Nimroz and Hamoon), in the north of Sistan and Baluchestan province.

The results of prioritizing the variables of economic development of Sistan region (income generation and employment) through road transit exchanges using the coefficient of change showed that the variables (prosperity of effective business activities) and (creating demand for regional products (agricultural and non-agricultural) and others Processing products) have the strongest and weakest scales, respectively. In this study, the correlation between economic factors Sistan and increase transit exchanges, the Pearson correlation coefficient showed that, between all independent variables (factors) with a positive and significant relationship between the transit exchanges at the level of %99. Finally, regression analysis, showed that increased transit trade as the dependent variable 20 economic components Sistan region as independent variables has a direct relationship.

The results showed that transit exchanges have led to the prosperity of effective trade activities, the attraction and employment of local natives and the establishment of production units and the expansion of border exchanges in the cities of Sistan region.

Air pollution, especially in the two pollutants of suspended particles less than 2.5 microns and sulfur dioxide, is one of the important problems of large and industrial cities of Iran, including in Tehran, especially in the cold half of the year, which affects the health and comfort of citizens.

The severity and weakness of air pollution in Tehran is related to climatic patterns and the dominance of air masses over the city of Tehran.

By following the air pollution during the year 2019, this research investigated the pollutant variables on a monthly, daily and hourly basis for 4 districts 2, 5, 9 and 18 of Tehran city in five pollution measurement stations and based on three climate scenarios: effect of stability, instability and inversion, separate clean and polluted days and investigate the role of air masses dominating the city for both conditions. To better understand the relationship between the weather patterns governing the study area, atmospheric conditions at 1000 and 500 millibar levels, as well as the earth's surface map, have been analyzed. Air pressure, temperature, rain and wind are the elements that have been investigated. Pollutant measurement data were obtained from stations located in the four districts of Tehran municipality and from the air quality control company affiliated to Tehran municipality, and meteorological data were obtained from the country's meteorological organization, and finally, radiosonde data from Mehrabad station were used for the inversion study.
Geographical Context: the area of study in this research is Tehran and its 4 municipal zones 2, 5, 9 and 18.

The research results show that the air quality of the study area has a strong dependence on the development of the geopotential ridge in the middle troposphere, the absence of wind blowing at a significant speed on the surface of the earth, the extreme stability of the air and the creation of a dynamic inversion layer or subsidence at high altitude. In other words, periods of air pollution intensity are related to weak pressure gradient, calm wind, air subsidence and temperature inversion.

Finally, during severe and critical pollution, high-pressure air dominates the city surface and the air is stable, and the wind either does not exist or is less than 3 meters per second, which does not have the power to purify the air. In the defined scenarios, the presence of strong wind (over 6 meters per second) is the best solution for having clean air, and rainfall is effective in removing pollution only when it rains heavily and for a long time.

Due to the diversity and complexity of tourists' motivations, regular surveys of tourism destinations are considered necessary to help the needs and interests of travelers. Therefore, awareness of tourists' behavior and interests is also effective in marketing and can increase visitors to natural tourism products.

In the present study, the motivation and purpose of ecotourists and the role of advertising methods in increasing tourist attraction have been investigated.

To do this, 42 questionnaires were distributed among tourists. The validity of the questionnaire (49 items) was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test for advertising, motivational and cognitive-social index equal to 0.855, 0.892 and 0.918, respectively, and was determined to be good and excellent. Then, using factor analysis by principal component method and rotation by Varimax method, the questions of advertising, motivational and cognitive-social indicators were placed in 5, 6 and 3 components, respectively.Geographical Context: This research has been conducted in Iran by collecting questionnaires completed by domestic ecotourists.

Therefore, the first to fifth priorities of the advertising index "Internal Information Centers", "Area Identification Map", "Other Cases", "Tourism Guide" and "Road Sign", the first to sixth priority of the Motivational Index "Walking opportunities, mountains Hiking and diving "," Rest and comfort "," Nature experience "," Wildlife observation "," Visiting one of the symbolic places of Iran "and" Proximity to the place of residence ", and finally the first to third components of the cognitive-social index "Interest in obtaining information from ecotourism areas", "Satisfaction with watching protected areas / no hunting" and "Advertising for marketing ecotourism areas".

According to the knowledge gained from the type of advertising, it should be said that the use of the mentioned advertising media as well as emerging media in cyberspace such as Telegram, Instagram, etc., provides the necessary grounds for advertising indoor nature areas and Prevents currency from leaving the country. Also, introducing suitable places by considering the tastes and interests of tourists, as well as the extent of tourists' knowledge of the concept of ecotourism and the ultimate goal of their visit to these areas can be effective in formulating comprehensive tourism policies and programs.

Mountains and mountain systems become one of the tourism destinations having with diverse of features topographic and geographical, biological, climate, cultural and social features with high oxygen content, suitable temperature, favorable relative humidity and sophisticated landscapes. The purpose of the research, investigating and identifying of the mountain tourism potential of the city of kermanshah. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data analysis was performed using the SWOT model. The results showed that the average score for the total internal factors (strength) is 3.1 and the final weight is 1.15, the mean of total internal factors (weakness) is 1.37 and the final weight is 0.634. This indicates the high impact of the strong points in the development of the mountain tourism potential of the city of kermanshah. The average of the total external factors (opportunity) is 1.46 and the final weight is 0.54. The average of the total external factors (threat) is 1.34 and the final weight is 0.824. Paraw has great strengths and opportunities that can be influenced by strategies that influence the mountain environment in order to strengthen its growth potential.

The present study aims to provide an integrated urban policy model and its role in the reconstruction of dysfunctional contexts by descriptive-analytical method based on documentary-survey sources. The statistical population includes experts of six policy-making bodies in the field of regeneration in Khorramabad (Municipality, Roads and Urban Development, Cultural Heritage, Improvement and Renovation Organization, General Directorate of Endowments and General Directorate of Crisis Management) and some university professors and citizens living in dysfunctional context in the city. Khorramabad, where a total of 30 people (5 from each urban policymaker) were selected as the sample size. The instrument used was a researcher-made questionnaire of 24 questions in a range of five Likert options. The reliability of the data was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.843. Structural equation modeling was used to measure the data. The results of the analysis of the path coefficient showed that among the urban policy-making bodies and the effect on the re-creation of Khorramabad, the most impact is related to the actions of the Road and Urban Development Administration and the least impact is due to the actions taken by the General Administration. In other words, it can be said that after the Road and Urban Development Administration, the Improvement and Renovation Organization, the Municipality, Cultural Heritage and Tourism, the General Directorate of Crisis Management and the Endowment and Charity Administration are in the next ranks of influence.

To examine the landslide hazard in the area under study, Khanian (located in the West of Mazandaran province and Southeast of Tonekabon), AHP and ANP methods were used. Ten layers including lithology, distance from fault, slope, Aspect, Elevation, land use, distance to road, rainfall, distance to river, and Density of springs are considered as effective factors on the occurrence of landslide.. Study results showed that ANP is more accurate than AHP. Because prioritizing the effective factors in ANP is more sensible and acceptable; meanwhile, concerning the effective factors on landslide in ANP, land slope, land use, and lithology are the most significant factors on landslide development. As, ANP makes it possible to compare the sub criteria. This is also proved by field visits. However, results of AHP reveals that lithology and land use play the most important role in landslide occurrence and its expansion in the area under study and other factors indeed control and intensify the other two factors.

Ecotourism resorts have been established in different villages of the country for several years and are supported by the responsible organizations. On the other hand, the problems of urbanization and nature-friendly nature of man, draws him to nature and quiet areas.Objective of this research: The purpose of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of constructing eco-lodges in Goodarzi district of Boroujerd city.The research method is descriptive-analytical survey that has collected the necessary information with the help of a questionnaire. The statistical population includes 1745 families from the indigenous people of Vanai and Karkikhan villages in Goodarzi rural district of Lorestan province, whose sample size is considered to be 322 people by Cochran's formula. Sampling involves the method of systematic random sampling.

The research findings show that the construction of ecotourism accommodation economically (with an average of 3.22), social and cultural (with an average of 3.09) and physical (with an average of 3.13) leads to the development of rural tourism in the village. . The findings also show that demographic imbalances and social anomalies and environmental problems are among the negative effects of eco-lodges. It was further found that 5 components of job creation (with a weight of 31.293), increase in production and income (with a weight of 15.663), strengthening local identity (with a weight of 11.118), improving the attitude and awareness of the community (with a weight of 9.480) ) physical-architecture (weighing 6.855) are among the effective components in the development of eco-lodges

Religious tourism is one of the most important and prosperous branches of the tourism industry that has had significant effects on various aspects of societies, especially their economics. ا
Aim of the research: The purpose of this article is to introduce and identify religious places and the optimal use of these religious places in order to develop tourism in the city of Rasht.
Research

This article uses a descriptive-analytical method with field studies and statistical population of all residents of Rasht and includes tourism experts, endowment organization, municipality, housing and urban planning, literate people living on the outskirts of religious places. According to Cochran's formula, n = 384 people were selected. The measurement tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, in order to obtain residents' views on the mentioned components, a one-sample t-test was used.
Geographical area of ​​research: Rasht is a city in Gilan province and all its religious places.

Documentary and field studies show that there are many religious places in Rasht that with proper planning and proper publicity can increase the income of city dwellers and the employment of some unemployed youth in this city.

The results obtained from the analysis of various components related to religious tourism such as advertising, city development, barriers, participation, economic dimension, spiritual dimension and capabilities in the city of Rasht show that there is a significant difference between respondents to different options of items. has it.

Today, natural disasters threaten human societies more than ever, which, if left unchecked and unprepared, will cause irreparable damage to human life, including residential areas and other economic, social, institutional and physical-environmental dimensions. As a result, communities take a variety of approaches to reduce the impact of natural disasters.

This article was conducted with the aim of measuring and evaluating the social, economic and institutional components of resilience in the town of Miyanabad, Eslamshahr.

According to the objectives of the research and the studied components, the type of research is applied and the study method is descriptive-analytical. The sampling method was randomly selected and the statistical population size was selected with Cochran model with an error level of 5% of 381 people. Structural equation modeling in SPSS and SMART PLS software has been used to analyze the collected information and data.Geographical area of research: The area of this research is Mianabad town of Eslamshahr.Findings and

The results showed that the resilience of Miyanabad town in Eslamshahr is low in terms of social, economic and institutional components. Among the studied criteria, the knowledge variable has the highest average (2.9218) and the lowest rate of standard deviation (0.18715). On the other hand, the variable has the ability to return to working conditions with the lowest average (2.5652) and higher standard deviation (0.57549) Has other research variables that need the attention of city officials and managers to promote resilience in Mianabad town.

Ecotourism is one of the new approaches in tourism development, especially in rural areas of Gilan province. its countless natural capacities, rich customs, handicrafts, etc. One of the most important and tangible effects of the emergence of ecotourism residences in any place is its economic effects and now the abundant income of this activity in many countries of the world has encouraged people to invest in this sector. In the present study with the functional goal, aim is investigating and analyzing the role of ecotourism residences in the rural economy of Rasht city, which has ecotourism residences with more than one year of activity (12 residences). The research method is descriptive-analytical and data collection was done by a questionnaire from rural managers and the local community. After identifying and reviewing the two components of employment and income promotion (20 variables) and maintaining production capacity and business prosperity (19 variables) and during the indexing process, it was determined that the index of creating new job opportunities for women has the highest average and investing in plants Medicine and traditional medicine have the lowest average, which means that the establishment of eco-tourism residence in the city of Rasht, has had the greatest impact on women's employment. Also, with the help of regression analysis, it was found that ecotourism residence has been more effective on the index of employment and income promotion of rural residents than the index of maintaining production capacity and business prosperity.