مجله توسعه علوم انسانی
پیاپی 6 (پاییز و زمستان 1401)

In this paper the major determinants of development of different branches of sciences and Humanities in Europe as a result of transition from the Middle Ages into Renaissance for demystification and secularization of sciences to be used for human welfare and freedom of thought are briefly discussed. Also, as the result of Western secularization of sciences and humanities some major epistemological conceptual changes are proposed for development by some philosophers. The results of these conceptual changes are briefly discussed with reference to proposals brought up by one Canadian and one Iranian philosophers. As a result of the development of new branches of sciences during secularization period several industrial revolutions brought some positive social changes and welfare in people’s daily life. Since the new branches of sciences and humanities during secularization period were based on experimental evidence, some epistemological and methodological changes have been made in different fields of sciences in order to bring welfare and positive changes in people’s daily life. Besides several industrial revolutions during the process of secularization, there have been two major epistemological revolutions in areas of human sciences with emphasis on the function of language learning in our human cognitive development since the second half of the 20th century. The first cognitive revolution was critical of behavioral approaches in linguistics and psychology which was basically rooted in the analysis of behavior. With respect to methodological and philosophical approaches, the first cognitive revolution was based on symbolic logic and analytical philosophy but the second cognitive revolution was critical of symbolic logic and analytic philosophy. It was claimed that language is basically an embodied epistemological system for major cognitive activities. Therefore, language as a major cognitive system to be learned was meant to be used for cognitive activities and freedom of expression.

Cooperation is the cornerstone of social life. Lack of cooperation would lead to a wide range of social, moral, cultural and economic disasters. Altruistic punishment is found to be the major strategy to maintain and to encourage people to adhere to cooperation. The aim of the present study was to separate altruistic punishment from other seemingly similar forms of behavior. For the purpose of study, 60 male students of Shahid Beheshti University participated, were recruited. Their performance at both Dictator Game (DG) and Ultimatum Game (UG) where assessed in a computerized setting. Generally, %75 of participants rejected unfair offers in UG; whilst the same number of participants behaved unfairly in DG. Only, %25 of participants rejected unfair offers in the UG and acted fairly in the DG, which is considered an altruistic punishment. About %50 of participants rejected unfair offers in the UG, but they acted unfairly in the DG. This pattern of behavior is defined as spiteful punishment, which is a form of antisocial punishment. Eventually, %25 of participants accepted the unfair offers in the UG and behaved unfairly in the DG. This behavior pattern shows individual profit seeking at the cost of accepting injustice. A pattern that has not been reported in other studies so far. Although rejecting any unfair offer in the UG cannot be interpreted as altruistic punishment. However, the low rate of this behavior pattern in contrast to the high rate of spiteful punishment predicts a growing lack of social cooperation because the minority of people who behave cooperatively, gradually learn that cooperation is not beneficial. Instead, those who behave selfishly, monopolistically and profit-seeking, get a lot of advantages. In this way, individual profit-seeking surpasses cooperation and becomes the dominant paradigm. This situation is the bane of social life.

The biggest challenge of the developing countries is preparing to cooperate and compete with global manufacturers in domestic and foreign markets. Since in today’s era, the domestic industry is relying more and more on transnational connections, it is necessary for developing countries to find a way to have an effective presence in the globalized economy. The transfer of technology, which is one of the necessities of upgrading the production base and competitiveness base of the national economy in the current era, will help developing countries to actively participate in the international arena. Therefore, discovering the most important effective factors in the efficiency of imported technologies in order to create sufficient conditions for alliance with foreign companies and to carry out industrial activities with high added value, as an important issue in the fate of development, needs to be investigated. Based on the evidence available in Iran’s economy, the incomplete and insufficient formation of enterprises and learning organizations has led to a decrease in the country’s ability to produce complex and manufacturing-oriented products that play an important role in determining the country’s political and economic position in international interactions. This research has been done with the analytical descriptive method and using the theoretical apparatus of political settlement and developmentalist government. Based on the findings of the article, factors such as a strong and independent bureaucratic system, the rule of law, community-based autonomy and the structure of enterprises, play an effective role in preventing unproductive activities and forming dynamic organizational capabilities and internalizing imported technology.

Universities and higher education institutions are facing significant changes in the 21st century. In addition to teaching and research, they also try to empower students for working spaces. With the comprehensive development and application of information and communication technology, the ability and capability of the workforce to use these technologies as much and better as possible is an undeniable necessity. In this century, jobs in all sectors of society have adapted to information and communication technologies. In terms of employment, the expansion of information technology has led to the increasing growth of the information sector as compared with the production sector. It seems that the main task of people is to create, process and work with information. For this reason, we see the growth rate of the information workforce, the superiority of information jobs and the shift in the distribution of jobs. The aim of the current research is to review previous studies to identify the dominant competencies and values for the workforce in the 21st century. Two methods involve Systematic Literature Review and Thematic Analysis were used in this research. At first, related studies were retrieved and screened; then, all the factors and themes related to the technological competencies of the workforce were identified and extracted. In the next step, these factors were categorized in two categories including main categories and sub categories. The main themes are: information management, participation, creativity, critical thinking, problem solving, moral awareness, cultural awareness, self-direction, lifelong learning, and attitude.

One of the main areas of innovation in financial institutions is the New Service Development (NSD), which is in the field of theoretical and practical knowledge of marketing management. From the point of view of marketing management, the design and delivery of new services in organizations should be according to the systematic process of NSD in order to have a successful performance in the market and lead to the development of the financial sector of the economy. The purpose of this research is to provide a model for the successful development of new services in investment banks and brokerages that operate in the Tehran Stock Exchange. This research is a qualitative research and has been done with the theme analysis method in the framework of the interpretive paradigm. The statistical population of the research is the managers of investment banks and brokerages. The sample members were selected by snowball sampling and have the experience of participating in the development of new financial tools and services in the mentioned companies. The research data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and then analyzed to identify the patterns in them. The final output of data analysis was drawn in the form of a thematic network, which includes 22 basic themes, 4 organizing themes (requirements, strategies, steps and results) around a global theme (financial NSD process). The findings show that the successful development of a new financial service has “requirements” such as knowledge of the jurisprudence and legal environment, competitive intelligence. Market research, and managers should adopt “strategies” such as localization of services and innovation in financial technologies to go through “stages” such as idea generation, marketing testing and internal marketing in order to obtain “results” such as increasing revenues, promoting the company’s brand, expanding the customer network and developing the financial sector of the economy.

Today, soft skills are the most important skills that paying attention to improving them in organization’s human resources is highly recommended along with technical skills. Being clear about the positive reasons and consequences of developing the soft skills for human resources in public organizations, makes managers more diligent and serious to do this work. The current research was conducted to identify the reasons and necessities of soft skills learning & development for human resources in public organizations. Based on this, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 experts, and content analysis was performed. Then, the findings validity of the content analysis was calculated using the Delphi method and descriptive statistics, and was confirmed by reaching the maximum consensus of the panelists participating in the study. Finally, the reasons and necessities of soft skills learning & development for human resources in public organizations were calculated with two main themes, four sub-themes and ten codes. The results indicate the necessity of soft skills learning & development for human resources in public organizations due to obvious weakness signs of public organizations in the field of soft skills learning and developing and using the positive individual and organizational results obtained from the development of these skills in the organization.