نشریه بوم شناسی کشاورزی
سال چهاردهم شماره 4 (زمستان 1401)

Introduction:

  Food and Agriculture Organization of the united nations (FAO) stated potato as a product supplier in the world's future food security and Iran with an annual production of 5 million tons of potatoes ranked eleventh in the world's total production. Future climate change may have strong influence on field crops including potato and evaluation of these effects is of great importance. Crop simulation models are known as powerful tools to study crop responses to the future climatic scenarios. However, such models should be calibrated and validated for local conditions before using in climatic studies at regional scale. WOFOST (WOrld FOod STudies) is a well- known crop simulation model and during the past two decades has been widely used in various studies. Simulation method of WOFOST is based on leaf photosynthesis and the assimilates are converted to dry matter of different plant organs using specific conversion factors, after subtraction of the calculated values of maintenance and growth respiration. The model also simulated phenological stages of crop based on accumulated degree days. For simulation of potential yield WOFOST inputs are daily weather data and crop specific parameters. In previous studies WOFOST model was calibrated for several crops such as wheat, corn and sugar beet in different parts of Iran but not for potato. The aim of this study was to calibrate and statistically validate the WOFOST model for predicting phenology and tuber yield of potato under potential growth conditions in different climatic regions of Iran.

Yield, phenological and weather data of major potato production regions of Iran (Hamedan, Ardabil, Isfahan, Ghorveh, Shiraz, Jiroft, Mashhad, Gorgan and Dezful) covering wide range of climatic conditions were collected from official databases and field observations for 5 years (2010-2014). The model was calibrated under potential production conditions for semi-late varieties (e.g. Agria) with the dataset of 3 years and the remaining 2-year data was used for model validation. Calibration was conducted using FSEOPT sub-program which optimizes the model parameters with the lowest deviation between measured and simulated yield and phenological variables.Predicted results of yield and phenological stages were tested against observed values during model validation. The model performance was statistically evaluated using coefficient of determination (R2), t-test, root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean squareerror (RMSEn), maximum error (ME) and coefficient of efficiency (E).

During the ccalibration, fewmodel parameters and functions including thermal time from emergence to initiation of flowering (TSUM1), thermal time from initiation of flowering to maturity (TSUM2), specific leaf area as a function of development stage (SLATB), lower threshold temperature for ageing of leaves (TBASE), maximum leaf CO2 assimilation rate as a function of development stage of the crop (AMAXTB) and air temperature affecting photosynthetic rate (TMPFTB) was amended. It should be noted that for regions with cold summers such as Ardabil, Oromieh or Sarab TSUM2 was set at 1580 °Cd which is relatively lower than 1789 °Cd used for other parts of the country. Validation of model with independent data showed a great compliance of simulation results with field observations. Average simulated tuber yield over all regions and the studied period was 52061 kg ha-1 that was reasonably close to the mean observed potato tuber yield of 50650 kg ha-1 and the same was obtained for phenological variables. RMSE for tuber yield was 2933 kg ha-1 and for time to emergence, flowering and physiological maturity were estimated as 1.6, 3.2 and 6.4 days, respectively. RMSEn for phenological stages such as days to emergence, flowering, physiological maturity and tuber yield were 9.5, 8.3, 5.6 and 5.8%, respectively showing good model accuracy.

Based on the results the WOFOST model will be able to simulate the yield and phenological stages of potato with an acceptable performance at different regions of Iran. The calibrated model can be successfully used for climate change impact studies and yield gap analysis of potato under wide range of climatic conditions over country. However, it seems that the model should be also assessed for other potato cultivars with different growth habits.

Introduction :

 The increasing use of medicinal plants and their products has highlighted the role of these plants in the global economic cycle. As its increasing consumption is not only allocated to developing countries, but also is one of the important health factors in developed countries. The aim of this study was to zoning areas prone to cultivation of medicinal plant species and using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model in Qom province.

  For this study, by screening the criteria and options, 9 criteria were selected, include: (Elevation, Slope, Absolute maximum annual temperature, Absolute minimum annual temperature, Soil texture, Depth of soil, EC water, Access to water resources and Land use) and 7 options include: Thymus vulgaris, Lavandula angustifolia, Maticaria chamomilla, Melissa officinalis, Aloysia citrodora, Foeniculum vulgare and Rosmarinus officinalis. Using AHP model, the weight of each criterion was determined by pairwise comparison between them based on questionnaire information with a mismatch rate of 0.01 and using Expert Choice software. According to the weight assigned to each of the nine layers in the weighting stage in the AHP model, in the ArcGIS software environment in each of the layers, applied through the Weighted overlay algorithm and also for Operation Assurance The Raster Calculator algorithm was used to overlap the layers and the zoning map of Qom province in terms of areas prone to cultivation of medicinal plants was prepared for each of the 7 species of medicinal plants. The final map was classified into four categories or constraint classes, including: No constraints, low to medium constraints, medium to high constraints and high constraints.

  Water shortage crisis is a threat; but by changing the cultivation pattern, it can be turned into an opportunity. Due to the hot and dry climate in the region, the cultivation of medicinal plants in areas such as Qom where the environmental and climatic conditions are stressful, can be much more suitable than the cultivation of cropsfrom an economic point of view. It is also cost-effective and has more added value. On the other hand, lack of complete knowledge about the various aspects of planting, holding and harvesting of medicinal plants from a scientific and technical point of view and the lack of a stable and reliable market for selling herbal medicinal products and continuous interaction between producers and consumers are some of the problems in this sector. The results showed that among the zoning criteria, the highest weight belonged to the EC water criterion with 30.3% and the lowest weight belonged to the land slope criterion with 3%. Is. According to the results obtained from the weighting of zoning criteria, in which more than half of the weight of 9 criteria belong to 2 criteria related to water, namely EC water with 30.3% and access to water resources with 23.3%. Percentage can be attributed to the importance and special position of water (both qualitatively and quantitatively) for the cultivation of medicinal plant species in the region in question, namely Qom province, where the predominant climate is arid and desert areas. After the production of zoning maps, it was found that in total, for areas susceptible to cultivation of 7 studied medicinal plant species, on average: 8.66% of the area in the first floor (without restrictions), 6.38 Percent is located in the 2nd floor (low to medium limit), 12.71% is in the 3rd floor (medium to high limit) and 71.97% is in the 4th floor (high limit).

  The results showed that among the zoning criteria for areas susceptible to cultivation of medicinal plant species in Qom province, the highest weight belonged to the EC water criterion with 30.3% and the lowest weight belonged to the land slope criterion with 3%. After generating the zoning maps, it was found that in total, for areas susceptible to cultivation of 7 studied medicinal plant species, on average: 8.66% of the area in the first floor (without restrictions), 6.38 Percent is located in the 2nd floor (low to medium limit), 12.71% is in the 3rd floor (medium to high limit) and 71.97% is in the 4th floor (high limit).

Crop residue management is one of the main pillars of production in agriculture and in the long run plays an important role in increasing or decreasing crop yields. Adequate amount of potassium sulfate fertilizer in the soil modulates the osmotic pressure in the soil. in this way, the plant's ability to withstand drought increases. Due to the fact that sour tea is one of the most important medicinal plants in Sistan, so it needs more study and research. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of tillage systems combined with crop residue management and application of potassium fertilizer on yield and some physiological characteristics of sour tea in Sistan climate.

In order to investigate the effect of tillage systems with crop residue management and application of potassium fertilizer on yield and some physiological characteristics of sour tea, an experiment was conducted in the research farm of zabol university agricultural research institute in 2018-2019 as a split plot-factorial in the form of complete block design. randomization was performed in three replications. experimental factors including tillage systems at three levels without tillage, reduction tillage (disc) and conventional tillage (plow + disc) as the main factor and the combination of plant residues at three levels (zero, 30 and 60%) with potassium sulfate fertilizer at three levels (no fertilizer, 75 and 150 kg  ha-1) were considered as secondary factors. measurements were: economic yield, biological yield, harvest index, chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids and protein.  statistical analysis of data was done with SAS software version 9.1 and mean comparison with duncan test was conducted at 5%.

The results showed that the use of tillage systems and their interaction on the studied characteristics were significant, However, plant residue treatments and their interaction on the studied characteristics except harvest index and anthocyanin were significant, Potassium sulfate treatment and its interaction on the studied properties except harvest index and flavonoids were significant. The highest economic yield of sour tea was equal to 3221.7 kg  ha-1 in the reduced tillage system with 60% of crop residues and 150 kg  ha-1 of potassium sulfate and The highest amount of sepal anthocyanin was obtained from conventional tillage treatment and combined use of 30% residues and 75 kg  ha-1 of potassium sulfate and Conventional tillage and combined use of 30% residues and 75 kg  ha-1 of potassium sulfate increased chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids. Also, non-tillage and conventional tillage treatments increased the amount of flavonoids and protein at the branches. The results of comparing the means of interaction of tillage systems with crop residue management and application of potassium sulfate show that the highest increase in chlorophyll a and carotenoid content of conventional tillage is + 30% of crop residues and 75 kg  ha-1 of potassium sulfate And the highest increase in chlorophyll b was the simultaneous use of conventional tillage + 60% of crop residues and 150 kg  ha-1 of potassium sulfate. the highest amount of protein was related to conventional tillage treatment with zero percent of crop residues and potassium sulfate, the results of comparing the means on the interaction of the treatments showed that the simultaneous application of no-till treatment with zero percent of crop residues and potassium had the best effect on the amount of flavonoids.

The results indicate that the effect of tillage systems combined with crop residue management and application of potassium sulfate in increasing quantitative and qualitative characteristics has had the best results. Under conservation tillage, by reducing tillage operations and maintaining a sufficient amount of plant residues in the soil surface, while improving soil structure and increasing water efficiency and nutrient efficiency, that increased quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Despite the dry climate in the country and the limitations and shortages of water and reducing soil fertility on the one hand and increasing environmental pollution on the other hand, the need to use conservation agricultural systems to maintain yield and stability and ultimately stability and balance of environmental factors is necessary it seems.

Nitrogen (N), an essential nutrient for growth and development of plants, is added to agricultural fields to boost crop yields, however, its applications limited in the aquatic ecosystems due to leaching. Accordingly, accelerated surface water eutrophication, and public health issues due to consumption of contaminated groundwater have been linked to enrichment of excess use of N that can be lost to the environment through leaching to the groundwater. These losses can be reduced by adoption of appropriate methods or best management practices, that increase the accessibility of N for plant use, enhance plants’ N uptake ability, and match nutrient applications with agronomic needs. Thus, improving N use efficiency through a combination of agronomic and soil management methods is critical for crop profitability and environmental management.One way to improve the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer application and reduce its losses is the simultaneous use of organic and biological fertilizers along with chemical fertilizers. There are several ways to increase soil organic matter, but the most of these materials are not resistant to microbial decomposition and decompose quickly and lost from the soil. Biochar is one of the types of organic fertilizers, which is resistant to microbial decomposition.Biochar can affect chemical and biological N reactions in the soils. Biochar increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), influence nitrification rates and adsorption of ammonia, and improve NH+ accumulation by enhancing cation exchange capacity in soils.Nitration ofgroundwater due to improper use of chemical fertilizers and high leaching of nitrogen fertilizers and also low efficiency of nitrogen application in flood irrigation of rice, indicates the need for alternate management methods in rice cultivation, including changing irrigation methods and fertilizers types. The use of biochar fertilizer along with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in rice irrigation rotation can be a good solution to reduce the mentioned problems.

Materials and Methods :

This research was conducted at the research fields of the Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University (SANRU) in 2017. The experimental site is located at 36º 39ʹ42ʺ N latitude and 53º03´54ʺ E longitude with -11 m above sea level. Soil samples were taken from depths of 0-30 cm before land preparation. The experiment was done in split split plot arrangement based a complete randomized blocks design with three replications. Two irrigation regimes (flooding and irrigation regimes) was the main plot. Nine fertilizers levels (100% of recommended nitrogen or N100, N100+ 10 ton biochar or biochar 10, N100+ biochar 20, N75, N75+ biochar 10, N100+ biochar 20, N50, N50+ biochar 10 and N100+ biochar 20) and seedling inoculation with Azospirillum lipoferum (without inoculation was also included as control) were sub and sub sub plots, respectively.

Results showed that biochar and nitrogen fertilizers, irrigation methods and also seedling inoculation with bacteria had significant effects on NUE, the amount of nitrogen and protein in the rice grains. Mean comparison of combination effects showed that consumption of 20 tons of biochar along with N50 or N75 had the greatest effect on NUE and the amount of nitrogen and protein in the grain, and the lowest amount of these traits was recorded in plots with N100 and no application of biochar. On the other hand, the highest level of nitrogen efficiency indices was obtained when 20 tons of biochar applied with N50 or N75 while the lowest amount of nitrogen use efficiency indices was obtained by using N100 and no biochar consumption.

 It seems that biochar improves nitrogen uptake by the rice plant by maintaining nitrogen in the soil and consequently increases the concentration of nitrogen in the grains and rice plants organs. There was no similar trend for effect of biochar on nitrogen uptake when fertilizer application rates increased.

Salinity is one of the most important environmental stresses that affect crop production. In all areas where irrigation is essential for crop production, soil salinity is inevitable . This phenomenon has gradually become a major problem in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Among the strategies to deal with abiotic stresses are the development of salinity tolerant cultivars, crop rotation, genetic modification, use of appropriate organic and chemical fertilizers. Quinoa is a promising species of halophyte that has the potential to become a crop. Quinoa, scientifically known as Chenopodium quinoa willd, is a dicotyledonous plant belonging to the Chenopodiaceae family of spinach and is often self-pollinating. Salinity stress has great effects on plant growth, seed quality and grain yield even in saline plants such as quinoa. Due to plant growth salinity, total grain yield, number of seeds, fresh and dry weight of seeds are reduced. Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for plant growth. Nitrogen fertilizers play an essential role in increasing yield as well as improving grain quality. Quinoa needs a lot of soil nitrogen and the use of nitrogen fertilizer is very important for crop growth during the vegetative growth period of quinoa.Quinoa cultivation, especially by using drainage in the southern regions of Iran as a salinity-resistant crop, will lead to diversification of crops, sustainable production, and increase farmers' incomes and food security. Considering that agriculture and supply of nitrogen required by the plant is very important in order to increase crop production with optimal yield, the amount of fertilizer used and also the appropriate cultivar need to be investigated and a step to determine the best cultivar and the best level of nitrogen fertilizer and its effect on yield, yield components, grain protein concentration and efficiency of nitrogen application under irrigation conditions of sugarcane fields in the south of Khuzestan province.

This research was carried out in field conditions in the 97th crop year in Mirza Kuchak Khan Sugarcane Cultivation and Industry Company in the form of split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Factors include urea fertilizer at four levels: 0 (control), 75, 150, 225 kg / ha) as the main factor and two quinoa cultivars (Titi Kaka: V1 and Gizavan: V2) as the secondary factor in Was considered.

The results showed that the interaction of nitrogen and cultivar on leaf area index, number of inflorescences per plant, grain yield, biological yield and grain protein were significant. The highest plant height, stem diameter and leaf area index belonged to 225 kg N / ha. The highest grain yield in Gizavan cultivar (2363 kg / ha) was obtained at the level of 150 kg N / ha and then decreased, but in Titi Kaka cultivar the highest grain yield (2372 kg / ha) was obtained at the level of 225 kg N / ha. Obtained and the reaction was linearly reduced to the highest level of nitrogen fertilizer. The highest amount of grain protein was observed in Gizavan cultivar with application of 150 kg N / ha, which was 138% higher than the control treatment. Based on the obtained results, Gizavan Quinoa cultivar can be a very suitable choice for saline and low-yield fields in the south of Khuzestan province.

According to the results of the study, increasing the application of nitrogen fertilizer increased the yield and yield components and grain nitrogen. Application of 150 kg nitrogen per hectare in Gizavan cultivar with an average yield of 2.36 tons per hectare in the climate of southern Khuzestan province along with the application of drainage from sugarcane cultivation produced the highest grain yield. Quinoa due to its high genetic diversity and adaptation to different climates, high nutritional value and high efficiency of resource use, can be a suitable plant for the use of unconventional soil and water resources in the south of Khuzestan province. It is recommended that future tests be performed on quinoa at different locations with different cropping methods and other fertilizer levels to ensure that the results are relatively consistent over time.

The agricultural sector accounts for 70% of fresh water and about 30% of the world's total energy consumption through food production and supply chain. Water, energy and food are three basic interrelated sources of human health, as water and energy are vital to food production. In recent centuries, increasing pressure due to scarcity of resources and increasing demand for food and ultimately environmental pollution necessitates the need for optimal management of water, energy and food. In this regard, this study was conducted Analysis of Water and Energy Consumption and Environment Impacts of Agricultural Production in Miandarband Plain.

The present study was conducted using a quantitative approach for wheat, barley, maize-grain, canola, tomato and potato crops. The statistical population was 1676 farmers that according to Krejcie and Morgan table, 315 farmers were selected using stratified random sampling. A researcher-made questionnaire and secondary data of the Meteorological Organization of Iran were used to collect information. In order to calculate the amount of energy consumed by the studied products, first the input and output energies of the products were measured and then converted to their equivalent energy. Input energy in food production systems is both direct and indirect. To calculate the water consumption by each product, two elements of green and blue water of the products were calculated. The amount of greenhouse gas emissions for the inputs of the studied products was calculated using CO2, N2O and CH4 emission coefficients for different inputs.

The research results showed the dominant crops production in the region consumes 50,827 m3 ha-1 of water; Potato (11440 m3 ha-1) and maize-grain (10492 m3 ha-1) consume the most water. The total energy consumption was 975608.50 MJ ha-1; the highest input energy consumption is related to potato (25%), maize-grain (22%) and tomato (15%). Chemical fertilizers, diesel fuel and water for irrigation used the most energy in the agricultural sector. Total CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions were 3729.79, 152.05 and 0.293 kg ha-1, respectively and total Global Warming Potential, 50872. 52 kg CO2eq; that tomato with emissions of 15592.48 and barley with emissions of 3279.88 kg CO2eq, had the highest and lowest share. According to the results, the amount of water consumption by the studied products, except for tomatoes, is more than the recommended amount of water required during the growth period of the desired products by experts; In this regard, it can be said that low irrigation efficiency, poor supervision by relevant agencies, the existence of a large number of illegal wells, mismanagement, uncoordinated management, lack of long-term attitude and inefficient water consumption of irrigation and especially the land use system has caused high water consumption in the studied crops. According to the results, the smaller the farm area, the higher the water and energy consumption and the higher the GWP. In such farms the farmer has lost the advantage of scale and by applying pressure on the ground by increasing the irrigation cycle, the use of fertilizers and pesticides seeks to gain more efficiency. On the other hand, due to the small size of farms, they use less up-to-date technologies, thus indirectly increasing water and energy waste. The results showed that crops that are mainly grown in agriculture in the region with the lease system have the highest input consumption and have a negative impact on the environment of the region. In this regard, it can be said that land tenants in the region try to get the most economic benefit from the land in a shorter period of time, and this increases the pressure on resources.

In general, it can be said that low irrigation efficiency, existence of a large number of illegal wells, allocation of agricultural subsidies and the lack of calculation of water and energy costs has caused the inefficiency of the agricultural system of Miandarband plain. Therefore, increasing irrigation efficiency using strip irrigation system and increasing water and energy prices in the agricultural sector can be effective in the optimal use of water and energy.

 Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) belongs to the cereal family and was domesticated at the same time as other cereals around three thousand years ago. Sorghum is the fifth most important cereal in the world after wheat, rice, corn and barley. Crop modeling is one of the branches of agriculture and crop physiology that has been around for 40 years and the development of powerful and efficient computers has played a major role in the development of this field. SSM model is a simple simulator to estimate the yield of different crops and the effects of climate change. This model requires limited input and easily accessible information. The above model has been evaluated for more than 30 Iranian crop species using various evaluation parameters. Evaluation of SSM_iSorghum model to predict different stages of phenology and yield of grain sorghum under temperate humid climate conditions in Gorgan.

SSM-Sorghum is a model to simulate sorghum crop phenology, growth and yield formation. The model was derived from SSM-Wheat model described by Soltani and Sinclair (2013). The sorghum model structure is the same as that wheat model except for phenology submodel. Phenology submodel is based on Alagarswamy and Ritchie (1990) with some modifications. The growth and development of sorghum were simulated using the SSM_iSorghum model based on meteorological data of Gorgan city during the years 2010 to 2011, including minimum and maximum temperature, amount of sunlight and rainfall on Kimia cultivar using different scenarios. For model input parameters including meteorological data, soil properties, crop management (using the values obtained from field experiments of 2010-2011 in the research farm of Gorgan Agricultural Research Station) was used. These experiments were performed under favorable agronomic conditions. Experiments at four different densities (17, 21, 28 and 35 plants/m2) and five different planting dates (May 10th and May 15th of 2010, May 10th and May 15th and June 15th 2011) during two growing years in total with 20 different scenarios were performed.

Results and Discussion :

The results showed that model predicted day from planting to emergence, day from planting to ripening, harvest index, biological yield and grain yield with high accuracy (R2=0.91-0.94%). In using the models to predict the performance, it has been reported that the value of the explanation coefficient should be more than 60%, which is a condition in this model. Regarding the 1:1 line between the observed yield and the simulated yield, it was found that values are in the range of 15% up and down the 1: 1 line. So the model has a suitable simulation of Gorgan conditions for grain yield.

Evaluation of SSM-Sorghum model showed that this model simulates phenological stages, including harvest index, leaf area index, and biological yield with different planting dates and different densities with appropriate accuracy in Gorgan climatic conditions. Most of the points were in the reliable range (± 15%) of the 1:1 line, which indicates an accurate estimate of the model parameters or confirms the simulation efficiency of the model process steps. Therefore, this model can be used in farm management planning including selection of appropriate planting date and appropriate density. Although the model well simulates the phenology , it seems necessary to retest the accuracy of the model with data from various experiments and to use it in the equations if the results of this study are confirmed. Obviously, models are effective when used by analyzing physiological and ecological conditions and based on experiments and experimental measurements of the system.

In natural environments, plants are continuously exposed to diverse environmental conditions that may affect plant survival, development and production. Water deficiency considers as one of the most ominous abiotic factors that limits the growth and yield of crops and decreases water use efficiency and photosynthesis rate. Nowadays it is suggested to use bio-fertilizers as a tool to adjust adverse effects of water shortage in soil. Bio-fertilizers containing Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are supposed to use. Some plant species have the ability to form a symbiosis relationship with the Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). AMF can increase growth and yield of plants under water deficiency, and it is one of the most important bio-inoculant that can be used to adjust adverse effects of water stress in plants. AMF-symbiosis considerably increases root colonization which turns into improving water use efficiency. Also, it establishes a platform to increase phosphorus mobility between soil and roots in the rhizosphere. Lallemantia iberica (Dragon’s head) and Lallemantia royleana (Lady’s mantle) are medicinal plants that belong to the Lamiaceae family. Genus Lallemantia seeds contain mucilage, polysaccharide, fiber, oil, protein, and plenty of valuable secondary metabolites. Limited information is availiable about the ability of these two species to make symbiosis relation with AMF under water deficit condition.  Hence, the current study was aimed to evaluate of Lallemantia iberica and Lallemantia royleana inoculated by mycorrhizal in the different irrigation regimes.

The field trial was conducted at the Research Farm of the Agricultural Faculty of Shahed University, Tehran, during the cropping season of 2018 and 2019. A split-factorial experiment was employed in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The main plot consisted of three-level of irrigation regimes (30% (I30; without stress), 60% (I60; mild stress), and 90% (I90; sever stress) depletion of available water resource). The sub plots were factorial combination mycorrhizae (non-inoculation and inoculation of mycorrhizae) and plant species of Lallemantia (L.iberica and L. royleana). 

Increasing water deficit significantly reduced plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, seed mucilage, and seed oil content However, the highest plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, mucilage, and oil seed content obtained at 60% available water soil of depletion (mild stress). The application of mycorrhizae increased plant height, grain yield, chlorophyll a and b, water use efficiency, root colonization, seed phosphorus, seed mucilage, and oil seed content in cross all irrigation regimes. It has been reported that establishment a relationship of symbiotic AMF with roots of host plant, through spreading the hyphae and developing the root system, improves growth and provides more water for plants, which finally this ability leads to the yield, root colonization and water use efficiency. Inoculated and non-inoculated L .royleana had the greatest resistance to different levels of irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal treatments than L. iberica. It has been reported that L. royleana was more tolerant to water deficit in compared to L. iberica  Also the results showed that the highest root colonization was in L. royleana species which was grown under different levels of irrigation regimes and mycorrhizal treatments.

In general in this research, it can be concluded that under water deficit stress conditions, water deficit stress damages can be reduced in both species of Lallemantia with careful irrigation management (using an irrigation regime of 60% available water soil of depletion) and application of mycorrhizae.

Crop production is directly dependent on climatic conditions, and climate determines the sources of production and productivity of agricultural activities. Therefore, long-term forecasting of climate variables and taking the necessary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change have been considered by many researchers around the world. Climate change affects water requirement and crop yields in the future, so it is important to study changes in meteorological parameters and their impact on water requirement and crop yields in each region. So, in this study, the effect of climate change on the yield and water requirement of wheat in Qazvin synoptic station was investigated.

In this study, the results of the scenarios were compared with the data of Qazvin station for wheat crop by statistical error criteria including Explanation coefficient statistics (R2), root mean square error (RMSE) and maximum error (ME). For evaluation, from the general circulation models in the LARS-WG model (EC-Earth, GFDL-CM3, HadGEM2-ES, MIROC5, MPI-ESM-MR) and the scenarios of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 in the baseline 1986-2015 was used. Yield and water requirement of wheat in the baseline and future periods 2021-2040, 2041-2060, 2061-2080 and 2081-2100 were calculated with Aqua Crop software.

 The coefficient of explanation for the maximum and minimum temperatures simulated with the LARS-WG model shows that the simulated data and the synoptic station data are highly correlated. An explanation coefficient greater than 90% indicates that more than 90% of the variance in the minimum and maximum temperature data of the synoptic station is described by the LARS-WG model data. The value of RMSE at the minimum and maximum temperature is less than 3 °C, which indicates the low temperature deviation simulated with the LARS-WG model compared to the actual temperature. The ME index value was obtained for the minimum temperature equal 6.93 °C and for the maximum temperature equal 7.76 °C. The coefficient of explanation for the precipitation simulated with the LARS-WG model shows that the simulated data and the data of the synoptic station do not have a high correlation and the coefficient of explanation decreases to less than 0.5. The values of RMSE and ME were 33.28 mm and 183.10 mm, respectively. The results show that the model is more accurate in simulating minimum and maximum temperatures than precipitation. In a study, Goudarzi et al. (2015) investigated the performance of LARS-WG and SDSM microscopic exponential models in simulating climate change in the catchment area of Lake Orumieh. The results showed that both models are more accurate in simulating temperature than precipitation, which is consistent with the results of the present study. The average wheat yield for the baseline was 7.67 (tons/ha). The yield average will increase in future periods, which is the highest in the HadGEM2-ES model with the RCP8.5 scenario and the period 2081-2100. Water requirement was obtained in the baseline 127.14 mm. The water requirement average will decrease in future periods.

The simulation results of the LARS-WG model in the baseline showed that the model has more accurate in the simulation of minimum temperature (Tmin) and maximum temperature (Tmin) than precipitation. This study findings have also showed that the temperature will increase in future periods. Precipitation changes were seen as both decreasing and increasing trend. The yield increased in future periods, which is the highest in the HadGEM2-ES model with the RCP8.5 scenario and the period 2081-2100. The water requirement decreased in future periods.

One of the problems of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions is low soil organic matter. Plant residues are a natural and important renewable source of plant nutrients that can be used together with other inputs to improve soil health and improve production. The method of preserving crop residues on the surface and cultivating directly inside the residues with minimal soil disturbance can be an alternative method for burning the residues, especially in summer cultivation. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of different rice residue managements on the growth and quantitative and qualitative yield of rapeseed cultivars was studied.

The experiment was performed as split plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included the management of rice residues at four levels, including 1- According to conventional cultivation,2- Cultivation in plowed land with rice residues, 3- Cultivation in rice residues with 20 cm height, 4- Cultivation in rice residues with 40 cm height and the secondary factor of three rapeseed cultivars included 401, 4815 and okapi cultivars. In conventional cultivation (control), after harvesting the rice, the field was set on fire and after exposing the ground, plowing, disc and plotting of the land were done and planting according to the custom of the region in a row with distant 20 cm was planted. In the management of cultivation in plowed land with rice residues, after harvesting rice, plowing, disc and plot cultivation were done and planting was done in a row according to the custom of the region in a row with distances between planting lines of 20 cm. In the management of cultivation in rice residues with a height of 20 and 40 cm, rice harvesting from a height of 20 and 40 cm above the ground is done manually and then scattering rapeseed seeds similar to seed density in the custom method cultivation and then with the help of chisel plow rapeseed seeds it was mixed with the soil completely superficially at a depth of about 0.5-1 cm.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of rice residue management on plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, 1000- grain weight, grain yield, oil percentage and grain protein percentage was significant. The effect of cultivar types on number of pods per plant and grain yield was significant but not significant for other traits. Interaction of rice residue management and cultivar type was significant on plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and yield. The maximum grain yield in the cultivation of plowed land with rice residues in cultivar 4815 by 2449.48 kg/ha and the minimum grain yield in the cultivation of rice residues with a height of 40 cm in cultivar 401 by 1187.41 kg/ha was observed. The maximum oil percentage and grain protein percentage in the cultivation of plowed land with rice residues by 21.62 and 48.16 were observed, respectively and regard to other residue managements were not significant.

In general, the results showed that the rapeseed cultivation in plowed bed along with rice residues is effective in improving most of the growth and yield traits of rapeseed. In addition, cultivar 4815 is more suitable than cultivar 401 and okapi in terms of cultivation in plowed land with rice residues and this cultivar can be recommended for farmers and region.