کاوش نامه ادبیات تطبیقی
پیاپی 47 (پاییز 1401)

In the contemporary era, the language of poems is transformed from a tool of expression to a language for innovation with its idiosyncratic framework, and aims at clarifying the relationship of a poet with the surrounding world and her attitude concerning the phenomena. The language of poems comprises the words, their combinations, and literal figures of speech. Furthermore, with the aim of being in coordination with the contemporary conditions of the society, the language of the poems is transformed followed by the attempts the poets have made in revolving their language in this respect. Yousef-Al-Khal and Hossain Monzavi are among the poets of modernist poetry in Arabic and Persian, throughout the poems of whom, the modernity traits in different language are explicitly exposed. This article is an attempt to assess and compare the two poets’ languages of poetry aesthetically via conducting a descriptive-analytic methodology which addressed the most important elements in this respect. For instance; repetition in Al-Khala’s poems, in addition to creating a kind of rhythm, is utilized to focus upon the meanings, while Monzavi’s purpose is mostly creating rhythms than meaning purposes. Furthermore, Al-Khalal’s social commitment has led him to use the plural forms of speech. In contrast, Monzavi uses the single form to express his emotions. Assessing the textual implications, the close relation of the words implications and the forms of the text may be demonstrated in the poems of both. The visual irony in the Al-Khalal’s poems has caused the literal development and complexity, while this figure of speech has improved Monzavi’s poems aesthetically. Monzavi managed to combine various senses and then their implications are linked to abstract conceptions. One of the most outstanding specifications of Al-Khalal’s poetic language that makes him more prominent than Monzavi is the salience of the forms derived from icons which encompasses all elements of his poems.

According to Gérard Genette, analepse is one of the new techniques which is utilized for presenting the events of the narrative and anachronism that the poet uses to establish the relationship between events and characters with the past when the narrative revolves around a particular subject or stops. The analepse technique in contemporary narrative poetry, along with saving the narrative from monotony and linearity, assists the clarification of the depth for semantic changes in the narrative and the changes made in the psychological and social states of the characters. In their narrative poems, Farouk Gouida and Reza Baraheni avoid the linear system of time and ascribe great importance to the features of the past in numerous fields such as strengthening the context of some of the events and comprehensible moments of the narrative and clarifying the ambiguous angles in it. By means of a descriptive-analytical approach, based on the American school of comparative literature principles, the current study aims at implementing the impacts of analepse from the Gérard Genette’s perspective in the poetry of Farouk Gouida and Reza Baraheni. As the results have indicated, the analepse technique in the poetry of Farouk Gouida and Reza Baraheni is directly related to the intensity of pain and sorrow that these two poets faced in the past. Furthermore, it assists them to know the origins of the problem and offer similar conditions for it in the past. Analepse in Farouk Gouida's poetry, with its general, internal, and external types, has emerged to fill the semantic gaps and complete the shortcomings of the present. However, in Reza Baraheni's poetry, it occasionally tends to change the meaning of the event within a subject belonging to the narrative and is accompanied by the insistence on repeated returns.

Grammatical metaphor is marked as one of the outstanding issues in the systematic grammar function. Creating a new semantic system with the usage of new functions is claimed as one of the most attractive facilities that the language may provide. In addition to creating attractive expressions, it expands the semantic values of the text. With that in mind, these types of figures of speech and their analyses lead to a better identification of the text in textual studies. Considering the fact that such grammatical metaphors are exquisitely used in the Persian book for third grade of elementary School, this article explores this figure of speech by describing and analyzing it in the stories of Persian books and the Iraqi book for third grade of elementary school. The research expresses the concept of grammatical metaphor on the sample of children’s story. One of the major consequences of using grammatical metaphor of nominalization type is the coherence and magnification of the text. More precisely, nominalization hides the identity of the text doer and provokes the readers` thinking.

Narrative techniques, referred to as methods and literary devices, are used to deal with themes and crafting the elements of the story. As claimed by the critics, techniques are the most critical prerequisite of the writer's work. Al-Khubz al-Ḥāfīand Hamsayeh-ha were written by Mohammed Choukri from Morocco and Ahmad Mahmood from Ahvaz, respectively. There are several thematic and structural similarities between these two novels, which were inspired by the living experiences of the authors and, accordingly, can be considered as autobiographies as well. The current study seeks to find out the narrative techniques and literary devices used in writing these two autobiographic novels. As provided by the results of the study, Al-Khubz al-Ḥāfī and Hamsayeh-ha have applied different language techniques to reach a unique and personal language. Other similarities of the two novels include assertiveness and an explicit tone, combination of real and fictional events, dealing with explicit and concrete rather than implicit and abstract issues, narration from a clear perspective, taking advantage of language to create space and rhythm in the story, and giving the readers an opportunity to describe objects and participate narration.

Research on myths and old or new literary works leads to stories about the battle between relatives, especially the battle between the son and the father. These stories have emerged in multiple genres including, myths, tragedies, epics, and religious narratives. When it comes to form and structure, they have a lot of similarities, however, they are significantly different in their particular characteristics that distinguish them from others. For instance; the story of Rostam and Sohrab in Shahnameh and the story of Badr-al-din and Ajaib from the stories of One Thousand and One Nights which belong to two different literary types. This research, considering that one is a tragedy and the other is a myth, examines their similarities and differences. This research is conducted using an analytical-descriptive method and is based on the American school of comparative literature studies. It. Precisely, targets the general structure of the two stories by emphasizing the subject of the son-father battle. As the findings have indicated, the two stories are similar in elements and some themes Such as the anonymity of the father, marriage for one night, the absence of the father and searching him, the quarrel between the son and the father, etc. However, the difference between the two stories is in the manner of the quarrel. Additionally, the battle in the story of Rostam and Sohrab is a national issue, but in the story of Badr-al-din and Ajib, it is considered as a personal issue. In the story of Rostam, the proposal of marriage is by a woman means Tahmineh and ,finally, the two stories are full of educational, training and moral benefits.

Practical wisdom is one of the highly attracted topics that the Persians cared about a very long time ago. It, comprising three types (correction of dispositions, management of household affairs, and politics), provided a clear picture of its precious experiences long ago which have been continuing for ages. These experiences and doctrine were handed down from one generation to another and have been the representation of a perfect lifestyle and have been trying to dispel the troubles and worrisome of people. One proof for this is the sermons and the stories that are left for next generations. This study tries to clarify the Persians image in other nations' writings and mainly attempts to investigate the impression of the Arabic texts about Persians in the Sasanid era. Furthermore, this study addresses the notion of practical wisdom and its use in everyday life as a visible treasure bequeathed from the history with which we are unable to get along. One of the works that is abundant with Persian stories and sermons is the book ‘Uyūn al-Akhbār of Ibn Qutaybah Al-dinawari in which he reflected the abundant use of practical wisdom among Persians during the Sasanid era. This current descriptive analytical study, therefore, tries to show the three types of practical wisdom in Persians in ‘Uyūn al-Akhbār by investigating the different and probably hidden sides of Persians' morals and their kings' behavior in that period. As the results indicated, the correction of dispositions and politics were more important and more used than the management of household topic. Among the Persian morals that Ibn Qutaybah mentioned is the secret keeping and the extinction of life, generosity, overtopping knowledge on money, etc. with respect to the management household, the friendship of brothers, recommending marriage within relatives, eating rules, and cleanliness as worthy to be mentioned. Additionally, there are many stories and pieces of advice that could impact the ruling and civil politics Also provided, are the suggestions which are referred to as the merits of the ruler and their big regard of choosing workers, controlling the war issues, and the matters in connection with the soldiers.