نشریه پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
سال دوازدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 47، زمستان 1401)

since the economic reforms in China in 1978 by Deng Xiaoping, the country has experienced increasing growth. So that many international organizations such as the OECD and theorists such as Rachman believe that the world's economic center of gravity has shifted to the east and the southern countries under the leadership of China, and this country will challenge the hegemony of the United States seriously faced; But according to the research findings and the views of some political economy theorists such as Kiely, since China's growth is based on mass production and the export of assembled goods, this country has not experienced the technological development that makes other countries dependent on it, and China continues to plays the role of a peripheral state in the international division of labor, which is dependent on industrialized countries, and the concepts of center-periphery are still important and practical. the question is, what are China's economic challenges in becoming a hegemony? In response to the above question, the hypothesis was raised that considering Beijing's problems and economic dependence on industrialized countries, especially Europe and USA, it is impossible for China to achieve hegemony. In this article, the dependency school theory is used to show the lack of independence of China's economy from the central and industrialized countries, and we will use the explanatory method to show the China challenges . The purpose of this research is to point out the peripheral role of China in the international division of labor despite its economic growth.

Due to its significant applications in security building, deterrence system has always been an issue of consideration. One of the important issues in deterrence systems is the mechanisms that these systems are built upon. In accordance with the changes in structures and patterns of international order, deterrence has also evolved. One of these changes, is the networked base effect of non- state actors on deterrence. This evolution has not been considered in recent theories of deterrence. So, the main concern of article is on the way on which non- state actors affect the formation and patterns of deterrence. It is concluded that in the context of asymmetric patterned of order, non-state networks effect on deterrence-based policies by benefiting from heterarchical order structures and converting power to threat. They can finally form the panarchy of deterrence in international relations. By updating the fifth wave of deterrence theory and complying It with the principles of complex- chaotic theory and networked order, this article could provide theoretical bases for elucidation of non- state networked deterrence. The concepts of resilient- networked deterrence and panarchy of deterrence are newly used in this article and can be a proper ground for further research in the field of security and deterrence. At the end, the resort of Iran and Pakistan to non- state networked deterrence has been analyzed to realize the theoretical founding arguments of the article. An abductive method of research that is based on close interaction between theory and practice is used in this work.

Indo-Pacific Region has become a center of competition between the leading powers, and it has drawn the attention of key international and local players. One of these major powers is the UK actively revisiting its position in the world, particularly after Brexit. British government has published the “Global Britain” vision in the Integrated Review in order to reconsider its position as a major power in the world. The Integrated Review makes the UK government to deepen its engagement and consolidate its place in Indo-Pacific Region for a long-term. The Integrated Review document obliges the government to strengthen the UK’s persistent presence in Indo-Pacific Region. Hence, UK has tilted its strategy toward the region in order to consolidate its changing identity as a leading European power and as an international political player.  In this study, the main questions are “what is the position of Indo-Pacific Region in Britain’s new strategy? and what are the Britain's reasons for tilt toward the region?” Referring to the Bernard Cohen's theory "Geopolitics of the World System", it has been argued that the international order has been changed due to China and Russia revisionism, and Indo-Pacific Region is now considered as the arena of competition for great powers. This change has made the UK to shift its strategy toward this global hotspot and play an active and independent role at international environment. The main goal of Integrated Review is to deepen the UK’s engagement in the Region as a European nation for gaining economic and security advantages in the coming decade. The main reasons of Britain’s strategic orientation toward the region could be the economic consequences of Brexit, changing in China stance, prioritizing the US-Britain relations, achieving security-military goals, and boosting bilateral relations with Japan and India, as two regional powers. This study employed a descriptive-analytical approach in research conduction.

By examining the course of contemporary history of Iran, we can point out the rentier government and its role in pushing back the development process, especially good governance. It has been a clear symbol of this type of government during the presidency of Ahmadinejad and Rouhani. The present article aims to investigate "the effects of the rentier government on the failure to achieve the desired governance in the government of Ahmadinejad and Rouhani". From this point of view, after expanding the conceptual space of the subject and expressing its problematic aspect, it will examine the various dimensions and aspects of the influence of the rentier government on political development. the payment. According to the subject documents presented in this research, the research method is descriptive-analytical and the method of gathering information in this research is document analysis. The findings of this study indicate that "the strengthening of the rentier government in Iran during the era of Ahmadinejad and Rouhani, the three arms of desirable governance, i.e. the efficient government based on the rule of law and the trust building of the institutionalized civil society and the active private sector, have contributed to the political development in Iran with has faced a challenge".

The Persian Gulf region is considered one of the most important regions of the world due to its geopolitical position and rich energy reserves. The developments and dynamics of this important and vital region are influenced by various factors and can be analyzed and explained from various angles. One of the most important topics in the Persian Gulf is the security category, which has been the subject of many studies. This research intends to deal with the effect of the normalization agreement on the patterns of friendship and hostility in the Persian Gulf region by using the regional security complex theory. The findings of the research show that the normalization agreement through the creation of two hostile and competing blocs, as well as a greater concentration of crisis- and tension-causing factors, can cause more instability in the security complex of the Persian Gulf and intensify the pattern of hostile relations in this region. In addition, this agreement can secure other factors such as territorial disputes or the energy category and add to the crisis-causing factors in this regional security complex. The research method in this research is descriptive and analytical and the data collection method is documentary and library.

Foreign policy is one of the important aspects of the life of nations and countries. Examining the foreign policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran towards Egypt and its effects can help formulate strategies in foreign relations in different governments of our country and provide the conditions for solving possible problems and defects. After the Islamic awakening, governments came to power in Egypt that had an impact on relations with Iran. In this research, an attempt has been made to take a constructive look at the relations between Iran and Egypt, the foreign policy of our country in the governments of Ahmadinejad and Rouhani, and to answer the question that the relations between Iran and Egypt between How were the years from 2005 to 2021? And with what guidance can existing problems in bilateral relations be solved? In response, it should be said; In the so-called justice-oriented government of Ahmadinejad, being involved in some internal tensions and the lack of a fixed procedure in foreign policy, and in the so-called moderate Rouhani government, too much desire for relations with the West and being involved with JCPOA slowed down the development of relations with countries like Egypt, and the historical background, cultural and political commonalities along with the opportunity created by the popular uprising in this country could not help these relations much. In this research, relying on the SWOT method, the conclusion was reached that "competitive or diversification" (ST) strategy can be used to improve relations with Egypt.

By entering the field of etiology of crimes, a logical separation can be found between the crimes of women and men. All over the world, the study of crimes committed by women and men shows the existence of a positive relationship between these crimes and the gender role of the perpetrators. Usually, research on the role of women's gender In white-collar crimes, it is focused on women's lack of financial motivation, organizational opportunity and their willingness for criminal behavior. This research uses the opposite perspective of traditional gender research on white-collar crime in terms of women's special motivation, opportunity and willingness, and challenges previous research on women's involvement in white-collar crimes. This research identifies the issues of the convenience triangle, which is specific to gender in favor of pink collar criminals. In the motivational dimension based on the convenience theory, we find the feeling of concern for others and the pressures that cause depression and anxiety, and convince men and women to commit crimes. In terms of opportunity, we realize that the position of women in organizations has the advantage that, compared to men, they are less likely to be suspected of committing a crime by others and In the willingness dimension, we come to the conclusion that women can justify their criminal acts better than men.

South Caucasus countries gained independence after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the aggravation of territorial disputes between Azerbaijan and Armenia has led to severe conflicts over Karabakh. At the same time, Turkey, with its regional policies, is trying to play a prominent role in supporting Azerbaijan as the Turkish big brother by combining soft and hard power, or in other words, smart power. The present article, in a descriptive and analytical way, seeks to answer the question, what is the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis in Turkey's major strategies from the point of view of intelligent power?In response to this question, the hypothesis of the article states that Turkey, realizing that the Nagorno-Karabakh crisis provides a good opportunity for the influence of this country after a hundred years of being away from this region, tried to use a combination of hard policies including strengthening the military power of Azerbaijan on the one hand. and soft policies including emphasis on ethnic and racial identity to gain influence in the Caucasus region. In this regard, Turkey's intelligent power has tried to get the most benefit from the crisis situation in Karabagh with the least cost, but finally, taking into account the influence of Russia in solving the crisis and the sources of influence, Turkey has not been able to achieve its goals with complete success in the South Caucasus region. achieve foreign policy.

The idea of ​​dealing with international disputes that have arisen after the creation of the world community is a subject that has continuously focused the minds and activities of experts and scientists in the field of criminal justice in order to establish an international criminal authority. In addition to these activities, countries show their desire to establish new judicial authorities within the structure of international organizations or within other judicial centers, in order to make a case-by-case decision regarding claims based on the law applicable to those claims. have shown. The Organization of Islamic Cooperation is the only organization based on religious foundations that goes beyond regional obligations and national ideologies, and potentially any country where Islam is the religion of the majority of society can become a member of this organization. The Islamic countries that make up this organization have considered Islamic Sharia in order to expand and strengthen the framework of international law to resolve disputes. The first meeting of the members of this body was held following the conflict created in the Al-Aqsa Mosque area in 1969 with the aim of forcing the member states to resolve the Palestinian issue. During the eighties, during the expansion of the war between Iran and Iraq (1980-1988) and shortly before Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, the establishment of the International Islamic Court of Justice was proposed as the judicial pillar of the organization and responsible for the peaceful resolution of disputes. It was considered for it between the member states.