نشریه مطالعات جامعه شناختی در ورزش
پیاپی 1 (زمستان 1400)

Sociology of sport is considered as one of the sub-disciplines of sociology. Sport, as a social phenomenon, could be studied in the field of sociology. Sociology of sport aims to discuss the relationship and interaction of people, sport, and physical activity. Athletes who compete or train athlete who competes different sports, and non-athletes who involve themselves in sports and physical activity for health related physical fitness purposes, could be included and studied by the field of sport sociology. Social structures, Social patterns, organizations and socio-cultural groups related to sports fall into the field of sports sociology. There is no doubt that in today's world, sport has both direct and indirect impact on economy and culture of a society. This is why the sport related economy and culture need to be studied by the field of sociology of sport. The origins of sociology of sport date back to the end of the nineteenth century, when the effect of sports competition on groups and society was discussed and examined. Subsequently, sport and games were considered as basic and essential pillars for the creation of culture. The mentioned notion led to the emergence and development of the sociology of sport, so that in 1970, the sociology of sport was considered as an organized field of study, and for the first time, in 1978, the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport was formed with the aim of studying the field. These efforts led to the publication of the "Journal of Sports Sociology". Socialization in sport and through sport is the most important issue in the field of sport sociology. Other topics and areas related to sports sociology include: sports and national identity, globalization and sports competitions, media and professional sports, competitive sports and society, immigration and sports, commercialization of sports, violence and sports, gender and sports, and race (ethnicity) and sports, and sports and drug abuse. Research journals have been developed around the world to study topics related to the field of sports sociology. The most important journals are International Review for the Sociology of Sport (UK, Sage Publications), Sociology of Sport Journal (USA, Human Kinetics Publications), Research in the Sociology of Sport (UK, Emerlad Publications), and Sport in Society (UK, Taylor & Francis Publications). In Iran, research journals of sport sciences have been published, and maximum effort has been made to publish journals in specialized fields of sport sciences including sports physiology, sports injuries, motor behavior, sports management, etc. In the meantime, the need to a research journal that publishes studies related to interdisciplinary topics in sociology, sports and physical activity is quite apparent. The Journal of Strategic Sociological Studies in Sports will address this gap.

In order to provide a comprehensive and coherent view of social turmoil, the purpose of this study was to design a multilevel model of social turmoil and its effect on the observance of behavioral norms in stadiums.

The research was applied in terms of purpose and mixed in terms of implementation method (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population of the research in the first part included existing and available research in valid scientific databases in the field of social turmoil and in the second part was the spectators and managers of football clubs in 1398. Sampling was performed by purposive and available methods. The identification of the desired factors was done by meta-combination method and determining the relationships between them with the help of interpretive structural modeling.

The results showed social turmoil at four social levels (global developments and cultural transition, lack of justice in resource distribution, culture industry and lack of agreement on the fundamental values of society), organizational level (base incompatibilities, functional inconsistency of community institutions, non-legislative Necessary and weak (lack of necessary structures), group (ethnicity and sports teams, politicians entering the field of sports, informal groups) and individual level (personal characteristics, family history, lack of self-management, internal and external motivation, economic poverty) was classified. The results also showed that there is a statistically significant inverse relationship between the two variables of feeling social turmoil and the degree of observance of spectator behavioral norms

Managers of clubs and stadiums should consider legal facilities for sports spectators as good citizens. The People's Police should be formed by the fan club from among the spectators and the necessary preparations should be made for each match by the officials, and they should make careful and appropriate plans before the match in accordance with the rules and standards. Considering the results of the research which showed that the more control and the possibility of punishment for the norm-breakers, the more the development of the principles of fair play increases and the more the beauty of the sport and its enjoyment, so it is suggested that Sports clubs should be organized in a systematic manner and have a serious and effective participation in the development of a moral charter in accordance with the cultural conditions of Iranian society. It is also suggested that spectator rights in sports environments, both before and during competitions, in which the behavioral, verbal and behavioral indicators of officials and police with spectators are precisely defined and to train it through training sessions. Hold public events and workshops. It is suggested that during a systematic and continuous process, good and law-abiding spectators be identified and encouraged through the fan club, and that the managers of clubs and stadiums consider facilities for sports spectators as good citizens according to the law. It is suggested that the People's Police be formed by the fan club from among the spectators and that the necessary preparations be made for each match by the officials, and that they make careful and appropriate plans before the match in accordance with the rules and standards. Win-lose thoughts are not encouraged as much as possible by coaches, managers and players, and the nature of sports participation and enjoyment of the match is promoted.

Early scholars with an interest in nature's contribution to human performance and development put their focus on the heritability concept, the amount of variation in a given trait between people that can be attributed to genetic variation. Interestingly, like the role of nature, the role of environmental effects on human skill development and attainment has long been investigated by psychologists. It is obvious that the environment contains a wide range of variables, including micro-level factors, such as parental support. The aim of the present study was to compare the expertise acquisition process between Iranian and foreign top-ranked and low-ranked tennis players.

40 Iranian tennis players (22 top-ranked tennis players and 18 low-ranked tennis players) and 15 foreign tennis players were selected using available and purposive sampling methods. The age of beginning and the amount of tennis exercises, physical fitness exercises and mental fitness exercises as well as the amount of social support were recorded through a retrospective interview method and using Cote, Ericsson, and Lowe's (2005) interview questions. The obtained data were analyzed using independent t-test.

The mean age for beginning tennis was significantly lower in Iranian top-ranked tennis players (10.23 years of age) than in Iranian low-ranked tennis players (15 years of age), but no significant difference was observed in the mean age of beginning tennis between Iranian tennis players (11.31 years of age) and foreign tennis players (8.20 years of age). No significant difference was observed between top-ranked and low-ranked Iranian tennis players and Iranian and foreign tennis players in terms of the average hours of performing tennis exercises, bodybuilding exercises, and mental skills training. But the percentage of social support from the parents in the age ranges of (13-15) and (16 years and older) as well as social support from the coach in the age range of (6-12), were higher in foreign tennis players than in Iranian tennis players.

The present study provides valuable information about the expertise acquisition process in tennis players as well as a variety of activities which have been effective in acquiring their skillful performance. This information can help officials in educational planning, and can help parents to put their children in a better athletic path.

 Leisure is one of the dimensions of social life that if it contradicts the common culture of society, it can become a social problem or dilemma; Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of designing a model of cultural barriers to women's participation in leisure sports activities in sports recreation centers.

 The research method in terms of type and data analysis was qualitative with a data theorizing approach. The statistical population of the study consisted of senior managers, officials and faculty members aware of the field of research, which in order to select the sample people, purposeful sampling method based on a theoretical approach was used. The required data were collected using in-depth interviews and analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding.

 Based on the obtained results, causal conditions include the existence of non-indigenous culture, patriarchal perspective, weakness in the capital of women's sports culture, lack of social support and motivational barriers; Underlying conditions including economic factors, facility and facility factors and managerial factors and intervening conditions including individual factors and religious tendencies were identified. Strategies were introduced in three areas of needs assessment and policy-making, localization and alignment of relevant bodies, and after presenting the consequences, a paradigm model was presented.

 Needs assessment and policy-making, alignment of organs to achieve goals and localization of leisure activities have desirable results in order to remove cultural barriers to the presence of women in sports and recreation centers and use the benefits, Will bring.

The present study aim was to investigate the relationship between the leader reactions to the Off-Field Behavior of Athletes with team identity of Sepahan and Zob Ahan fans in 1393.

This study is a quasi-experimental survey was conducted in two stages. The sample for all fans of football teams Sepahan and Zob Ahan formed in 1399. Samples are available for sampling and sample size due to the limitations of quasi-experimental study was 82. In the pretest participants and measure their team identity and the identity of the two teams were divided up and down team identity. Then each of these groups were divided into two groups randomly. Two weeks later, participants with either a newspaper story that involves the reaction of strong leadership and weak leadership faced reactions manipulation.

The result showed that the team identity among different categories (F= 0.58, P<0.05). Tukey test results showed that the reaction of the fans, who led the team up strong and weak leadership there, but the reaction of the fans, who led the team down the strong and weak make no difference.

From the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the decisive attitude of managers to inappropriate behaviors off the field of athletes helps maintain the team identity of fans.

 The aim was to determine football development strategies in the Iranian education system.

 The present study was a descriptive and strategic study. For this purpose, using the opinions of experts in the form of qualitative interviews as well as holding strategic council, first the analysis of the environment, including the identification of strengths, constraint, opportunities and risks, was done. Then the expectation or vision for the football in education system was determined. In the end, three strategies were identified to achieve the expectation.

Strengthening relations and interactions with domestic and foreign sports and football institutions, developing the football training system and football human resource development, and developing the football talent identification system and processes have been the three main strategies identified in this study.

 In order to implement the strategies some action plans are presented. formulated using the, the action plans corresponding to each strategy should be identified. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the appropriate budget for plans and evaluation criteria in order to achieve the strategies.

 The purpose of this study was to investigate and prioritize the motivations of spectators to participate in soccer matches. In order to increase the presence of spectators in the game, it is necessary to identify the factors and motivations affecting the presence of both psychological and internal factors as well as external and environmental factors, and to measure the effect of each on the presence. The internal aspect is looking for factors such as expectations, satisfaction and motivation to attend, the external aspect is looking for factors such as the history of winning and losing teams, the comfort of the stadium and its characteristics, the weather on the day of the match, the level of spectator income, the existence of entertaining substitutes and so on.

 The statistical population included all Isfahan football spectators and the sample was selected by simple random sampling. 451 spectators completed a 27-item questionnaire on the motivation of the audience of Funk et al. (2004). The validity of the previously confirmed questionnaire, however, was reviewed and confirmed by 15 professors of sports management. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-sample t-test, Yuman-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used to analyze the data.

 The results showed that all the factors motivating the presence of spectators in football matches (interest in a particular player, escape from everyday problems, excitement of matches, knowledge of football, barter, welfare services, entertainment of matches, support for the team and proxy victory) Significance is higher than the mean level. The results of the Friedman test show that team support ranks better than other factors and is even more important. The interest and support of the team is an important factor that shows that the spectators are interested in their favorite team and come to watch the matches to support their favorite team. Also, the interest shows that there is a high interest among the fans. There is an interest in the team and this interest has been created and expanded over time, now it is the responsibility of sports marketers and team managers to maintain this interest in the team.

 Due to the fact that spectators come to the stadium with different motivations and to meet different needs, sport managers are advised to study the motivations and needs of spectators and according to that, to plan and hold sports competitions. To increase the presence of spectators. Also, due to the low prioritization of welfare services, it is suggested to provide better facilities and services to spectators to witness the growth and expansion of their presence in the stadiums of the province.

 The purpose of this study was Structural equation modeling of relation between communication skills with cultural intelligence and classifies sport managers in Isfahan Province.

 Descriptive study was conducted through a survey. The study population consisted of Isfahan’s Sport Managers. In this research 550 sport manager’s as a population was considered. 207 As the population was selected from Statistical population. Measuring instrumentsconsisted ofdemographicquestions, BartonG.Thereliability ofcommunication skills(0.81), cultural intelligence questionnairewas (0.88) and reliability of classify sport managers questioner was (0.84). Statisticalmethodsincludedanalysisofbothdescriptive and inferential statisticsusingSPSSsoftwareandsoftwareLISRELand structural equation modelingwas performedto assess therelationshipsbetween variables.

 The results show that the communication skills and cultural intelligence and classify sport managers, there are significant relationship, the output shows the application of structural equation model is appropriate (RMSEA=0.037 ، GFI=912.، AGFI=0.902).

 Hence the required proper planning in order to improve their communication skills and cultural intelligence organizations for sports managers in these organizations is effective as ever. Because of the significant aims of the athletic directors, managers tend to imitate and Ambassador Therefore, the authorities have the right people in the suitable strategy for post  management have, Because it seems intuitive managers and analysts can better brighter prospects for the exercise of the imagination.  The general conclusion of the present study is that the variables of communication skills, cultural intelligence and classification of sports managers showed that the rate of all these variables in sports organizations is moderate. These cases indicate a weakness in communication skills and cultural intelligence of sports managers. In other words, because managers do not have good communication and interpersonal skills, they ignore the role of employees in decisions, do not encourage people to communicate in the organization, do not organize well in line with the goals of the organization and thus Measures have lowered the level of job satisfaction among employees. Since a significant percentage of sports managers tend to imitate managers and ambassadors, it should be noted that officials should adopt appropriate management strategies in order to achieve the optimal level of communication indicators and cultural intelligence in the selection. Suitable people to pay special attention to different levels of management positions, because it seems that with the presence of analytical and intuitive managers, a clearer vision for sports can be imagined.