فصلنامه مطالعات اقتصاد انرژی
پیاپی 76 (بهار 1402)

In the years after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, for various reasons, Iran's economy has always been under the economic sanctions of the United States, the United Nations, or the European :union:, sometimes by the United States alone, and in some periods by all three. In the present research, the impact of positive and negative shocks on the sanctions index through two paths of impact on the budget deficit and also the impact on the exchange rate and inflation on liquidity in the period of 1979-2020 has been investigated using the Threshold Structural Vector Autoregressive model (TSVAR). According to the research results, the threshold of sanctions growth through the path of exchange rate and inflation was 5.162 % and through the government budget deficit channel was 3.057%, which shows that the threshold of sanction growth in the exchange rate channel and inflation is greater. Also, the difference in the country's liquidity response to oil revenues is related to the sanctions threshold. Based on this, and to reduce the effects of exogenous oil shocks on liquidity, the stabilizing role of the National Development Fund should be considered along with the management of inflationary expectations.

Iran's new petroleum contract, dubbed as IPC, is a new generation of oil service contracts.The most significant flaw observed in various contracts is that cumulative profits and cumulative production do not necessarily follow the same direction, a kind of incompatibility arises between the interests of governments and contractors. In this research, using stochastic dynamic programming approach, the researcher introduces contractual components for IPC and PSC contracts and includes them in the model structure.The results of this study indicate that reducing the cost recovery ceiling in the IPC contract leads to the maximum reduction in cumulative production. In addition, increasing the government's share of profit oil as well as reducing the cost recovery ceiling, has had the greatest impact on cumulative production in the PSC contract. Innovation of this research is in the randomization of oil prices. Also modeling based on the parameters of Foroozan field is another innovation of this article.

This paper investigates the effect of positive and negative shocks from the shadow economy and financial development on energy consumption during the period of 1974–2014 in the short and long term using the non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag. The ratio of liquidity to GDP has been used as an indicator of financial development, and the volume of the shadow economy calculated by Piraee and Rajaee (2015) has also been used, using a multiple indicators, multiple causes (MIMIC) model. The results show that the effect of positive and negative shadows of the shadow economy and financial development on energy consumption in the long and short term is asymmetric, and this asymmetry is that in the short and long term, a negative shadow economy shock has a greater effect than a positive shock. In the long term, the positive shock of the financial development has a greater effect on energy consumption than its negative shock. The negative shock of the shadow economy with an interruption leads to an increase of 0.04 in energy consumption, but its positive shock reduces energy consumption by only 0.02. Also, the relationship between positive and negative shocks of financial development on energy consumption is direct. Therefore, in order to control energy consumption, investing in improving financial development through improved technology will lead to reducing environmental pollution and saving energy consumption.

Technical and economic evaluations in an oil field means that by different technologies and correct planning, maximize the amount of extraction of hydrocarbons and minimize risks and costs. The current research includes technical evaluation and economic analysis on one of the undeveloped reservoirs in the southwest of Iran. The amount of recoverable hydrocarbon was estimated using the Monte Carlo method and based on the dynamic modeling of the oil reservoir, economic modeling was applied. Among the scenarios defined for the development of the reservoir, the most compatible scenario that has the highest rate of recovery of the reservoir and the best economic indicators has been selected as the best development scenario. In this scenario, production from the oil reservoir by drilling 14 new wells in 14 years and maintaining a maximum production rate of 10,000 barrels per day in order to produce 430 million barrels of oil and a recovery factor of 29.7% with total final cost of 0.995 billion dollars and The cumulative current value is 136.2 billion dollars. Investing in small, undeveloped reservoirs based on detailed analysis of performance and economic indicators can be very profitable and help to maintain the vital resources of the country.

Economic growth has caused some environmental problems such as energy shortage and environmental pollution. In this regard, in the present study, the analysis of a fixed-sum energy and environmental efficiency to achieve sustainable efficiency in the transport sector of Iran under the limitation of energy consumption and environmental pollution using the Common equilibrium efficient frontier data envelopment analysis (CEEFDEA) is carried out. For this purpose, first, a certain value of energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission was considered. Then, based on these values and considering the minimum-maximum of their fixed sum, the general equilibrium efficiency boundary was built. The obtained results show that all provinces have the same satisfaction level of 0.979. Based on the results of the equilibrium efficiency boundary through the degree of satisfaction, all provinces should adjust energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Also, the sustainable efficiency value of most provinces in the transportation sector was less than one. According to the results, the transportation sector is inefficient in terms of eco-efficiency score. Therefore, it is necessary to provide the basis for sustainable development by adopting and implementing rational policies compatible with the role of energy and environment in this sector.

One of the country's issues in the renewable energy sector for sustainable development is their financing. The current research was carried out with the aim of deeply understanding the dimensions, components and indicators of renewable energy financing and explaining the causal relationships between them in order to design a suitable model using a mixed (qualitative-quantitative) approach. In the qualitative part, the dimensions, components, and indicators were identified through semi-structured interviews and extracted using content analysis and coding techniques. then, in the quantitative part, the extracted dimensions were confirmed by the fuzzy Delphi method and the model was designed by the comprehensive structural-interpretive modeling method. The research community consists of 21 experts, including managers and senior experts in the field of renewable energy, who were selected by targeted non-probability sampling and snowball technique. The findings of the qualitative section showed that the model has 13 dimensions with 39 components and 82 indicators. In the quantitative part, the findings showed that the model has seven levels in such a way that "direct and indirect support of the government to the energy industry" dimension are the most effective in improving the financing of renewable energy.

The aim of this study is to identify and prioritize the problems and barriers in the full implementation of article "k" concerning gas supply to industrial and production units consuming liquid fuel. In terms of methodology, the present study is an applied-survey type. The research strategy is of the exploratory Synthesis type. In the first stage, the qualitative method has been used with the content analysis technique and in the second stage, the quantitative method and the pairwise comparison matrix technique have been used. The participants were 12 experts of Yazd Province Gas Company and industry owners of Yazd Province. The participants were selected by purposive judgmental and snowball method. The instruments used for collection of data were interviews and questionnaires in the first and second stages of the research, respectively. The results showed that the main problems and executive barriers can be categorized in order of priority in five categories, respectively: liquidity, supply of goods, lack of applicants’ acceptance, selection of contractor and engineering, design and implementation. In addition, sub-factors were also identified in each category.

During the past few decades, the encouragement of Iran's economic development programs has brought a series of side effects such as the reduction of resources, the depletion of economic reserves and the subsequent destruction of the environment, In this process, sustainable economic and social development has become a big challenge. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of green growth on environmental pollution in Iran with emphasis on nuclear energy during the period of 2000-2020. Emphasis on nuclear energy is based on the assumption that nuclear energy will increase energy efficiency in the production process and not only prevent waste on resources, but also prevent environmental damages to a large extent. According to the findings of the auto regression model with distribution breaks (ARDL), population and green growth have a positive effect on carbon dioxide emissions, but nuclear energy reduces carbon dioxide emissions. The findings of this research introduce the factors that provide green growth, and these findings enable policy makers to focus more on some of the country's economic activities that lead to green growth. And plan.