فصلنامه انتظام اجتماعی
سال چهاردهم شماره 2 (تابستان 1401)

Preventing the occurrence and formation of illegal gatherings will lead to the reduction of social, economic and even political costs. The aim of the current research was to find an efficient model in preventing the formation and control of illegal gatherings based on the local knowledge of experts.

In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research type and in terms of its nature, it is considered as an exploratory research that is conducted using descriptive-analytical method with Delphi technique in two rounds and a consensus was reached among the research experts. The statistical population included police experts in Tehran, and the sample was 15 individuals who were selected using a targeted sampling method. The research tools included interviews and researcher-made questionnaires based on experts' opinions. The reliability of the interviews was confirmed using Guba and Lincoln criteria and the validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by the face and content methods. The interview was analyzed using the theme analysis method, and the questionnaire was analyzed using mean calculation with SPSS software.

The findings of the research showed that in order to prevent the formation of illegal gatherings and control them, a law enforcement model can be conceptualized in two dimensions of illegal union-labor and political-security gatherings. In the dimension of illegal union-labor gatherings, the components of the four principles of hierarchy (responsibility, guidance, support and action), and directing the protesters to the relevant apparatus and predicting a suitable place for the protesters were identified. In the dimension of illegal political-security gatherings, the components of "psychological and enlightenment operations, virtual space operations, intelligence operations and law enforcement operations" were identified.

The results of the research indicate that in order to prevent and control illegal gatherings before the gathering turns into a disturbance and is forced to face additional costs, based on the developed model, measures such as accountability, guidance, support and law enforcement operations, psychological operations and enlightenment, virtual and intelligence space are necessary.

The crime of snatching (pickpocketing and mobile-pickpocketing) is one of the most violent crimes common in Mashhad city. By examining the statistics, the growing trend of violent crimes - every year compared to the previous year - can be seen; a point that is not pleasant for a metropolis like Mashhad, which annually welcomes more than five million pilgrims from all over the country and even neighboring countries, and will have negative consequences. Therefore, the current research seeks to explore the effective factors in police prevention of the violent crime of snatching in the city of Mashhad with an exploratory approach and also provide solutions in this regard.

In terms of its objectives this study is of an applied research type and in terms of methodology it is considered as a descriptive-analytical type that was conducted using a qualitative approach. The participants of the research to identify effective factors in the prevention of the violent crime of snatching were managers and law enforcement experts related to the subject, and a semi-structured interview was conducted with thirteen of them until theoretical saturation. In order to increase internal and external validity, expert participants were employed. Also, multiple rounds of interviews were completed. Textual data was analyzed by thematic content analysis using MAXQDA software.

Using experts' opinions, "criminal", "situational" and "social" factors in preventing the violent crime of snatching in Mashhad city were calculated. The number of identified criminal, situational and social factors was 25, 75, and 51, respectively.

Looking at the results of the research, criminal factors include judicial factors and legal factors, and situational factors include human and organizational resources, information systems, management principles, and employee training. Public awareness, intra-organizational interactions, extra-organizational interactions and environmental factors were included under social factors

Social discipline is mainly established in three ways, which are: creating pressure and fear, passivity and non-participation of community members, and finally the desire to comply with community norms. This article has been prepared in order to discover the social contexts of educating young people in order to observe social discipline and in the direction of their voluntary desire to observe the norms of society. The theoretical approach of this article is the educational part of the "social order" theory, which is expressed in the form of the "educational content knowledge" perspective.

The research method is the mixed method of "social measurement". Of course, the main report of this article is based on quantitative results, which have been confirmed and described based on qualitative evidence. The statistical population consists of 607 students from Tehran. Collecting and analyzing quantitative data by survey method and statistical techniques, qualitatively, has been conducted using observation and in-depth interview techniques.

Research findings reveal how research hypotheses are confirmed. According to mathematical models, at the level of the personality system, generalist characteristics strengthen the tendency of young people to the norms of society. Variables such as student identity, national identity and religious identity increase the desire to comply with society's norms. On the contrary, particularistic characteristics weaken the desire of young people to comply with society's norms. At the level of the educational system, the moral authority of the school staff, especially the teachers of Persian literature and special courses play a strengthening role in this matter. Also, at the macro level, a positive evaluation of the performance of law enforcement officers increases the willingness of young people to comply with official and unofficial norms.

The attention of strategic planners at the levels of education, media and law enforcers can strengthen and promote the desire of young people to comply with the official and unofficial norms of the society.

Today, societies make many efforts in line with their development in order to create and improve the quality of human life, and paying attention to some social concepts is one of the most important measures. In this regard, the main goal of the current research is to examine and explain the conceptual link between social security and social capital in the context of healthy public participation and supervision.

The current research is of a development type that examines the issue using a mixed method. The approach used in this method is a sequential relative approach with unequal weight, which is done in three stages: qualitative-qualitative-quantitative. In this research, three methods of "one-to-one interview - grounded theory - survey" have been used to investigate and explain the issue. The participants of the first stage (one-to-one interview) and the second stage (grounded theory) were identified from among the experts using the purposeful sampling method, and through a semi-structured interview, the information and data related to the order reached theoretical saturation in 6 and 15 people, respectively. The main tool of data collection in the quantitative phase was the questionnaire, which was used by systematic sampling, 25 people answered the questions and the results were analyzed using mean and standard deviation analysis in SPSS software.

The findings of the research show that causal factors and conditions are the main causes of the conceptual link of social security and social capital in the context of healthy public participation and supervision, which, by referring to background factors such as individual and educational factors, social and family factors, cultural and ideological factors, managerial and structural factors, institutional and governmental factors can be effective in creating social security and sustainable social capital. In the quantitative phase, the responding experts confirmed all dimensions and components.

According to the results, we can point out the overlapping role and nature of social capital, social security, participation and healthy public supervision, which play a role as inseparable values of society. The conceptual link of social security and social capital in the framework of healthy public participation and supervision leads to mutual interaction, public trust, healthy public participation, and public supervision as important components for legitimizing the society and creating the well-being and comfort of citizens, and in the shadow of this conceptual link society can achieve sustainable social capital.

Social desirability is a process that teaches people to develop their abilities to fulfill individual duties as a member of society. The aim of the present study was to present a model for predicting social desirability based on strictness and internal and external religious orientation in teenagers.

The current research was of an applied research, and descriptive and correlational type. The data collection method is library and field studies. The statistical population consisted of 6,371 students studying in the second year of secondary school in central province. 360 students were selected using non-probability and available sampling method, and the social desirability questionnaires of Carlo et al. (2003), strictness of Long and Gullet (2003) and Allport and Ras' (1967) religion orientation were provided to them. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation test and path analysis.

The results of the research show that social desirability has a direct effect on the severity of students (p<0.01). Also, social desirability has an effect on strictness indirectly through religious orientation (p<0.01).

With the increase of internal and external religious orientation, strictness increases and as a result, the tendency of teenagers for social favorability increases

Depending on their type, social issues have different effects on and consequences for the society. Running away from home, especially girls running away from home, is one of the most important social harms, which is considered a serious threat to society as a whole. A child or teenager who leaves home without the permission of parents or guardian is considered a runaway child or teenager. Based on this, the aim of this research is to examine the criminological prevention of the phenomenon of girls running away from home in Tehran

The present research is of a quantitative type and is in the group of applied research, and in terms of method, it is a descriptive research type. In this research, the data were collected using field study. The statistical population of the research is all the runaway girls in Tehran and due to the uncertainty of the number of runaway girls, 180 people were selected as the sample size using the unlimited population sample size formula. The data collection tool, researcher-made questionnaire, has a face validity and reliability of 0.7. In this research, artificial and equivalent average data have been used. Data analysis was done at two descriptive and predictive levels, and in order to measure the effect of independent research variables on dependent variables, correlation tests and structural equation models were used using SPSS and AMOS statistical software.

The findings of the hypothesis test in three general hypotheses showed that the social fields, psychological fields and criminological fields in preventing the escape of girls were confirmed with positive and significant coefficients and according to the significance level of less than 5%, the results could be overgeneralized to the statistical society. In addition, in structural equation modeling, all factor loadings with high coefficients have been able to define latent variables, and in the discussion of modeling, criminological fields with a coefficient of 0.61 have the highest effect on preventing girls from running away, as well as psychological fields with a coefficient of 0.32 and social fields with a coefficient of 0.29 have an effect on preventing girls from running away.

Girls running away from home can happen for various reasons; and to prevent it, relying on social, psychological and criminological strategies is an undeniable necessity.