مجله رویکردهای نوین در مدیریت ورزشی
پیاپی 39 (زمستان 1401)

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the status of knowledge management in the Ministry of Sport and Youth Affairs as a public authority and main body of sport in Iran. The present study was carried out by exploratory mixed method in two qualitative and quantitative phases and sequentially. The statistical population of the study consisted of expert managers and knowledgeable about the concept of knowledge management in this ministry that finally 18 people were selected as the sample using purposive sampling method. The method of data collection is mixed. In the qualitative section, using in-depth interviews and theoretical saturation method, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the knowledge management system in the Ministry of Sports and Youth were identified based on the KAFRA model and a research questionnaire was prepared based on this. Content validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed by experts and Cronbach's alpha coefficient, respectively. Then, in the quantitative part, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to calculate the weight and importance of each of the identified criteria and sub-criteria. The results showed that threats in the Ministry of Sport and Youth are the most important ones, followed by weaknesses, strengths and opportunities. Lack of adequate laws to protect the knowledge-based organization was identified as the most important threat, which indicates the need to pay more attention to the legal infrastructure of knowledge management.

Having a good image of the destination is a very important place in tourism development. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of personal and environmental information sources on the image gap of sports tourists.  The present study was applied and in terms of purpose was descriptive-correlational researches thatdata have been collected in the field. The statistical population of the study consisted of all tourists of Tochal, Dizin Shemshak and Abali ski resorts with at least 6 months of continuous presence or at least five times per year. To obtain the sample size, the Cochran's unlimited community sample size was used The sample size was estimated N=272. In this study, purposive random sampling method was used. All statistical calculations of this study were performed using SPSS statistical software and analyzes related to structural equation modeling using Amos software. The results showed that the mean score of the status of personal information resources, environmental information resources and the image gap of sports tourists and all its components indicated an unfavorable situation. There is a positive and significant relationship between personal and environmental information sources and the image gap of the destination of sports tourists, which means that with the improvement and increase of personal and environmental information sources, the level of the image gap of the destination of sports tourists will improve relatively well. Destination managers need to make sure that the information transmitted from different sources of information is attractive enough to attract potential tourists and provide an image that is close to reality.

The present study aimed to provide a model for decisions on outsourcing service in sport for all supply chain. The present study has been done using a systematic design of data foundation theory and based on fuzzy cognitive mapping approach. Through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 18 experts in the sports industry, sport for all, supply chain and outsourcing, the concepts and components of optimal decision-making in the field of outsourcing of sports services were identified. After summarizing and categorizing the issues raised by the experts, 6 main indicators and 20 sub-indicators were obtained in the decision to outsource services in the public sports supply chain. Then, based on the knowledge of experts, the relationships between concepts were drawn in the form of fuzzy cognition maps. Excel, FCMapper and FCM EXPERT software were used to draw fuzzy cognitive maps and calculate the related indicators. Indicators related to cognitive maps indicated that the design and implementation of outsourcing evaluation systems, control and comparison of pre- and post-outsourcing conditions and the quality of outsourcing recipients, respectively, have the highest degree of centrality; this means that they have the most impact on the outsourcing decision-making system. Finally a set of Outsourcing the Decisions policies were examined as two different scenarios. The results of this study show that according to the fuzzy cognitive map, the principled and scientific decision-making of outsourcing services in the sport  for all supply chain is the result of comprehensive attention to decision-making indicators. The results of this study can help sports managers to make appropriate decisions to outsource the sport for all services sector and succeed.

The purpose of this study was to identify and validate the e-commerce model in sports services marketing with a combined research approach. The research method is mixed according to the purpose of the research. The statistical population consisted of two parts. The statistical population in the qualitative part included university professors, experts and thinkers. Field of study and having relevant scientific writings related to the subject, having managerial positions and executive experiences in the field of e-commerce were among the criteria for selecting the initial list of experts. The sample size in this study was based on a theoretical saturation index of 17 people, experts in the field of physical education and students in the field of physical education as well as customers of sports clubs. Based on this, 370 people were selected as a sample. The measurement tool was open in the qualitative stage of the interview and was analyzed with Maxqda software. In the quantitative part, the research tool included a questionnaire extracted from the codes of the qualitative part, which was analyzed with AMOS software. Based on the data analysis, 84 basic concepts, 20 main categories and 5 main cores were identified. In the quantitative part, the obtained results showed the confirmation of items and factors in the first and second order confirmatory factor analysis tests, meaning that the factor loads of items and factors were higher than 0.4. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the design of e-commerce model in the marketing of sports services is not achieved by chance, but is a purposeful process that is rooted in many features and situations.

The real areas of crises in sports testify to the incompetency of managers, therefore, identifying and increasing crisis management capacity is one of the management challenges. The aim of this study was to design and develop a model of managers' competencies in managing national and international sports crises in the country. The research method was exploratory in nature and using the emerging approach (Glaser), the data theory of the foundation was done. The statistical population in this qualitative study was 25 people familiar with the literature of crisis management, diplomacy, and sports management,who were selected purposefully and based on a theoretical approach.. Data analysis was performed in a simultaneous manner and with open coding, selective coding, and theoretical coding. Having done the analyses, 17 main categories were identified including : adherence to religious principles and professional ethics, reputation, individual and social personality, mental abilities and soft intelligence, accountability and transparency based on affairs, decision-making skills, legalism, Perceptual and capable ability to provide timely and appropriate feedback on crises, knowledge and scientific competence, organizational competencies, conscientiousness and foresight, effective communication and diplomacy skills, self-management and human resources, modernity and developmental thinking, belief in scientific and Believing in scientific-research achievements and scientific experiences in crisis prevention, risk analysis and risk assessment, soft organizational leadership, ability to manage time as competencies. Developing this model provides an opportunity for managers to assess their skills based on the skills required, and focus on acquiring the skills necessary to manage crises in sport. Finally, these skills could be of great use for managers in training to prepare them for senior sports management positions, especially in times of crisis.

The aim of the present study was to determine the Casual Factors affecting the Create of new businesses in the country's sports, which was done by qualitative studies derived from the Straus and Corbin models. The statistical sample of this study was experts and experts in the field of sports management and sports business, who were selected in a targeted manner and snowball, and the sample size was done considering the assumption of theoretical saturation. The data collection tool in this study was semi-structured open interviews. Data collection and analysis were performed simultaneously with interpretive analysis, and then, using three coding methods including open, central and selective coding, the main and abstract categories were identified. The five categories of individual, after that, capital, environmental and the nature of sports were identified as the causal categories affecting new businesses. Finally, the main categories were analyzed using hierarchical analysis of the experts and the results showed that the individual category was the most effective and the nature of sports was the least important factor influencing the creation of new businesses in sports. It is suggested that more attention be paid to the development of individual entrepreneurial skills in universities so that we can see more businesses in sports and lower unemployment rates in the university sports community.

The concept of team identity threat and fan’s coping strategies has recently been considered by sports management researchers and so far no research has been conducted in this field in the country. In this regard, the present study was conducted with the aim of identifying the fan’s coping strategies against team identity threat with a case study of Esteghlal FC fans. The research method was qualitative research in the form of content analysis and the statistical society included the Esteghlal FC fans who followed the Instagram page of this team. The sampling method was purposeful and in-depth interviews were conducted with 28 samples up to theoretical saturation. Coding technique was used to analyze the data and NVivo software version 10 was used to classify the data. The results showed that the fan’s coping strategies in the conditions of the team identity threat in two comprehensive, emotion-oriented themes that include 6 sub-themes; keeping distance from the team, optimism for the future, past achievements, reinforcement, pessimism and blame of others, and humor, and problem-oriented theme, which includes 2 sub-themes; Explosions and destructive behaviors are categorized. The results have provided important applications in both theoretical and practical parts. On the one hand, it is the first study conducted in the field of fan’s coping strategies against the threat of team identity and has closed part of the huge gap in this field in domestic and foreign researches. In addition, it has provided a coherent view of types of fan’s coping strategies in facing team identity threats and a wide range of necessary management measures for a better management in these strategies.

The purpose of this study was to review the studies conducted in the field of performance appraisal in Iranian sports with a content analysis approach in the period 2001-2021. The research method is based on strategy, descriptive, in terms of implementation path, content analysis and in terms of data collection, documentary. The statistical population of the study was 101 articles published in the field of searched concepts from 2001 to 2021 in Iran. Articles with the keywords performance management, performance appraisal, sports performance, team performance, sports success, performance of managers, coaches and referees, athlete success and athlete performance were searched in Magiran, SID, Noormags and Ensani.ir databases. The tool used was a checklist and spss software was used to analyze the information.The results showed that out of 101 studies, 53% were dedicated to the evaluation of individual performance (managers / coaches / referees and athletes) and the rest to the evaluation of the performance of sports organizations. In addition, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) performance model and data hierarchy analysis (AHP) models have been used. In most researches, a researcher-made questionnaire (54.5%) was used, most of which were of formal and content type (30.7%) and most of which were Cronbach's alpha (66.3%). Is. Also, the research method was 88.1% in terms of strategy (descriptive), 36.6% in terms of implementation (survey) and 81.2% in terms of purpose (applied). In addition, in terms of sampling method, 34.7% of non-random sampling had the highest frequency. Also, most of the articles were researched by 3-4 authors (69.2%). According to the more specific findings of this study, it seems that the evaluation of team performance and performance of athletes should be evaluated with more accurate and lesser models. In addition, the use of accurate and objective statistical information, combined methods of validity and reliability, and methods based on mathematical models are suggested.

The purpose of this study was to identify and prioritize the performance evaluation indicators of Shiraz health sports clubs from the viewpoint of club managers using the AHP method. The research method was descriptive-analytical and field-based. The statistical population was all managers of health sports clubs in Shiraz (425 people), 60 of whom were selected as samples. To identify performance evaluation indicators by reviewing the literature and the background of the research, a list of indicators was developed and provided to 10 sports management specialists. After summing up the comments, the final framework of the indicators was compiled in the form of 5 general indicators and 28 sub-indicators, and their relative weight and rank were calculated. The findings showed that the most important indicators of performance evaluation of Shiraz  health sport clubs were, respectively, human resources facilities and equipment (0/29), services and access (0/20), legal and insurance (0/19), safety And health (0/156) and ethics and excellence (0/152). Therefore, it is recommended that health sports club managers pay special attention to human resources, facilities and equipment and to use their resources and capital in order to strengthen this factor in order to be able to rank in higher grades of performance.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of financial incentives on the decision to participate in physical activity and sports. The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population of the present study included all Iranians aged 15 to 65 years living in the country who had access to the Internet and virtual media of Telegram, WhatsApp and Instagram and were not physically and medically restricted to participate in physical activities. 810 people answered the questionnaires and finally 572 questionnaires were used as the basis for statistical analysis. The required information was collected through a researcher-made questionnaire and its face and content validity was confirmed by experts (9 people). Its reliability was also calculated using Cronbach's alpha test (0.83). The process of distributing and collecting questionnaires has also been through cyberspace. STATA16 software has been used for statistical analysis of variables and estimation of research model parameters. The results showed that offering a discount card or shopping cart, immediate rewards and giving rewards to charity by individuals, had a positive and significant effect on the decision to participate in sports and physical activities. But delayed reward has not had a significant. In general, providing incentives can be a good way to develop and promote physical activity and sports and according to the results obtained in the final section, it is better to provide financial incentives to young people, single people, women and people with low income levels to increase its effectiveness.

Sport is very influential on human development in the form of different roles. The present article tries to present a short-range theory in constructing the sustainable development through sports by focusing on constructivism and using the constructivist approach of Grand Theory. The data of this qualitative research with an exploratory-fundamental nature, was collected through the targeted sampling with the snowball technique and based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 19 experts in various sports fields who are familiar with development and sustainable development. The interpretative understanding of the coding determined that based on the specific roles, through developers such as government, regime, parliament, NGO’s, social media and social activists, and by using requirements such as types of literacy and various skills, different areas of sports can contribute greatly to human development firstly, and the sustainability of cities finally. As a result, the role of sports in achieving social growth, economic growth and effective protection of the environment or sustainable development was displayed in the form of a construction model. Trustees or developers can do their planning locally, and based on the current model, and use the extraordinary capacity of sports according to each ecosystem to achieve the sustainable development of that region.