نشریه رویش روان شناسی
سال یازدهم شماره 11 (پیاپی 80، بهمن 1401)

The child-parent relationship therapy program is based on the principles of child-center play therapy and focuses on the parent-child relationship as a basis for behavioral and emotional changes. Parents learn therapeutic skills during this program, become emotionally attuned to their child, and focus on caring, empathic understanding, and acceptance. The aim of this study was to introduce child-parent relationship therapy, its objectives, description of the intervention, and its adaptation for physical impairment, autism, and deaf children. The present research method is a review and narrative type. To select the articles, the keywords of child-parent relationship therapy, physical impairment, autism, and deaf were used in reliable scientific databases from 2006 to 2022. 63 articles, theses, or books were found, of which 40 were selected. Exceptional children have special needs. The parents of these children also play a key role in supporting and caring for their children. Child-parent relationship therapy focuses on strengthening the parent-child relationship through relationship therapy. Also, the adaptations and recommendations of this intervention have been provided according to the type of disability of children, especially for physical impairment, autism, and deaf children. As a result, this type of play therapy can be used as an effective intervention to improve the behavioral, emotional, and social problems of different groups of exceptional children.

The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of psychological capital in the relationship between mindfulness and the mental health of pregnant women. The research method was a descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the research included pregnant women aged 18 to 40 in Tehran in 2021-2022. A total of 200 pregnant women were selected by convenience sampling method. The research instruments were: Mental Health Scale (28-MHI) Besharat (2009), Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ) Luthans et al. (2007), and the Five Factors Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) Bauer et al. (2006). Structural equation analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that the research model has a good fit and components of action with knowledge and lack of judgment with an effect size of 0.14 and 0.07 have a significant indirect effect on mental health due to psychological capital (P<0.05), but the three components of observation, description, And lack of reaction did not show a significant indirect effect (P <0.05). The results also showed that the components of description and non-response of the mindfulness variable along with psychological capital with the effects of 0.18, 0.22, and 0.29, respectively, have a significant direct effect on the mental health of pregnant women (P< 0/05). These results show that psychological capital, considering the role of mindfulness, can explain mental health in pregnant women.

The purpose of the current research was to determine the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in the relationship between learning styles and students' academic adjustment. The current research is descriptive-correlational in terms of methodology. The statistical population was all the students of Shahid Bahoner University in Kerman in the academic year of 2021-2022 (12614) and 693 (446 girls and 247 boys) of which were selected by a simple random sampling method. Kolb's Learning Style Inventory (LSI2, Kolb,1985), Motivational strategies for learning Questionnaire (MSLQ, Pintrich et al.,1993), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ, Garnefski et al.,2001), and Academic Adjustment Scale (AAS, Anderson et al., 2016) were used in data collection. To analyze the data, structural equation modeling was used. The findings indicated an adequate fit of the data to the proposed research model. The results also showed a direct relationship between learning strategies and learning styles with academic Adjustment (P<0.05) and a relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and academic adjustment (P<0.01). Also, the Positive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation have mediated the relationship between learning strategies and learning styles with academic adjustment (P<0.01), and the negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation have only mediated the relationship between learning strategies and academic adjustment (P<0.01). Based on the findings of this research, learning strategies, learning styles, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies should be considered as predictors of academic adjustment in learning-teaching methods and prevention programs by students, teachers, counselors, and university administrators.

Social anxiety is one of the most common problems reported in adolescents with high-functioning autism. The purpose of the present study was a systematic review of factors affecting the occurrence of social anxiety symptoms in adolescents with high-functioning autism. This research was conducted using a systematic review method. Thus, the research findings from 2000 to 2021 in Google Scholar, Science Direct, Springer, PubMed, Scopus ProQuest, and Sage with the keywords social anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, high-functioning autism disorder, adolescents with high-functioning autism disorder, and social anxiety in high-functioning autism disorder were searched, and finally, based on the inclusion criteria, among the 41 articles searched, using the PRISMA checklist, 10 articles were included in the research and the findings were classified And reported. The evaluation of the articles showed that defects in social skills, high-performance levels in autism spectrum disorder, and adolescence period are the most important factors affecting the incidence of social anxiety in adolescents with high-functioning autism. Focusing on these factors can open the way for more research in the field of providing effective interventions to reduce social anxiety in adolescents with high-functioning autism disorder for researchers and professionals.

The present study was conducted to determine the mediating role of irrational thoughts in the relationship between Alexithymia and the emotional failure of students. The present research method is a descriptive correlation. The statistical population of this research was made up of all the students of Zanjan University in the academic year 2021-2022, of which 352 people were selected and participated in this research. The tools of this research included Ross Love Trauma Questionnaire (1999) (LTI), Toronto Emotional Dysfunction Scale (1994) (TAS), and Jones Irrational Beliefs Questionnaire (1986) (IBQ-40). The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling. Data analysis showed that the direct effect of Alexithymia on emotional failure and non-point thinking of students is significant at the level of 0.01. In addition, the direct effect of irrational thoughts on emotional failure was significant (P<0.01). Also, Alexithymia through irrational thoughts has an indirect effect on students' emotional failure. Based on the above results, the students' irrational thoughts have a favorable fit in predicting emotional failure based on Alexithymia.

The purpose of the present study was to Predict the Symptoms of Body Dysmorphic Disorder based on the amount of use of Social Networks and defense mechanisms in the Clients of Cosmetic Surgery Centers. The research was done by the descriptive-correlation method. The statistical population of the research included those who were referred to cosmetic surgery centers in Tehran in 2021-2022. From this society, 120 people were selected as the research sample by cluster sampling. The research tools included Stozin et al.'s (1998) deformity concern questionnaire (DCQ), Karimian et al.'s social networking questionnaire (2018), and Andrews et al.'s (1993) defensive style questionnaire (DSQ). Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression test were used for data analysis. The results showed that the use of social networks (P = 0.02 and β = 0.22) and two defense styles: immature (P = 0.05 and β = 0.21) and neurotic (0.01) P and β=0.29) are predictors of body deformity, but the mature style was not a significant predictor for body deformity (P=0.54 and β=0.06). Also, the predictor variables of the research were able to predict 7% of the variance of the criterion variable in clients to cosmetic surgery centers. The result of the present study shows that paying attention to defense mechanisms and the use of virtual social networks by psychologists can help to explain body dysmorphic in those who refer to cosmetic surgery centers.

The present study aimed to determine the effectiveness of meta-diagnostic treatment on children's behavioral adaptation, anxiety, and dental fear. This research was applied in terms of purpose and semi-experimental in terms of research design with pre-test-post-test design and control group. The statistical population of this research was made up of all children aged 11 to 7 years who were referred to Tabriz dental clinic in 2019 and were suffering from fear and anxiety. Among the referring children, 30 children were selected in an available way and were randomly placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. So that the experimental group received meta-diagnostic treatment for 10 sessions of 90 minutes, one session per week for 3 months; While the group did not receive a training certificate. To collect data from the Children's Fear of Dentistry Scale-Sub-Index (CFSSS) (Cathebert and Melamed, 1982), the Dental Anxiety Questionnaire (DAQ) and Vaniham et al., 1980) and the Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) (Frankel, 1962) ) used. Data analysis was done with the statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis. The results of the research showed that there is a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores of the experimental group compared to the control group (P<0.01). Transdiagnostic treatment reduces fear and anxiety and increases children's behavioral adaptation in dentistry.

The aim of this study was the comparing the effect of behavioral parenting training of mothers and social skills training of children on Emotion regulation strategies and self-control dimensions in fourth-grade students with oppositional defiant disorder. The current research was semi-experimental and pre-test-post-test design and control group. The statistical population included fourth-grade male students and their mothers who had been referred to psychology clinics in Tehran's District 5 between August and September 2020. From the mentioned society, 45 participants were selected using the purposeful sampling method and randomly placed in two experimental and one control group. The experimental group sessions were 12 sessions of 90 minutes for each group. The instruments of this study included the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the Self-Control Questionnaire (CPSC). For analysis, analysis of multivariate covariance was used and for comparison, Benferoni analysis was used. The findings showed that in both experimental groups, the average post-test scores in adaptive emotion regulation strategies (effect size = 0.566), maladaptive (effect size = 0.701), and self-control dimensions (effect size = 0.633) compared to the pre-test has changed (P<0.05), but no significant difference was observed between these two methods on study variables and their dimensions (P>0.05). From these findings, it can be concluded that teaching parenting to mothers is as effective as teaching social skills to children on emotion regulation strategies and self-control dimensions of children with the oppositional defiant disorder.

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of remote Attention and Memory Cognitive Rehabilitation on executive functions and behavioral symptoms in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without special learning disorder. The method of this study was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design and a control group. The statistical population of all children aged 8 to 12 years with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with and without learning disorders in counseling centers in Tehran in 1400. In this research, 15 children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with a learning disorder and 15 children without a learning disorder were selected by purposive sampling method. The experiment group received Cognitive Rehabilitation of memory and attention (Najati, 2021) during 10 sessions of 60 to 75 minutes. In order to collect data, the (Coolidge, 2002-CNT) Neurocognitive Test and Social Skills Rating Scale (1990-SSRS) were used. Findings showed that remote attention and memory cognitive Rehabilitation on executive functions (P < 0.001)and behavioral symptoms (P < 0.001) were higher in children with attention deficit disorder without learning disorder compared to children with attention deficit disorder with a learning disorder. The results of the present study showed that cognitive rehabilitation leads to the improvement of executive functions and reduction of behavioral problems in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and learning disorder.

The aim of this research was to investigate the relationship between time perspective and happiness with the mediating role of lifestyle in female adolescents. The present study was a cross-sectional analytical study. The present study was a cross-sectional study. The statistical population in this study included all female high school students in Tehran in the academic year 2019-2020. 352 students were chosen in convenience sampling and were assigned to the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire (OHQ) (Hills and Argyle, 2002), the second version of the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP-II) (Walker et al., 1987), and Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) (Zimbardo and Boyd, 1999) responded. Data analysis was performed by the structural equation modeling (SEM) method. The results showed that the proposed research model had a good fit. Also, the results showed that the past-negative perspective, present-hedonistic perspective, and present-fatalistic perspective have a negative direct effect on lifestyle and happiness (P<0.01), but the two sub-components future perspective and past-positive perspective have a direct effect on lifestyle and happiness (P<0.01). The direct lifestyle path on happiness was significant (P<0.05). Other results showed that the indirect coefficient of time perspective components on happiness through the mediating variable of lifestyle was significant (P<0.05). Consistent time perspectives directly and through a health-oriented lifestyle can lead to happiness in female adolescents.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effectiveness of schema therapy on referential thinking and emotional exhaustion of female nurses. The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and control group with a follow-up period of one month. The statistical population includes all the female nurses of Imam Khomeini Hospital (RA) in 1400, the total number of which was n=973. The research sample was 40 people and they were selected purposefully. Among the research sample, 20 people were randomly replaced in the control group and 20 people in the two intervention groups. The experimental group received the intervention during 10 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. The data were collected using the referential thinking questionnaire (PTQ), and job burnout (MBI) and analyzed by the variance analysis method with repeated measurements. The main effect of the group for referential thinking (P>0.05, F=95.4) and emotional exhaustion (P>0.05, F=13.9) are significant; That is, there is a difference between the two groups in terms of the mean of referential thinking and emotional fatigue. In referential thinking, the main effect of the three stages of measurement (P < 0.05, F = 14.5) and emotional fatigue also (P < 0.05, F 7.37) =) is significant. It can be concluded that this intervention was able to reduce the referential thinking and emotional fatigue of nurses to a great extent.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of behavioral activation therapy on disturbance tolerance and negative hyperemotional dimensions of female patients with multiple sclerosis. The research was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test, and control group with a two-month follow-up. The population of female patients with multiple sclerosis. The sample consisted of 30 of these women who were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to two control and experimental groups (15 people in each group). The intervention group received behavioral activation therapy during 8 sessions of 90 minutes once a week. The data were collected with Simmons's (2005) disturbance tolerance scale (DTS) and Meta-emotional Mitmansgruber (2009) (MES) and analyzed by repeated measurement method. The results showed that the main effects of the group are significant for tolerance of confusion and negative overexcitement; That is, the two groups differ in terms of the average tolerance of disturbance and negative overexcitement. The main effect of disturbance tolerance is three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. In negative emotions, the main effect of the three stages of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up was reported as significant and lasting (p<0.05); The size of the effect also shows the effect of 63.4 percent of the intervention on increasing the tolerance of disturbance and reducing negative overexcitement. It can be concluded that this intervention was able to increase tolerance of disturbance and reduce negative overexcitement.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the mediating role of marital boredom in the relationship between emotional misconduct and marital satisfaction. The research method was descriptive correlation and structural equation modeling. The statistical population included all the men and women of Bandar Abbas city in 1401-1400, from which 350 people were selected by the available sampling method. Pines' (1996) Marital Boredom Questionnaire (MBS), Mohammad Khani et al.'s (2003) Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), and Olson's (1994) Marital Satisfaction Scale (EMS) were used to collect data. The analysis of structural equation modeling showed that emotional abuse and marital boredom both directly and indirectly contribute to marital satisfaction in men and women (0.001). The findings showed that the research model has a good fit. The results of this research showed that the variable of marital affection has a mediating role between emotional misconduct and marital satisfaction of couples.

The purpose of this study aimed to effectiveness of a mindful parenting training package on parental care and parenting burnout of mothers of students with the internalizing disorder. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test, post-test design, and 1-month follow-up. The statistical population included all mothers of second-year elementary students in Isfahan city in 2020  year, among them, 30   students with internalization disorders were selected by purposive sampling method and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 people each in the group). The experimental group received a mindful parenting training program Boggles (2014) in 8 sessions of    90 minutes one time a week. The control group did not receive any training. Participants answered the research’s scales including positive dimensions of care (PDCS, Ruff & et al., 2004) & parental burnout (PBS, Mikolajczak & et al., 2018). Statistical analysis of variance with repeated measures was used to analyze data. The results of the research showed that training mindful parenting had a significant effect on parental care and parenting burnout of mothers of students with internalization disorder (p<0.05). Therefore, it can be said that the mindful parenting training package has an effect on parental care and parenting burnout of mothers of students with internalizing disorders.

The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between sexual self-concept and the tendency to extramarital relationships. The research method was a correlation. The statistical population included women with experience of infidelity who in 2019 had been referred to the family court and counseling centers and psychological services in Tehran. From this population, 373 people were selected by purposive sampling. The research tools were; the attitudes toward infidelity scale (ATIS) of Whatley (2008), the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) of Garnfsky et al (2001), and the Multidimensional Sexual Self-Concept Questionnaire (MSSCQ) of Snell (1995). Path analysis was used to analyze the data. The results showed that was significant the indirect effect of sexual self-concept on the tendency to extramarital affairs mediated by negative emotion regulation (β = -0.10 and P = 0.01) and positive emotion regulation (β = -0.04 and P = 0.009). Although was not significant the direct effect of sexual self-concept on the tendency to extramarital affairs (β = 0.10 and P = 0.38), the research model had a good fit. The results indicate a significant mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between sexual self-concept and the tendency to extramarital relationships that can be considered in education and interventions to reduce marital infidelity.

This study aimed to compare the school bonding and interpersonal problems in students with unsupervised and abused families with normal families in Bandar Lengeh. The sample consisted of 152 normal students and 81 unsupervised or abused students. Normal students were selected by the multi-stage cluster sampling method. Data were collected through two questionnaires: school bonding (Rezaei Sharif et al., 2014) and interpersonal problems (Barkham, 1996). The results of multivariate analysis of variance of school bonding in unsupervised and abused students' groups and normal students showed that there is no significant difference between school bonding scores. In other words, unsupervised or abused student groups and normal students are no different in terms of school bonding. The results also showed that there is a significant difference between interpersonal problems in the unsupervised or abused students' groups and normal students in the two dimensions of considering others and the dimension of support and participation. According to the research findings, it can be concluded that there is a difference between interpersonal problems in students with unsupervised or abused families with normal behavioral disorders.

The present research investigates the structural relationship between interpersonal sensitivity based on the believability of thoughts mediated by the role of cognitive flexibility. The statistical population consists of employees at the Broadcasting Service in the City of Tehran in the year 2021-2022 who totaled 278 people selected via random cluster sampling method who answered  Believability of Anxious Feelings and Thoughts- (BAFT) (Herzberg et al., 2012), Interpersonal Sensitivity Measure -(IPSM) (Boyce & Parker, 1989) and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory-(CFI) (Dennis & Vander Wal, 2012) questionnaires. The data were analyzed by the structural equation modeling method via Spss 22 and Lisrel 8/8 software. An acceptable fit of the data with the modified model was shown by the Fit indicator. Data analysis suggested that there was a negative significant relationship between cognitive flexibility and believability of thoughts and interpersonal sensitivity (p<0.01). A positive meaningful relationship was also noted between the believability of thoughts and interpersonal sensitivity. The Sobel Test results indicated that the variable of cognitive flexibility mediated the believability of thoughts and interpersonal sensitivity (p<0.01). The results also concluded that believability of thoughts and anxious feelings not only had predictive effects but also had indirect predictive effects on employees’ interpersonal sensitivity through cognitive flexibility (p<0.01). From the research findings, the result of the credibility of thoughts and cognitive flexibility can play an essential role in predicting the interpersonal sensitivity of employees.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy on chronic pain experience and pain management in women with fibromyalgia. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest design, a control group, and a two-month follow-up. The study's statistical population included all women referred to the pain treatment center of Sina Hospital in Tehran in 2021 who had received a diagnosis of fibromyalgia by a physician. From this population, 36 were selected by available sampling and assigned to two groups (18 people in each group) by lottery. The research instruments were: Van Korf et al. (1992) chronic pain grade questionnaire (CPG) and Nicolanes et al. (2000) pain self-management checklist (PSMC). For the experimental group, 12 sessions of emotion-focused therapy (one session per week for approximately 60 minutes) were performed, but the control group did not receive the intervention. Repeated measurement analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. The results showed that in the experimental group, there was a significant decrease in both post-test and follow-up variables compared to the pre-test (P<0.01), but unlike pain management, the results were not stable for the chronic pain experience variable (P=0.02). The results also showed no significant differences in pre-test, post-test, and follow-up in both variables for the control group (P<0.05). The results showed that fibromyalgia treatment centers and psychotherapists who deal with these patients could use emotion therapy to improve the experience of chronic pain and pain management.

Children with visual impairments suffer from major behavioral problems that affect the child's developmental process and adaptation to their environment. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of puppetry and cognitive-behavioral therapy on internalized and externalized problems of children with visual impairment. The statistical population of this study included all children (7-9 years old) with visual impairment under the supervision of the Welfare Department of District 5 of Tehran in 2020, from which 24 people were selected by purposive sampling as a research sample and as They were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (n = 12) and a control group (n = 12). The Achenbach (1991) Child Behavioral Problems Inventory (CBCL) was used to collect information. The cognitive-behavioral puppet therapy program was performed on the experimental group in 9 sessions of 90 minutes (one session per week) as a group. Analysis of research data was performed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results showed that after controlling the pre-test scores between the two experimental and control groups in the components of internalized behavioral problems (anxiety, isolation, and physical complaints) and externalized behavioral problems (social problems, problems). There was a significant difference in thinking, attention problems, ignoring rules, and aggressive behavior (P <0.001). Based on the above findings, it can be concluded that puppet therapy is effective in reducing the internalization and externalization problems of children with visual impairment.

The purpose of the current research was to study the perception of primary school teachers about the educational and behavioral consequences of implementing evaluation in virtual space during the covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the perception of elementary school teachers was investigated in a qualitative and phenomenological way. The research community included all the elementary school teachers of Birjand city in the academic year 2021-2022, and according to the nature of the research, a criterion-type purposeful sampling method was used, and with a semi-structured interview of 12 elementary school teachers, the data obtained reached saturation. To analyze the collected data, the seven-step Colizzi analysis method, and MAXQDA 12 software were used as data analysis tools. Findings in the form of 8 themes of creating and strengthening the spirit of cheating, reducing teacher-student interaction, reducing student participation, students' dishonesty, anxiety during observation and learning, parents' awareness of students' strengths and weaknesses, reducing anxiety when doing homework and tests, and increasing The motivation of the teacher and students were presented. The findings of the research show that the implementation of descriptive evaluation in cyberspace during the covid-19 epidemic has caused serious educational and behavioral damage to students and has reduced various levels of educational interactions, and also the spirit of cheating has been strengthened in most students. In contrast to consequences such as parents' awareness of students' strengths and weaknesses, reduction of students' psychological pressures such as anxiety, and increase of teacher's motivation to work, have been among the positive consequences of online evaluation. Therefore, in addition to all the mentioned weaknesses, virtual evaluation during the covid-19 epidemic has also brought many advantages and benefits, and virtual evaluation can also be used in a principled way in the post-corona era.