مجله محیط زیست و توسعه فرابخشی
پیاپی 78 (زمستان 1401)

Laws are reflecting values that are changing and reflect the principles and values of the acceptable in a statehood. The chaptering of the legislation and regulation are one of the most important structural points when drafting the regulation and legislation. Because the principles and the axes of the environmental regulation and legislation show the most important environmental concerns and problems, and policies and activities of state to prioritize and resolve environmental problems. However, there are fewer studies available about the investigation of the principles and axes of environmental regulation and legislation from a comparative perspective. This article examines the principles and axes in environmental legislation and regulation.

The paper follows the method of qualitative content analysis for the definition and determination of the principles and axes of environmental legislation and regulation. In this regard, it used the upstream documents of Iran's and the statements of international conferences for the definition and determination of the principles and axes of environmental legislation and regulation. Such as: the general policies of the system in the sectors of water resources, natural resources and environment, Articles 40, 44, 45, 47, 48 and 50 of the Iran's constitution, declaration of the United Nations conference on the human and environment, declaration of United Nations conference on environment and development, declaration of the agenda 21 and world summit on sustainable development plenary statement. Then, it uses of network analysis method and software of Ucinet and Netdraw in order to show degree centrality and betweenness centrality of the principles and axes.

The results show that the most axes are in the period of the implementation of the Land Reform to the Islamic Revolution (1962-1978) with 29 axes, the eleventh and twelfth governments (2013-2020) with 28 axes, and the victory of the Islamic revolution to the end of the war (1978-1988) with 27 axes. Also, the seventh and eighth governments (1997-2004) with 12 axes and the ninth and tenth governments (2005-2012) with 15 axes have the least axes compared to other periods. All axes are of equal importance in the ninth and tenth governments. In other words, all axes have the same degree centrality (14) and betweenness centrality (0/02). Despite the fact that the principles and axes are different in each period, but the principles of "prioritization and priority right", "pollution", "monitoring and inspection", "investigation of scientific principles", "Economic growth and development" and "participation and cooperation" are common in all governments. In addition, comparing the principles and axes of Iran's environmental regulation and legislation with the principles and axes of international environmental documents shows that most of the axes used in the environmental regulation and legislation of Iran are located in the declarations of the United Nations conference on the human and environment and the United Nations conference on environment and development.

Although, Iran's environmental legislation and regulation are affected by acceptance of the statements of international conferences and membership in international organizations, but legislative institutions have a superficial focus on some principles and axes of the statements of international conferences. In other words, legislative institutions add these axes to the text of environmental regulation and legislation in a period of time and delete those at a later period of time. Such as the "evaluation" principle and other principles that directly and indirectly refer to the "evaluation" principle.

In the present age, the issues and challenges of water crisis are at the center of attention of human life. To solve these crises, recent environmental policies have focused on encouraging pro-environmental behaviors and the determining factors of this behavior. Considering that one of the reasons for this crisis is the lack of human knowledge in the sustainable management of resources, therefore, the present research aims to contribute in the explanation and prediction of cooperative use behavior of water resources by Investigating the rich experiences of a successful case study in the field of water consumption local management by focusing on the knowledge component.

The theoretical framework of the research is the modify theory of planned behavior (MTPB) with an emphasis on the local knowledge component. This descriptive research was conducted using a survey method and a questionnaire among two groups of drinking and agricultural users in Toshan and Galand villages in Golestan province. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires have been confirmed using the Content Validity Ratio and Cronbach's alpha test. According to the research objectives, SPSS software was used for the statistical analysis of the questionnaires. In the following, structural equation modeling using Smart PLS software has been used for the simultaneous analysis of causal relationships between variables and the degree of conformity of the conceptual model with experimental observations.

The results of the statistical analysis show that the environmental knowledge of the users about water issues in the region is higher than the expected average, and this means that the level of cooperative behavior in the study area is high. Also, according to the Stone-Geisser scale, the structural model has a good structural quality in all cases. Investigating the structural part of the model by Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR) shows the appropriate reliability and convergent validity of the MTPB model. Also, the value of the R2 coefficient shows that in total, the variables of the modify model explain 92, 93, 74 and 79% of the behavior of the users of Toshan drinking, Galand drinking, Toshan agriculture and Galand agriculture, respectively, in relation to local participation in the use of water resources. Regarding the structural paths of the model, the results indicate that all components have a positive and significant effect on the variable of behavioral intention. Also, according to the obtained path coefficients, a positive and significant relationship has been observed between knowledge and attitude with the behavior of cooperative use of water resources, which confirms the hypothesis of the research and shows that the users have a positive attitude towards the cooperative behavior of water conservation in all cases.

According to the field experiences in the study area, the participation of stakeholders in the use of water resources facilitates the work by sharing environmental knowledge in cases where there are conflicts regarding the use of water. Adding the knowledge component, has not shown significant differences in improving behavior prediction between different cases of consumption. Of course, the results show that knowledge can be effective as a prerequisite for engaging in cooperative behavior. It should be noted that the results show that drinking water users, with a slight difference compared to agricultural users, have a greater behavioral intention to accept cooperative management of water resources.

The new approach to the environment in the current century and considering it as a part of the national capital of countries, the need to preserve it by using clean technologies such as biological technology has become the most important concern of mankind in the present century. In the third chapter of the country's comprehensive scientific map document, which is dedicated to the country's science and technology priorities, in its first priority in the technology sector, "environmental technologies" have been proposed and called for directing funds, guiding the educational system, and reforming and renewing structures and processes. It is for the rapid growth of this field. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to study the scientific, economic and social effects of the researches carried out in the field of environment in order to clearly reflect the current situation of the said field in Iran.

The present research is of applied type and has been carried out using quantitative and scientific approach. The research community has been 10268 articles from the Scopus database in the field of environment during the years 2012 to 2021, which by using library methods for the purpose of theoretical foundations and retrospective bibliometric analysis, scientific researches in the field of environment in terms of the publication process of articles, It studies the status of patent citations and the status of readers in different social network platforms. Also, in order to check the amount of reflection of articles in social media, the data of Altmetrics database was used and the data obtained from that database was analyzed statistically in SPSS software. In the field of inferential data analysis, Spearman's correlation test has been used in this software.

The findings showed that the highest publication of scientific productions in 2021, the highest citation to scientific productions in the field of "environment" in 2018, and the highest impact of citation with normalized weight belong to the years 2021 and 2019. Also, the highest and lowest citation weight points are related to the years 2021 and 2014. In addition, the utilization of researches in order to create environmental products in 2012 has been much better than other years in the examined decade, and the number of patents granted in 2012 (the first year of the examined decade) to scientific and Iran's research in the field of biotechnology is also more than the other years under review, and this difference is due to the use of the mentioned scientific products by a large number of patents, which makes them visible. The highest level of reflection of the environment in social networks belonged to Mendeley software, Dimension citation, user tweets, news media and Facebook, respectively.

Discution: 

In order to increase economic growth and support and protect patent rights in the field of environment, provision of necessary fields such as laws and regulations and other necessary infrastructures should be included in the country's economic policy agenda. From another point of view, the exact attribution of technological advances to studies and researches is also a difficult and complicated task. Global systems that are dedicated to monitoring scientific activities published at the international level have tried to follow the connections made between researches and patents and to some extent determine their impact and economic effectiveness. In any case, it is difficult and almost impossible to provide accurate and objective data about which of the researches in the field of environment has been economically successful.

The environment and the necessity of protecting it, is one of the issues that has been considered by many scholars and experts in different fields of science in the present era, the environment is one of the dimensions of achieving sustainable development, and what is evident to everyone is the lack of life of human societies without having a healthy environment, there are different approaches to the subject of the environment, including the environmentalist-centered approach and Human-centered approach. . The first approach puts the environment at the center of its attention and considers the necessity of protecting it to all. The second approach, which is related to the utilitarian approach, considers the environment in the service of human beings and any rights, including the rights of animals, plants, etc. The first approach leads to the formation of laws to protect the environment. Such laws are planned, enacted and communicated based on the norms and values and the extent of the importance of the issue from the viewpoints of strategists and legislators of each country and are implemented by the enforcers of the laws. In the meantime, some environmental crimes are committed that have irreparable effects on the environment, but are not criminalized by criminologists and perpetrators are never held accountable or punished. These crimes, which are categorized as human rights crimes, are considered sociologically. Environmental crimes are varied based on geographical location, culture and actions of individuals and vary in every society. Identifying cultural and social factors related to crimes committed by people in the community helps community authorities to prevent crimes and achieve a healthy environment to improve the health and quality of life of citizens. The present study aimed to investigate the social and cultural factors of committing environmental crimes by Kashani citizens.

 The present study is conducted by quantative method, using questionnaire technique. At first, existing standard questionnaires and a researcher-made questionnaire on environmental crimes were distributed among Kashani respondents who were selected by multi-step cluster sampling method using Cronbach's alpha. The number of samples was estimated to be 358 using Cochrane method, which was upgraded to 481 samples for more accuracy, after collecting data, they were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 and finally the conceptual model of the research was tested using AMOS software.

The results of this study indicate that national identity with 0/35, urban identity 0/28, social capital 0/27, cultural capital 0/38, religiosity 0/12, environmental awareness 0/33 and citizenship culture 0/56 have a meaningul and negative affect on environmental crimes. With a path coefficient of -0/56, the highest coefficient of direct path and national identity with a coefficient of 0/92 had the highest indirect effect on committing environmental crimes. In the present study, the GFI, AGFI, CFI, and NFI goodness of fit indices were reported to be more than 0/90, which indicates the appropriate fit of the research model.

In this regard, citizenship culture and national identity have a significant role in reducing environmental crimes with the highest direct and indirect effects, respectively. As a result, with the participation of the people of the society as much as possible in the activities related to the city and increasing their responsibilities in relation to the city where they live, besides, identifying and consolidating the national identity by the decision makares and law enforcers, constructive steps can be taken in order to reduce environmental crimes.

In developing countries, Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) offers numerous benefits, including the identification of hidden costs, waste reduction, improved environmental outcomes, enhanced product quality and competitiveness, and increased process and resource productivity. The zinc mining industry and related activities, such as concentrate production and zinc smelting, require process life cycle analysis due to the extensive pollution they generate, including contamination of surface and underground water from heavy elements in the leachate. Through the use of MFCA modeling, it is possible to accurately evaluate the inputs and outputs of current processes in this field and analyze them for environmental effects.

This study involved visits to industrial smelting units, expert opinions, and integration with the Sima Pro software database to prepare a life cycle model and network of the product life cycle and its environmental effects. By analyzing the life cycle of Iran's zinc smelting industry, green product productivity was used to calculate the cost-material flow in the selected sample unit, track the material flow, and present a model for the life cycle of zinc. This involved utilizing information from Iran's zinc smelting industry, data from the Sima Pro software database, and the implementation of the MFCA model on information related to zinc smelting and concentrate products. In this model, zinc smelting and zinc concentrate production processes were treated as input and greenhouse gas emissions as output.

Based on the material balance relationship, the combination of calcine with sulfuric acid produces leach cake, silver, lead, and air pollution. The research estimates that for the production of one ton of zinc ingot, the amount of air pollution generated is 7 kg. MFCA analysis of the leaching unit of the industrial research complex indicates that the cost of 5070 kilograms of input materials is 12,350,000 Tomans, the cost of the system is 30,000,000 Tomans, and the cost of energy is 1,950,000 Tomans. The study also found that 3549 kg of product is obtained for 9,100,000 Tomans, while 1536 kg of waste is produced at the cost of 3,250,000 Tomans. This highlights the input values, the primary product, and the secondary product.

Through the provision of comprehensive life cycle models for the zinc smelting process, especially the zinc smelting concentrate process, the inputs and outputs of the production chain were evaluated. By accurately determining the flow cost of these materials, the process of zinc smelting concentrate production can be optimized to minimize losses, reduce environmental pollution, lower direct costs, and increase economic output, thereby leading to the growth and development of the industrial complex.

In recent years, sustainable environmental development has become one of the most important topics in various sciences. One of the primary causes of global warming and environmental instability is the excessive production of greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide has the greatest amount and effect among greenhouse gases. Urban transportation is increasingly emitting carbon dioxide. In recent decades, urban transportation has also been an indispensable part of the city and urban life with the increasing expansion of cities and population growth. In many cities, especially less developed cities, urban transportation as well as traffic have currently become a constant challenge and left many environmental effects. The increasing number of city trips has resulted in air pollution, noise pollution, and weather phenomena. The emission of greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide, is one of the most important destructive effects of urban transportation, which ultimately causes global warming and climate change. Therefore, if the production of carbon dioxide is more than the city's carrying capacity, it will endanger environmental sustainability in the long term. The ecological footprint index is used as an integrated method to calculate the absorption capacity of the city based on carbon production and to evaluate environmental sustainability in many countries of the world at different levels. The ecological footprint is generally a measure of how much land is needed to absorb the carbon produced by humans. The ecological footprint shows the environmental sustainability or unsustainability of the range determined based on the volume of carbon produced. Therefore, it is necessary to calculate the ecological footprint of activities that pollute the environment. Since the city of Bojnurd has experienced a significant increase in population and sudden expansion in recent years, particularly after becoming the capital of the province and considering the multifold increase of urban trips in this city, the purpose of this research is evaluation of environmental sustainability for urban transportation patterns of Bojnurd by ecological footprint technique.

The present research with the descriptive-analytical method evaluates the environmental sustainability of intra-city transportation in Bojnurd. To this end, the required data, including the number of trips, daily movements, and the average distance traveled per trip for each travel pattern by referring to documents, reports, as well as the relevant organizations, has been collected. Then, the ecological footprint of Bojnurd urban transportation is calculated.

Finally, by comparing the per ecological footprint capita of Bojnurd urban transportation with the world standard, it is found that out of the five modes of transportation, private cars, taxis, buses, minibuses, and motorcycles, only two models of buses and minibuses are environmentally sustainable. The private car is the most unstable model whose per ecological footprint capita is nine times larger than that of the global standard per capita. This research shows that the transportation system of Bojnurd is environmentally unstable because the volume of carbon dioxide produced by this system is much higher than the capacity of absorbing carbon dioxide by the city's lands.

Due to the increasing demand for using private cars and the trend of migration to the city, these problems will increase in the future and the process of bad ecological effects on the city of Bojnurd will accelerate, which requires urgent measures and careful planning.