نشریه زبان پژوهی
پیاپی 46 (بهار 1402)

New applied games and social robots in today's language education have resulted in robot-games (Robo-Games)-aided language learning. To be precise, social robot's augmented reality combines the real world with technology to add a layer of digital over the physical, allowing students to visualize the materials in the scenes of real world. One of the major perks of Social Robot augmented reality-aided learning modules is being able to practice materials in an environment like the real-world setting through the medium of simulation. Social Robot augmented reality affords students the opportunity to practice reading comprehension in a supportive context, where the quality of collaborative practice has been indicated to be beneficial. This may make more sense to expose students early to reading materials regarding their future life. According to the socio-cultural theory of cognitive development, Community of Practice is now the place where students with the high and low level of foreign language proficiency, in tandem with students from different nations come to apply the cued scenes of the augmented reality and learn by teaching social robots. This way, the focus of the study was to do educational didactics in the Community of Practices of Middle Eastern Youths for doing foreign using social robot's augmented realities in the Community of Practices.

The previous prevailing view in neurolinguistics was that it is the left hemisphere which play a central role in different linguistic levels and damage to this hemisphere, in various forms, causes impairments in linguistic abilities of individuals to varying degrees, but today it has become clear that right hemisphere is involved in processing of various linguistic aspects. Neurolinguistics studies have shown that due to brain damages in some areas, the ability to understand or produce language is impaired to varying degrees and causes language disorders. The aim of the present study was to evaluate prosodic skills in adult right and left hemispheres damaged patients using the Persian version of the Montreal Protocol for the Evaluation of Communication (M.E.C.)

A constituent is a chain or structure made up of one or more words, which function as a whole i.e. a single unit, in syntactic operations. Almost all syntactic operations are applied to constituents. Any failure to detect them properly will not only lead to structural ambiguity but also make the analysis of the syntactic processes virtually impossible. It is here that a strong need is felt for a special device to detect the structures. Constituency tests are tools applied in the formal syntactic tradition and hence, in Minimalism, for the detection of constituents and the borderlines between them. So far, constituency tests and their applications in syntactic analyses have been substantially discussed in English resources on syntax (Radford, 1997; 2006; 2009; Carnie, 2001; Kim & Sells, 2007; Tallerman, 2011), but they have only been occasionally and briefly addressed in Persian sources although constituent detection is one of the first steps in fundamental syntactic investigations.Tests such as coordination, ellipsis, topicalization clefting, sentence fragment etc. have been frequently discussed in terms of how successful they are in detecting main categorical constituents. The results show that these tests are not absolute devices for the detection of borders between constituents. In other words, not all of them are successful in detecting all constituents. On the other hand, their efficiency may vary cross-linguistically. For example, as Hosseini-Maasoum (2022) puts it, a test like coordination is equally successful in Persian and English while a test like topicalization may be more efficient in English than in Persian.

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a new approach in the field of Discourse Analysis that examines the relationship between language and thought and discovers the hidden ideology behind the texts. In Critical Discourse Analysis, language has two layers, the superficial and the underlying. At the superficial layer, the discursive structures and features are explored while, at the underlying layer, the ideology and worldview of that discourse’s producer are discovered. Discursive features depict social actors. Social actors are all people who are present in a discourse. They are represented in different ways in the discourse with the help of socio-semantic features. In CDA, it is believed that most texts are ideological and that events are reported from a particular perspective. As a result, adopting this approach, the dominant ideologies in different texts can be re-examined. In this research, an attempt has been made to study one of the most important issues using CDA. The problem is domestic violence against women, and the method used to investigate is the model of social actors of Van Leeuwen (2008).Domestic violence has recently received more formal attention in Iran. Domestic violence is one of the most common types of gender-based violence, which includes physical, psychological, verbal, sexual, economic, and social harassment. Women and girls are the most affected by domestic violence. Violence against women has devastating consequences, especially at the family level. Therefore, paying attention to this issue and examining it from different dimensions can be helpful. This study tries to analyze the narratives of women who have experienced various forms of domestic violence, using a completely linguistic model. In other words, by examining the discursive features in these narratives, this study explores the ideologies of the producers of these texts and also examines the tools and strategies that these women use to persuade or influence their audience.

Productivity covers a wide range of linguistic phenomena. Productivity is as much about syntactic phenomena; it can be related to morphological phenomena. The various definitions of productivity are reflected in the presentation of the approach and the method of productivity measurement. Studies on what and how to measure morphological productivity have been conducted since 1899.It can be said, in 1976, Aronoff proposed the first method for quantitative measuring of morphological productivity in English. Baayen (2009), in productivity measurement, considered the possibility of finding new words made by derivational suffixes. Thus, he has developed quantitative morphological productivity measurement methods. Anshen and Aronoff (1998), describe productivity of how new words are made with a certain suffix. With this view, the productivity rate of each suffix is obtained. It means productivity becomes a probable continuum and it can be used to predict the rate of possible word construction. At both ends of this continuum, there are patterns that are "full-productive" and “non-productive”.Of course, Palg (2006), also discusses the use of suffixes as overall “possibility" of language for constructing new words. The logical consequence of all morphological productivity analyzes is the presentation of various methods for quantitative measuring of the productivity of suffixes. Most studies on this field focus on the measurement and reliability and validity of each measurement. Despite more than thirty years of quantitative studies, Bauer (2004) argues that one of the empirical problems with these measurements is that "we do not yet have a reliable measure for productivity”. In Iran, Abbasi (2005), Rafiei (2008), Badakhshan (2010), Hemmasian (2010), Kheirabadi et al. (2010), Erfanian Qonsuli (2011), Mavvaji (2012), Amirarjmandi et al. (2013) and Farzaneh (2016) have studied on morphological productivity in Persian.The main purpose of this study is to quantify the current productivity of non-verbal Persian derivational suffixes using different methods so that the probable productivity continuum of these suffixes is given.  This article also introduced and analyzed different methods for quantitative measurement of productivity in researchers' studies over the last thirty years. In this study, morphological productivity is assessed using a corpus-based approach. Additionally, according to Bauer (2004) and Baayen (2009) quantitative measurement framework, four frequency methods and two probability estimation methods have been used to measure morphological productivity.

The main geographic locations of Turkic languages speakers are Turkey, the Caucasus, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tatarstan. There are also substantial Turkic-speaking communities in northwestern China (Kornfilt, 1991). Johanson (1998) distinguishes following 6 branches for Turkic languages, attempting to combine the area distribution of this language family with typological and genetic features:1-Southwestern branch, Oghuz Turkic 2-Northwestern branch Kipchak Turkic 3-Southeastern branch Uyghur Turkic4-Northeastern branch Siberian Turkic 5- Chuvash representing, Oghur or Bulghar Turkic 6-Khalaj representing, Arghu Turkic. Each branch includes subbranches that due to article limitation, they are not mentioned here. Azeri Turkic, is the language of a large part of northwestern of Iran, including East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan provinces and also some parts of central areas of Iran and Gilan province. Azeri Turkic has different varieties which are spoken in cities like Tabriz, Ardabil, Urmia, Khalkhal, Sarab, Pars Abad and other cities in Iran. The Turkic language which is spoken in Iran and all over Azerbaijan, south of Caucasus, and Anatolia is the Oghuz Turkic. There are two Turkic-speaking tribes in Kerman province. Afshar tribe whose language is Oghuz Turkic (Field,1964, p.49; Hamedani,1959, p.35) and Bochaghchi tribe.The present study aims at surveying the lexical similarities and differences between the Turkic spoken in some Turkic-speaking villages in Orzuiye county in Kerman province and Tabriz variety of Azeri Turkic. The corpus of study consists of available data in Iran linguistic atlas (ILA) which have been gathered based on the questionnaire prepared for this atlas. The data belongs to 10 villages of Orzuiye county in Kerman province including, Damane Tiroft, Sorkhan, Sargaz Dolat Abad, Shahmaran, Ali Abad, Fath Abad, Mahmood Abad, Motor Bistohaft-e Khordad, Motor Zargarha and Motor Ghorkhmazei. The main questions of the present study are as follow:1-How much lexical similarities and differences are there between the studied words in Turkic spoken in Kerman Province and their equivalents in Tabriz variety of Azeri Turkic statistically?2-What is language contact effect on the language of the Turkic-speaking villages of Orzuiye county in Kerman province? Has local Persian which is spoken in the neighboring villages of the studied ones effected on their Turkic language?

The present study is classified in the field of cognitive linguistics studies. Cognitive linguistics is an approach to the study of language that investigates the relationship between language, the human mind, and human experience. In this study, we used cognitive metaphor, which is the advantage of cognitive studies, as an effective tool for linguistic data that contain fear. In cognitive metaphors, a part of the properties of a physical concept corresponds to a part of the properties of a more abstract concept, and thus provides the conditions for its understanding and expression. This study is important because it identifies a systematic system of broad and seemingly scattered expressions containing the concept of fear, and an attempt has been made to describe the discipline within expressions, in the form of cognitively related structures. In this study, our goal is to answer the following questions by cognitively examining the concept of fear:What are the most common source domain for understanding and expressing the concept of fear in Persian and Arabic languages?What are the Ressemblance and differences in the structure of the concept of fear between these two languages?What prototype and non- prototype patterns does the cognitive approach explain for the mentioned languages?

Phonologists have spoken about lenition and fortition for more than a century; in fact, for as long as phonology has existed. The first scientific terminology that was introduced in the 19th century in order to talk about manner distinctions is based on the intuition that sounds naturally range on a scale which expresses strength.This paper studies the role of phonological strength in the occurrence of fortition processes in Persian language. The fortition processes of glide occlusivization, glide fricativization, glide affrication and buccalization according to the concepts of «positional strength», «assimilative strength» and «the inertial development principle» (Foley, 1977), and «the preference laws for syllable structure» (Vennemann, 1988) are analyzed.The questions posed in the present study are: 1- In the occurrence of each of the processes of glide occlusivization, glide fricativization, glide affrication, and devoicing and buccalization, which of the factors mentioned in the Foley approach (1977) have a role? 2- To what extent have the mentioned processes been done in order to improve the structure of the syllable according to the " the preference laws for syllable structure" (Vennemann, 1988)? 3- What is the explanation for the role of "phonological strength" in the emergence of Persian language strengthening processes?

This study aims at the investigation of ellipsis in Persian coordinative constructions. Langacker (2012) speaks of ellipsis in cases where an expression that is not a clause itself, receives a clause-like interpretation by analogy to one that is. Most of the research on ellipsis in coordination regarding Persian have adopted a Generative Grammar approach. Generative linguists seemingly do not hold a unified opinion about ellipsis coordination or what they call  right node raising. Shabani (2013) has mentioned that constituency or non-constituency of the omitted part is a subject of controversy among different generative linguists. On the one hand, linguists, such as Postal (1974), Bresnan (1974), Williams (1990), and Larson (1990) claim that right node raising only works on the elements forming a constituent. On the other hand other linguists, including Abbott (1976), Wilder (1995), Duman (2003), Kluck (2007), Wyngaerd (2007), Ince (2009), and  Alzaidi (2010) argue that right node raising targets non-constituents as well as constituents, and this means that right node raising violates constituency condition.  Having this in mind, it seems that the fixed and rigid constituency defined by Generative Grammar has caused some challenges for this kind of constructions description. Hence, adopting Cognitive Grammar approach, which is meaning-based instead of syntax-oriented and investigates language with all aspects of it, has rendered new and different results.Langacker (2009) argues that meaning includes not only conceptual content but also construal: our ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways. In order to have a uniform way of referring to (conceptual) content, the term domain (base) is adopted in cognitive grammar. One dimension of construal is the prominence conferred on conceptual elements, and one kind of prominence – profiling- is of central importance in coordination. This is how meaning plays a significant role in our analyses. Langacker (2012) introduces differential and anti-differential as the coordinands of an elliptic coordinative construction. He defines differential and anti-differential in the framework of a model named as Access and Activation Model. Based on this model, on a given time scale processing takes place in successive windows. A window provides the extensionality required for multiple entities to be represented and connected with one another. Canonically, the content subsumed in a window is thereby integrated to form a coherent structure organized around a single focus, or salient entity (Langacker, 2012). In the same work, Langacker refers to the windows coinciding with clauses as "clause-sized windows". Langacker (2012) employs Access and Activation model as an alternative metaphor for compositionality.  As he  puts it, the linguistic notion of composition is based on the metaphor of building something out of smaller pieces. While it is unavoidable, useful, and valid up to a point, the compositional metaphor has its limitations and is deleterious if pushed too far. In this alternative metaphorical model, a moving window of attention provides serial access to a complex conception. Portions of this target conception appear in the window at each processing stage until it is deemed to have been covered sufficiently for communicative purposes. Differential is defined as the content appearing in one clausal window that does not appear in the prior window. The anti-differential consists of any previously active content that the differential conflicts with and suppresses (Langacker, 2012). Based on Langacker's research carried out on English, it was expected for cognitive grammar to manage to describe ellipsis in Persian, considering differential and anti-differential as the coordinands of the coordinative constructions.