فصلنامه ادبیات و زبانهای محلی ایران زمین
سال دوازدهم شماره 3 (پیاپی 37، پاییز 1401)

Parables, the most prominent types of popular literature, are the intellectual and cultural extract of human societies, which have always echoed the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, miseries, desires, ideals and customs of different ethnic groups. Parables have many features, the most important of which being the didactic one. The Laks are one of the original and cultured Iranian tribes live mostly in the west and southwest of the country. This Iranian ethnic group speak the Laki language and has a rich oral literature, particularly in parables. This study, which has a descriptive-analytical method, is done using library resources and field data, the significance of advice and its most prominent categories in the parables of the Laki-speakers in Delfan have been investigated. The results reveal many varied concepts of advice in the content and theme of the parables, in which the effect suggests that Laki-speakers advocate advice. The thematic variety of advice in Laki parables encompasses 10 major categories in various areas of life, including: moral virtues and ordering them, forbidding moral vices, teachings of managing affairs, responsibilities and problems, raising a child, relationships and social interactions, livelihood, language and speech, partnership and economic issues, about work, striving and seizing opportunities, and teachings of companionship, friendship and enmity. In this study, 50 Laki parables related to these categories have been selected, reviewed and analyzed.

Contemporary Mahdavi Poems are considered as the most valuable and impressive type of resistance literature and ritual genre because of focusing on freedom, justice, fighting oppression, and picturing utopia with bright horizons. After Islamic Revolution in Iran due to dominant ideology, waiting culture and Mahdavism have become an important motif in Persian literature and poetry. The Bakhtiari poets also effected by the prevailing thoughts in this era and for the true belief of Bakhtiari people in Shiite teachings, have deeply composed Mahdavi poems. The number of Mahdavi poems studied in this research is thirty-one from eighteen Bakhtiari poets which have been composed and published in a classical form.. The musical layers of Bakhtiari Poems is studied and the aesthetic effects of this layers on the super-layers is analysed. It was determined that Bakhtiari poets while using the musical and phonetic elements of language, in addition to the decorative function, have deeply paid attention to  the roles of sounds and their relationships to the subject matter. In Bakhtiari Mahdavi Poems, all three musical layers including outer,inner ,and side layers، based on theme and subject are used.

Local songs are one of the main branches of folk literature and one type of these songs are poems which have been common in marriage rituals. Among these poems, various customs and rituals of the people can be recovered. In Larestan region, most of the local poems are dedicated to songs with the theme of wedding ceremony. The purpose of this study is to express the characteristics of wedding poems in Larestan region and classify them in terms of theme, content and study of mythological themes. The research method in this paper is field and library; The authors first listened, recorded, and categorized some of the songs in terms of content by attending thirty weddings and interviewing olders. In the next step, using library resources, the characteristics and bases of these songs are extracted and studied with a descriptive-analytical approach. Findings show that wedding poems and songs in Larestan region can be divided into two main parts:A) poems that express the people’s customs; B) songs that describe the bride and groom; It is also worth mentioning the mythological themes of these songs, examined in the following sections: 1. The groom taking a bath. 2. Hanabandans. 3. Sacrifice of the rooster and the growth of the plant of life. 4. interwove the tree. 5. Gaz, the tree of life. 6. Rustam. 7. Fairy.

Bayati is the predominant form of lyric poetry in the Turkish language. Bayatis have various themes (lyrical, social, historical and religious) and for this reason, they are recited in numerous celebrations and ceremonies. Bayatis are also a mirror of the beliefs, customs, temperament and aspirations of the Turkish-speakers and they are therefore of great importance. Fortunately, in recent years, in the light of popular literature in different parts of the country, good researches have been done on Bayatis, especially the Bayatis of the Azerbaijani people, but a close examination shows the Bayatis on other Turkish-speaking areas, including Zarandieh in Markazi Province. But no special research has been done and for this area, in this article, the villages of Hakimebad, Qasemabad and Sadrabad villages of Zarandieh city have been collected by field method and reviewed by content analysis method (descriptive-analytical approach). In this study, it has been determined that there are more than one hundred Bayatis with different themes in these three villages, but lyrical Bayatis have the highest frequency. These Bayatis, like the Azerbaijani Bayatis, are four-syllable and syllabic, but because in some of them the quantity of syllables is not observed, pause and break play an important role in arranging the melody. Most of them have rhymes; Like many Turkish Bayatis, the first shutters are the introduction and the main theme is expressed in the final shutters. Most of the characteristics of popular poetry, including the simplicity of words and language, the scarcity of literary terms and the uncharacteristic nature of the poet, are generally not much different from the Azeri verses.

The folk literature of every nation and region, including poetry and prose, and oral literature, reflects and expresses thought, belief, customs, behavior, cultural and social relations, and the way of life. Among the proverbs of Rostam city, animals play a significant role. According to the studies, one-seventh of the proverbs are dedicated to animals. These animals, divided into domestic and wild, are animals closely related to the lives of the people of this land. Looking at the animal community in these parables is in fact the sociology of humans. Some of the animal's behavior, movements, and temperament are reflected in humans, which provides a parable based on allegory, metaphor, or irony. The animals with which man is most associated in daily life have more proverbs in his dignity and the reflection of his behavior is more dramatic. The animal that offers the most services is a human with a positive role, and the one that threatens life is a person with a negative role. A description of an animal in a proverb is in fact an expression of the characteristic of the person who is characterized by it. All this, like the dignity of animals, with their application in the culture of the people of this city, is nothing but education, growth and training, which emphasizes the important role of humanization to create a healthy society.

One of the most important stylistic features of the Mashroteh era poetry in Iran, is the closing language of poetry to the colloquial one. In this era, poetry became more and more close to the colloquial language, and many colloquial words entered into the language of poetry; The percentage of Turkish words in the colloquial language was high compared to the literary language due to the extensive interaction between the Turkish and Persian languages, and this closeness of the poetry language to the colloquial language caused more and more Turkish words to penetrate in the Mashroteh era poetry. In this era, unlike the previous ages, the Turkish words used in the Persian colloquial language surpasses the old Turkish words common in persian prose and verse texts. Meanwhile, It can be said that the presence of Turkish colloquial words is also proved the colloquial language of Mashroteh era poetry. Based on this, we decided to survey the presence of Turkish loan words in Persian colloquial language, that entered the Persian Mashroteh era poetry language. The result of the present study, shows the high frequency of use of Turkish words taken from the colloquial Persian language in Mashroteh era poetry.