مجله جهانی رسانه - نسخه فارسی
پیاپی 32 (پاییز و زمستان 1400)

The existence of information and communication technology infrastructures such as landline phones, mobile phones, internet and broadband has made it possible for individuals, companies and governments to have better access to information, knowledge and technical skills on a large scale and at high speed. Hence, it is argued that the development of information and communication technology has fundamentally improved the efficiency of resource allocation, markedly reduced production costs, which are a constant concern of companies, and increasingly provided opportunities for investment in all economic sectors.ICT is one of the top four industries in the category of healthcare, agriculture and public services due to its wide applicability in various businesses. Especially, the speed of its penetration and widespread use by the mass of people, along with the aforementioned characteristics and potentials, have caused many governments to prepare extensive programs to improve the level of health, education and government services to citizens by creating funds for the development of the infrastructure of the information and communication technology industry. Allocation of financial resources and changes in existing laws and regulations are part of these programs.Due to the increasing importance of information and communication technology in global developments, researchers have paid great attention to the development effects at the national and business levels. There is a general consensus in the literature that technologies have a broad positive effect on economic and social development. This tendency has led to extensive measures to use information and communication technology for development goals such as economic growth, wealth production, wealth distribution, poverty reduction, expansion of educational opportunities, promotion of health services and access to public/government services.  Although related literature emphasizes its key role in accelerating economic growth, some researchers' arguments emphasize mixed results. While some writers point to a positive effect in developed countries, others do not consider this to be a general rule. They believe, especially in underdeveloped regions, the effects are negative.Based on these two different approaches, this article deals with the impact of information and communication technology on development. Based on a theoretical background, first of all, it is argued that communication is the basis of change and development of human society. Hence, the development of new technologies is associated with developmental consequences. Then, based on the empirical evidence regarding the penetration and expansion of digital technologies in the current world, it is suggested, these technologies cause extensive developmental consequences, mainly due to the higher intensity and speed of their impact. It is concluded that although information and communication technology apparently have positive development effects, their expansion, like other technologies, has social and environmental side effects that are rooted in the structure of the industry itself, the existing unequal social structure, and the facilitation of criminal and illicit activities.

In the era of global markets, what "authenticity" means? This is a question that has occupied the minds of some contemporary economic sociologists. Mechanical reproductions have intensified the crisis of authenticity of cultural products. In fact, digital media and social networks marketing have resulted in the emergence of virtual branding and restoring the sense of authenticity. In this new market place, the challenge of creating a reputation or the issue of branding still remain to address. In line with the global trend of virtual branding, in Iran, creators use the concept of brand to describe their business in the field of handicrafts. The question that arises here is why these creators name their business "brand"? The representative of the brand does not match. From this point of view, the many meanings that activists attribute to their actions and the mutual influence of their understanding of their actions are important, so the present article addressing the process of virtual branding based on an exploratory/qualitative study. Using a virtual ethnographic method the author attempts to understand the process of virtual branding realized in the field of modern Iranian handicrafts, its experimental characteristics, and its connection to the concept of authenticity.

This paper is an attempt to discover and explain the causal relationship between playing an online game named Clash of Clans and the behavioral changes of its players in Iran. This game was launched on August 2, 2012 and is classified as one of the addictive games. Clash of Clans has been popular in Iran since2014 and has involved many people from various social strata. This game is not specific to age, sex, or class and has attracted various people from various age groups. In order to provide and explanation for such addictive behavior and to conduct this research, the theory of cultivation and social learning has been synthetically used. An online questionnaire was also used to collect the necessary data. Methodologically, at the first step, a qualitative approach was used to discover what type of question need to be put into the quantitative questionnaire. Then, we used a survey method to analyze and explain the relationship between playing the mentioned game and how it affects the behavioral change of the players. Some findings show that this game is mostly played by men, single people and students. In other words, married women are less inclined to play this game. Also, the older people with permanent jobs tend to play it less. The pattern of game addiction also starts with friends and then it is transferred to player’s family. The data also shows that the Iranian family has built a stronger foundation for fighting the gaming addiction.The hypothesis of this research that the more people are familiar with the game, the longer the playing time was confirmed through a simple correlation test. The more family members or close friends play this game, the more hours of the day the player spends playing.By studying the frequencies, we found that men play the game more than women, singles play the game more than married people. It was also found that Clash players are mostly in the age group of 20 to 30 years and mostly play between one and four hours a day. Most of the Clash players are students and they encourage others to play as well. Another interesting results that was obtained from the tests is that there is a non-false causal relationship between the number of game installs and the cost for it, which means that people are willing to pay more due to their addictiveness of this game.Therefore, the two factors of cultivation and social learning that we mentioned in the theoretical synthesis are involved in promoting and continuing the game among Iranian respondents. Initial attraction may play a role in game initiation, but we have shown that friends and family encourage each other to play. Accordingly, friends and family play a more important role than the attractiveness of the game in the promotion and addiction of the game among Iranians.

Focusing on the message creation techniques, this article analyzes the rhetorical devices used for message production in four news agencies, news at 21 pm on channel one of  IRIB and Instagram texts during the first months of the spread of the Corona virus. Based on the literature review, research on the management of the production of content related to Covid-19 distributed by the media is important because audiences consume the content in both traditional and modern media and are affected by them. However, previous studies have not analyzed the types of information from the perspective of the rhetorical tools in crisis management.The conceptual framework of the present paper is based on the importance of perception in crisis management and the three categories of Instructing, Adjusting and Internalizing information according to Sturges' theory. The effectiveness of crisis communication depends on the rhetorical and sequence of information presentation during the crisis. So, Instructing information should be provided firstly, then Adjusting information and finally, Internalizing information.Techniques of content production are identified by using qualitative content analysis, identifying the rhetorical devices used in the texts, and the two concepts of schemes and tropes in Leigh's model. Accordingly, a number of 257 news items broadcasted on Iranian National TV, 17519 news items appeared in news agencies and 17 Instagram pages with more than 1000 followers have been analyzed.The findings show that content production techniques can be separated from three perspectives:a) Presentation format: Interview, film, conversation, animation, comic, vector, PowerPoint, and diagram are common formats.b) Content production methods comparison, explanation, naming, metaphor, emphasis, simplification, and sensitization.c) Content production purpose the common objectives are judgment, education, informing, hopefulness, panic.In concluding:The presentation format on Instagram has been more diverse than that of television and news agencies. Among the types of content, videos and especially videos that have humorous content and Islamic medicine, have been viewed more than others.Confrontation with anti-science can be seen in news agencies and Instagram, but 21 pm TV broadcasts do not pay attention to this issue.TV and news agencies have used tropes, but no scheme has been used on Instagram.The effectiveness of the content influencing on the behavior change decreases in Instagram, news agency and television, respectively.

The writers of this paper aiming to further understanding of the policy making of virtual space in Iran attempt to address this question: what are the social and political meanings consequences of the policy of substituting Telegram messenger by local messenger applications in Iran”? Our investigative results indicate that the policy of “requesting permission” that is originally adopted by the Iranian Press law, is also an ideal end from the viewpoint of the policy making system in Iran. Indeed, the policy of filtering and the aim of the exit of government issues, education, and business services from Telegram, and shifting these activities towards one local application, is something that is planned and implemented by the Iranian policy makers. In addition, supporting and developing local messenger applications, framed by detersive technical, institutional, infrastructural, franchised, and loan granting, in accordance with the policy of localizing virtual space applications, are preferred and followed by the policy makers in the area of virtual space. From the viewpoints of the Iranian virtual space policy makers, the execution of localizing virtual space applications, is faced by some negative consequences, including the prevalence of the usage of anti-filters, and some very important problems, such as institutional, technical, and social challenges of public trust, private sphere, information security, and government intrusion , considering the point that the importance of each challenge is not the same among all the Iranian virtual space policy makers.

In the present paper, some Iranian and Hollywood made movies and a sample of disabled individual have been studied. It seems this kind of study does help to understanding the social conditions and characteristics of disabled people.In order to address the issue of social construction of disability in some Iranian made movies and the stereotypical images of people with disabilities, three Iranian films titled "Painting Pool", "Here Without Me", "Eternal Children", and three Hollywood made titled "Me Before You", "I am Sam" and "Rain Man" were selected to analysis. Conceptually, In addition of Stuart Hall's concept of representation and Goffman's concept of stigma we tried to analysis the selected films based on Grimas’s narrative theory.Our findings indicate that, in general, negative stereotypes of people with disabilities are still the main theme of narrating disabled people in the analyzed Iranian movies. Although Hollywood films have adopted a more critical approach, but we still see some stereotypes such as pathetic, additional burden and imposition on society, fear of the disabled and its consequences, and isolationism in characterizing the disabled people. In sum, the analysis of the action function showed that the depicted disabled people have the opposite function in the cinematic narration. In this regard, we can conclude that disability is often represented as an obstacle in achievement of hero’s wishes.

The importance and necessity of commercial and entertaining communication in tourism industry is somehow evident. Using film tourism, it is possible to make deep effects on culture and economy. This research has studied some advantages and problems of film tourism in contemporary Iran .Semi- structured interview and field observation were used to collect data. Several interviews were conducted with professionals in the field of tourism, communication, film and media, business owners related to tourism and film tourists who were selected by purposive sampling. According to research finding, film tourism in Iran is in its early stages. The existence of filming organizations in Iran, the making of historical films in historical locations, the existence of successful examples of tourism- oriented films, the existence of filmmakers interested in promoting tourism, carrying out some successful activities in the private sector, the growth of filmmaking and winning international award in this context, and the accuracy of the filmmakers in choosing the right location for the film contribute to the growth of film tourism in Iran. On the other hand, lack of a  center to introduce and sell film locations to filmmakers, the lack of film tourism tours, the people’s poor financial ability to use film tourism tours, the reluctance of filmmaker and actors to allow visitors to film locations, the difficulty and cost of protecting and maintaining if the locations are visited by the public during the entire week, the unknown nature of film tourism, and the problems in filmmaking are some of the obstacles to the growth of film tourism in Iran.

Genesis as well as consequent transformations happened in virtual social networks has contribution in emergence of distinct gender roles among women. Cyberspace consumption has been associated with opportunities and threats for women. The purpose of the study is to describe the experience of housewives’ gender roles as well as investigation of backgrounds relating to mentioned experience through implementation of descriptive phenomenology as the research method. The main question is how the gender roles is experienced by housewives while approaching virtual social networks. Married women of 28–56-year-old living in Shahr-e-Rey were selected purposefully on the basis of predetermined inclusion criterion as the research informants. Data seeking has been done through twenty semi structured interviews. Data analysis and exploration in participants’ experiences was done on the basis of employment of Collaizi method. Research question mentioned above was answered in the form of 3 final themes including Hyper-realized matrimony, online spousal, and software-oriented emotional motherhood. Other ten main themes in this regard included sexual hyperreality- based exploited in silence, online infidelity phobia, being mannequin desire, sexual conscious and pleasure sharing, online household management, visible state of being subject, state of intertwined fear, hope and reflexivity in virtual life, online motherhood governance, dying traditional motherhood, helpful teacher-mother and dreadful motherhood. The above stated themes represent various dimensions of experience related to gender roles in three scopes of matrimony, spousal arrangements as well as motherhood. Interpretative analysis of main discovered themes has been provided with special reference to selected statements of informants expressed in semi-structured interviews. The conclusion of present paper has been interpretatively articulated on the basis of the highest level of abstraction with reference to research conceptual framework, review of previous related studies and empirical findings of the current research as well.

When we use media to compare the impact of that media on ourselves and others, most people think that mass media affects others to a significant extent. In making such a comparison, we usually perceive others more than ourselves under the influence of the media. The purpose of this research is to know the perception of the audience of the Islamic Republic of Iran Television on the size of the third person effect on the level of understanding of the programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran Television.

To investigate whether the effect of the third person exists in Iranian society or not, a survey was conducted by preparing a questionnaire, considering that based on the findings of non-Iranian researchers, the highest amount of the effect of the third person is formed with the unfavorable contents, we have limited the research to the evaluation of people's perceptions of the impact of the "contents of events" on television and programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran on themselves and others. In addition, because students, especially young students, are more exposed to incident content (i.e. action games, incident movies, and new music are usually used by these age groups), the scope of the research was limited to these groups. We have limited age.In the present study, 400 questionnaires were distributed among sample students who watch TV programs of the Islamic Republic of Iran. After checking the answers, 9 people did not answer the questionnaire completely or chose more than one option in response to some questions. As a result, the number of final participants among students is 391.

Regarding students' perception of the impact of action content on themselves and others, we can compare our findings with the findings of McLeod et al.'s (1997) and Rojas et al.'s (1996) articles. let's compare. Both of these studies were conducted on students, and in both cases, the student's perception of the impact of the content of the events was discussed. Our reason for choosing these two studies as the side of the comparison is that in our questionnaire, both the effect of "hot music" and the effect of "television incidents" were asked. In the same way, McLeod's study on the influence of hot music and Rojas's study on the influence of television events. As mentioned in the methodology chapter, in McLeod's research, as in our study, students' perceptions were measured using an eleven-point scale, the result of which shows that the effect size of the third person about rap music is equal to 0.51 (Andsager & White, 2007, 40 ). Also, the size of the third-person effect perceived by students about television incidents in Rojas ' study is 0.72, and by averaging these two measures, we can conclude that the size of the third-person effect perceived by students about violent content (whether music or film) is 61. is 0 (2=0.61÷(0.51+0.72). Our findings showed that the size of the third-person effect perceived by Iranian students was calculated as 0.55. As a result, the size of the third-person effect among Iranian students is higher than The same is true for Western students.

The achievements of the findings presented in this section can be summarized as follows:1- There is no difference in the perceptions of Iranian and Western viewers about their own and others' impressionability of media news.2- Iranian non-student adults' perceptions of the impact of media news on themselves and others, compared to the same group in Western society, show that Western adults show a greater third-person effect.3- The comparison of Iranian and Western viewers' perceptions about being influenced by action content about themselves and others shows that the amount of third-person effect in Iranian students is slightly more than in Western students.