فصلنامه پاتوبیولوژی مقایسه ای
سال نوزدهم شماره 77 (پاییز 1401)

Considering the effects of Cinnamomum in pain control and lack of report on its ani-nociceptive activity, the aim of this study is to investigate the analgesic effects of Cinnamomum extract in the hot plate test and its interactions with opioidergic, dopaminergic, serotoninergic and histaminergic pathways in mice. In experiment 1, animals injected (i.p) with saline, Cinnamomum extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) and morphine (5mg/kg). After determining effective dose of the, Cinnamomum extract experiments 2-5 were done. In experiment 2, animals injected with saline, Cinnamomum extract (400mg/kg), naloxone (2mg/kg) and co-injection of the Cinnamomum extract + naloxone. Experiments 3-5 were similar to experiment 2, except mice injected with cimetidine (12.5mg/kg), 6-HODA (100 mg/kg) and cyproheptadine (4mg/kg) instead of naloxone. Then, mice were individually placed on a hot plate device and pain tolerance was measured at first, 30, 45 and 60 minutes later and compared with the baseline. According to the results, morphine significantly increased the delay time in pain perception (P<0.05). The Cinnamomum extract (400 mg/kg) significantly increased the delay time in pain perception after 30 minutes (P<0.05). Co-injection of cyproheptadine with Cinnamomum extract after 30 minutes significantly reduced pain perception delay time (P<0.05). Co-administration of cimetidine with Cinnamomum extract after 30 minutes significantly reduced delay time in pain perception (P<0.05). The combined administration of 6-hydroxydopamine with Cinnamomum extract after 30 minutes significantly decreased the delay time in pain perception (P<0.05). The results show that Cinnamomum extract has analgesic activity and these effects are mediated with opioidergic, dopaminergic and serotoninergic systems.

Viral gastroenteritis is one of the most common ailments in all age groups acrosdxdxs the globe, and more than 700 million cases of diarrhea occur in children under five years of age. Rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus and astrovirus are important causes of acute viral gastroenteritis. Co-infection studies have been conducted in Iran in the past, but these studies were limited and heterogeneous. The purpose of this study is to investigate the frequency of co-infection of rotavirus with astrovirus and adenovirus and to investigate clinical parameters such as fever, duration and severity of diarrhea in positive cases of co-infection. In this article, the co-infection of rotavirus with adenovirus and astrovirus among 28 rotavirus positive samples collected from children under five years of age with gastroenteritis was investigated by molecular method. The frequency of simultaneous rotavirus-adenovirus infection was two and rotavirus-astrovirus infection was observed in four children. In addition to this, the documentation available in the patients' files and its relationship with the objectives of the current study show that the positive results of simultaneous infection only increased the duration of diarrhea and did not cause other specific symptoms such as duration of fever and severity of diarrhea. In this study, the sample size was low, but according to the results, it can be said that the current study shows the importance of simultaneous diagnosis of viral diarrhea factors in order to predict the duration of diarrhea and the possibility of other clinical symptoms.

Ear inflammation and infection is a common finding in different species of hedgehogs. Cy-tology is the first and most reliable way to diagnose this disease. However, no study has been done on the normal criteria of ear cytology of any hedgehog species. In this study, for the first time, ear cytology was investigated in two breeds of healthy long-eared and Iranian Brandet hedgehogs, in order to find normal values. 20 long-eared hedgehogs (10 males and 10 females) and 20 Brandt's hedgehogs (10 males and 10 females) were examined in this study. Anesthesia was done with ketamine and diazepam and according to the protocol for hedgehogs. After confirming the complete health of the ears, cytological sampling was done from bothears and three slides were prepared for each ear. Yeasts were the most common findings seen in the ears of the examined hedgehogs. Rod bacteria were not seen in any of the examined slides. Gram-positive cocci, squamous cells without nuclei and squamous cells with nuclei were the most common cases, respectively. Normal ear cytology in hedgehogs is very similar to normal dog and cat ear cytology.

The use of tissue is very common to return organ function nowadays. Tissue engineering and novel preparation techniques in therapy are a main role. In present research use of chemical and physical methods was tried to prepare tissue from connective tissue of plantar structure of ostrich. Five pair of ostrich is feet separated of tarsometatarsal joint were sent to laboratory. Microscopic study and biomechanical evaluation were performed. De-celluraization of the tissue was done with sodium dodecyl sulfate and vacuum. Finally, light and electron microscope studies were carried out. Biomechanical evaluation was done as well. Ligamentum plantar composed of fibrocartilage tissue that decellularization process last as percent of cells and their nucleus content. There was not significant difference between prepared tissue and original tissue in tension and compression parameters. SDS with vacuum decellularized till as percent with connective tissue unchanged with minimal antigenicity feature as xenograft. The tissue could be used after sterilization in patient in future.

Appetite modulation is a set of complex physiological mechanisms affecting different central nervous system areas. Glutamate and histamine play an important role in the central control of food intake in birds and reduce food intake in birds. The present study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effects of central glutamatergic and histaminergic systems on feeding behavior in neonatal chicks. 36 chickens were randomly divided into three experimental groups. Each experiment included a control group and 3 treatment groups (12 chickens in each group). In all experiments, after 3 hours of food deprivation (FD3), chicks received either control diluent or drug solution by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection. Then the birds had ad libitum access to the ‎food and fresh water, and then cumulative food intake (gr) was measured based on the ‎percentage of the body (%BW) ‎. In the first experiment, glutamate (75 nmol), histamine (75 nmol), and histamine + glutamate was injected. In the second experiment, chlorpheniramine (H1 receptor antagonist, 300 nmol), MK-801 (NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, 15 nmol), and chlorpheniramine + MK-801 was injected. In the third experiment, MK-801, α-FMH (histamine synthesis inhibitor, 250 nmol), and α-FMH + MK-801 was injected. The results showed that the injection of sub-effective doses of histamine with a dose of 75 nmol (sub-effective dose) and glutamate with a dose of 75 nmol (sub-effective dose) did not affect food intake (p > 0.05). However, co-injection of glutamate and histamine decreased food intake (p < 0.05). Injection of chlorpheniramine with a dose of 300 and MK-801 with a dose of 15 had no effect on food intake (p > 0.05). However, co-injection of chlorpheniramine and MK-801 increased food intake (p < 0.05). Injection of α-FMH with a dose of 250 and MK-801 with a dose of 15 did not influence food intake (p > 0.05). However, co-injection of α-FMHs and MK-801 increased food intake (p < 0.05). According to the results, there is probably a synergistic effect between histaminergic and glutamatergic systems in the control of food intake in neonatal chicks.

Anaplasma ovis is the cause of disease in sheep and goats in many tropical and subtropical regions of the world. This study aimed to determine the Anaplasma ovis species in the sheep of Guilan province and the effect of some variables (season, age, and sex of the animal) on its prevalence. For this purpose, 200 blood samples were taken randomly from different parts of Guilan province through the veins of the sheep.  DNA extracted from blood samples was amplified with a primer pair that amplified a 1468 bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene of the genus Anaplasma. Then the positive samples were amplified with the specific primer pair of Anaplasma ovis from the msp4 gene, which amplified the fragment of 866 bp. In total, 38 out of 200 samples (19%) were positive for Anaplasma ovis. In comparing the frequency of Anaplasma ovis in different seasons, the infection in the second six months of the year was significantly higher than in the first six months (P<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in relation to the different ages of the investigated animals and the sex of animals (P>0.05). In this study, infection with Anaplasma ovis was confirmed in sheep in Gilan province. The study of the transmission methods of Anaplasma ovis and its vectors in Iran has remained largely unknown and requires more research in future studies.