فصلنامه پاتوبیولوژی مقایسه ای
سال بیستم شماره 81 (پاییز 1402)

Indiscriminate use of antibiotics causes the increase of antibiotic resistance and the transfer of antibiotic resistant genes from animals to humans, so it is necessary to find suitable alternatives for antibiotics to minimize these factors, which the present experiment pursued the same goal. 420 one-day-old broiler chickens were used for 42 days in the form of a completely randomized design with 7 treatments, 3 replications and 20 chickens per replication. The experimental treatments included the control diet and three levels of protexin and virginiamycin 10% (0.25, 0.5, and 0.75). At the end of the data analysis, GLM method was used to compare the averages with Duncan's multi-range test. In the entire breeding period, the amount of feed consumed under the influence of experimental treatments containing protoexin and virginiamycin decreased compared to the control (p<0.5). The effect of protexin on live weight, ready-to-cook carcass and average daily weight gain was significant, so that in the treatments containing protexin, the live weight and ready-to-cook carcass were higher than the control (p<0.5). The treatment containing 0.5% of protexin had the highest live weight and ready-to-cook carcass weight (p<0.5). The concentration of blood parameters of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, high, low and very low density lipoproteins and blood urea nitrogen were affected was higher than the control (p<0.5). Therefore, the results of the present study showed that the effect of probiotics is not only equal to antibiotics, but also has better and more useful effects in some cases, so it is possible to use probiotics instead of antibiotics. He suggested virginiamycin in the diet.

Contamination of food products, especially dairy products, with aflatoxins, is one of the main problems in the food industry. This research aimed to remove aflatoxin M1 using two probiotics, Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, either alone or in combination, in skimmed milk containing this toxin. The study investigated the effects of storage time, microbial strain, bacterial concentration, toxin concentration, and temperature on the removal of aflatoxin M1. Two probiotic bacteria, Bifidobacterium lactis and Streptococcus thermophilus, at dilutions of 108 and 1010 CFU/ml, were inoculated alone and in combination into skimmed milk contaminated with different concentrations of aflatoxin M1 (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 μg/ml). The samples were then incubated at 4°C and 37°C for 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 hours. The detoxification percentage of aflatoxin M1 was measured using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed an increase in the removal of aflatoxin M1 with time. The removal of aflatoxin M1 by these strains varied from 12% to 87% depending on the concentration of bacteria, storage time, toxin concentration, and bacterial strain, whether alone or in combination. The results of this study suggest that using probiotics can be an effective method for reducing or eliminating the concentration of aflatoxin M1 in the dairy industry.

Turkey is a member of the Galiformes family, which originated from North America. Although the domestic turkey has become a bird of global economic importance, little attention has been drawn to it by anatomists. This bird is found in all parts of the world and because this animal is raised industrially, its meat is economically essential. Structural abnormalities are often related to the skeletal system, and among them, tip and motor organ abnormalities are prevalent. The poultry and turkey industries may suffer financial losses as a result of skeletal abnormalities, so it is also important for veterinarians for economic reasons. In this study, the bones of the anterior limb of turkeys with the same age and diet were studied in terms of anatomy. Differences between turkey and other bird species were identified in the wing bone structure. The bones of the humerus, radius, ulna, carpometacarpus, as well as digits were compared with those of other birds, including eagles, chickens, owls, and emu.

Influenza is one of the most important infectious viral diseases of birds, which causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry of countries every year and it is very important in terms of public health viewpoint. Different species of birds as reservoirs and vectors can cause spread the virus to other poultry, especially industrial poultry and humane societies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to survey seroprevalence of H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of avian influenza virus in live bird’s markets of Ardabil city, northwest of Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to August of 2023. In this study, 108 blood serum samples were randomly collected from different bird species in live bird’s markets at different regions of Ardabil. The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test was performed on the serum samples to detect H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of influenza virus and sera with titers ≥4 (log2) were considered positive. Out of 108 birds sampled, 20 birds (18.9%) were sero-positive for H9N2 subtype of influenza virus. All tested sera were negative for H5N1, H5N2, H7N1 and H7N7 avian influenza viruses. Among bird species, the highest seroprevalence H9N2 virus was in chicken (25%) and turkey (22.7%), respectively and the lowest seroprevalence was in pheasant and partridge (0 %), respectively. The results of this study show seroprevalence of H9N2 influenza virus and its circulation in different species of birds of live birds markets.

Osteosarcoma has been described as a rare primary bone tumor in birds that affects the axial skeleton; Sometimes, it happens in a soft tissue called extraskeletal osteosarcoma.Retroviruses are usually associated with the development of solid tumors in different species of birds. This report aims to describe a case of osteosarcoma with lymphoid leukosis caused by a new mutant of avian leukosis virus subgroup J in a MacQueen's bustard (Chlamydotis McQueen). A female MacQueen bustard with a history of chronic lameness and sudden abdominal swelling for two days died at night. Histopathology revealed an infiltrative mesenchymal neoplasm composed of spindle cells with moderate cellular pleomorphism, organized in clusters and scattered with marked deposition of the osteoid matrix, consistent with osteosarcoma of the femur and tibiotarsus with liver and kidney metastasis. Immunohistochemistry of primary and metastatic tumors showed vimentin expression by neoplastic cells. Neoplasmic Samples from the Kidney, liver, and spleen were processed for PCR, which allowed the demonstration of new mutant DNA from proviral avian leukosis virus subtype J (ALV-J). Furthermore, its inoculation to SPF chickens showed that the viral load of the isolated strain in the immune system organs was significantly higher than HPRS103, and the weight loss, viremia, viral shedding, rate of myocardial fiber rupture, and lymphocyte infiltration into the pulmonary lymphatic vessels were higher. Conclusion The findings of this study have reported the occurrence of osteosarcoma along with investigating the characteristics of a new mutant of ALV-J.

Antibiotic resistance, especially in Escherichia coli, is one of the most worrying issues worldwide. In addition, the side effects of chemical drugs have led scientists to use natural alternatives with better therapeutic effects and fewer side effects than common treatments. Therefore, this research has studied the therapeutic effect of Oliveria decumbens plant essential oil in the treatment of inflammation in the bladder caused by Escherichia coli infection in male Wistar rats. The antibacterial properties of the plant extract were investigated using the standard microdilution method against Escherichia coli. Then, to cause cystitis, Escherichia coli bacteria with a concentration of 1.5 x 108 CFU/mL was injected into the bladder of mice, and then different concentrations of the extract and gentamicin were administered to them. Bladder histopathological parameters were evaluated at the end of the study. MIC and MBC of the extract against Escherichia coli were 0.32 μl/ml and 512 μl/ml, respectively. In the infected group without treatment, the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the thickness of the bladder tissue increased significantly, but in the extract-treated groups, especially at higher doses, these parameters decreased significantly (p<0.01). The effect of the extract in reducing the number of bacteria was comparable to gentamicin. In addition, after administration of the extract, inflammation, fibrosis and thickness of the epithelium also decreased in a dose-dependent manner (p<0.01). The results of this research showed that the treatment with the extract of this plant, which was prescribed as an oral supplement or subcutaneous injection, led to a significant decrease in the number of urinary bacteria and improved pathological changes in the studied mice.