اندیش نامه معماری
سال دوم شماره 1 (پیاپی 3، بهار و تابستان 1401)

Realizing residents’ needs and desires is one of the main concerns of the planning and housing design studies specifically in big cities. Because it’s impossible to realize all of the needs and desires of housing residents due to the diversity of the residents and them being unknown, it is important to understand the housing preferences and priorities of residents and how they choose housing. In the recent years, many methods have been used to analyze residents’ choices and preferences. So familiarizing with these methods and choosing the proper method based on the merits of each research’s field of operation can guarantee achieving the goal of the research and validity of its results to some level.
The goal of this research is to understand and analyze the urban residents’ priorities measurement methods, focusing on architectural attributes. To achieve that, first the structure of seven different methods used in housing priority studies are introduced. The methods are as follows: Traditional Housing Demand Research, The Decision Plan Nets Method (DPN), The Meaning Structure Method, The Multi-attribute Utility Method (MAUM), Conjoint Analysis, The Residential Images Method, Lifestyle Method. After realizing the goal and output of each method, they are put under comparative analysis considering two measures: the way the attributes are chosen and the way they are assessed (attribute-oriented or choice-oriented)
In the next step, considering the approach and context of the research, the Meaning structure method was used, explained and analyzed as a case study in order to understand the preferences of a group of residents in one of Tehran’s housing complexes. To do that, first the housing architecture attributes were educed on a housing unit scale and a building scale. Then semi-structure interviews were conducted using the laddering technique and the coding method of the context of the gathered information was explained. The coding and categorizing of the values are done using the “Schwartz theory of basic values”. Data were analyzed using the Means-end chain model and explained in the attribute, consequence, value clause format.
The results show that in the field of design and architecture, considering the essence of the research, using the Meaning structure method can make the designing of proper housing in line with the residents’ priorities possible by linking housing specifications with resident’s values. In the end, the limitations of this method are discussed and suggestions are provided to improve the output of this method in the context of this research. 

Iranian gardening is one of the most original methods in Iranian architecture. Iranians' understanding of gardening is rooted in their culture and religious beliefs. The Safavid period is one of the most successful periods in the field of gardening due to various reasons such as the power of this dynasty and the dynamism of its artistic community. The construction and use of the garden is at its peak during this period and becomes a place for court ceremonies. Foreign ambassadors and trade delegations, who traveled to Iran as the Safavid court and Europe grew closer, came to serve the Shah in the gardens of Isfahan. The main purpose of this article is to study the writings and works of these ambassadors and tourists to understand their view of the Iranian garden. In the following, the opinion of contemporary Iranian historians with the Safavid period towards the garden is examined. Finally, the views of these two groups are examined and analyzed based on the data in order to gain an understanding of foreign tourists and Iranian historians from the Iranian garden .A lot of research has been done in the field of Persian garden. This research has studied the Iranian garden in various fields and researched what it is, its concept, body, etc. Although these researches have many strengths, but the lack of research in the field of examining the views and opinions of orientalists and foreign tourists about the Persian garden in the Safavid period, and comparing their views with contemporary Iranian historians with the Safavid period makes this research unique. Therefore, the research method in this research is historical interpretation, which examines the obtained data with an analytical approach. Finally, the results are compared and it becomes clear that European tourists see the Persian garden at the same time simply full of decorations. The use of water and the way trees are plotted are new to them, and contrary to their behavior in the garden, which they consider a step, they have described the behavior of Iranians in the garden as static, and the use of the garden by Iranians is a point of view for tourists. At the same time, Iranian historians in the Safavid period consider the garden as an image of paradise described in religious terms.

Aesthetics emerged in the views of eighteenth-century Western philosophers as a branch of philosophy that judges the beautiful and focuses on the arts. From that time, these philosophers also paid attention to architecture. However, the term entered architectural theory about a century later. Theorists have mentioned the two main factors that have given rise to the emergence of architectural aesthetics in this period: the achievement in "visual arts" and the dominance of "rational-logical" thinking on the theory and practice of architecture. An issue that has received less attention in this research is the different roles of these two factors in the emergence of architectural aesthetics. The question of the research is "What role have each of these factors played in the emergence of architectural aesthetics?" The methodology of the research is that first, we expressed the origin and basic concepts of aesthetics in the eyes of the founders. Then, we express the conflict between Aestheticians' approach and the views of architects and architectural theorists about beauty. Afterward, we show how the reaction to the rational-logical method created a desire among architects and theorists to relate to aesthetics. Finally, we argued about how the mediation of the visual arts paved the way for the relationship between architecture and aesthetics.
The result shows that under the influence of rational-logical thinking, architects and theorists tried to explain the place of architecture as a science and not a kind of art. The purpose of architecture, to create a place for the perfect way of living with all complicated aspects, was reduced to fulfilling the physical functions and aspects of architecture that can be expressed in the program and structure. In response to the reductionist approach, a desire to go beyond emerged among architects and theorists. They thought that if the task of architecture is anything more than serving the practical needs of everyday life, we could find the answer to the relationship between art and architecture. However, due to differences in architects' view of beauty and Aestheticians' view about the relationship between arts and beauty, the aesthetics of architecture was not made by referring to philosophical topics. Aesthetics of architecture requires a shift in judging beauty from the role of practical and moral functions to the mere form. This paradigm shift was mediated by the visual arts which do not belong to the practical and moral considerations. As a result, we approve of the idea that the dominance of "rational-logical" thinking and the "visual arts", played different roles in the rise of aesthetics of architecture. The reaction to the first one created a desire for architects to relate to aesthetics. The second provided the means to fulfill this desire.

One of the main products of the fundamental efforts of the two main pillars of the university, namely the student and the professor, is presented in the form of "text". The text is a letter that is presented at the university with the titles of the dissertation, thesis, article, report, etc. On the other hand, universities are built with the aim of providing a platform for learning, and one of their most important goals is to expand the realm of knowledge and enable dialogue and exchange of ideas. In fact, "scientific texts" are the university media, and each university with its own texts opens the door to dialogue with thinkers. Therefore the study to identify strategies to increase the writing ability of students and university lecturers, is a fundamental issue that is the subject of the present study. The focus is on the study of the pillars and principles of the establishment of a central center within the university with the aim of teaching writing skills and improving the quality of art research skills in terms of writing. The question of how the center was formed at the University of Art, as a case of this study, captures the university curriculum in terms of the gap in writing, covers student deficiencies, and opens the door for faculty to request accurate textual reports from students. In the content of this qualitative research, using all the methodological capacities related to and appropriate to the present research, the theoretical grounds for establishing a writing skills center of the University of Art are provided and executive programs are presented for lecturers and students of all levels. The existing curriculum does not have the opportunity to teach "writing and spelling" and university professors do not have enough time to teach spelling. As a result, the textual output of the university, which is the fruit of the efforts of the professor and the student, becomes immature. In such an atmosphere, art research, and especially design research, which is based on thinking in art, and especially design, faces fundamental shortcomings. It is inferred that this "academic complication" is due to several reasons, one of which is the impossibility of dialogue and transmission of ideas through academic texts. What can be done to eliminate this complication? Curriculum, students and professors have shortcomings in the field of writing. The university program is not able to offer enough extra courses for writing due to the limited number of units. Therefore, the fundamental question of the present study is: How can the University of the Art improve the writing skills of its professors and students? In fact, the goals of leading research are inextricably linked to the goals of establishing the "University of Art Writing Skills Center" and are nothing more than a study to meet the goals of the in university center. 

Today, with the arrival of the Industrial Revolution in Iran, we have witnessed the development of urbanization, the unprecedented growth of apartment housing and the mass construction of residential complexes. In the process, attention to material interests eliminated some architectural values, and construction expanded in cities without considering open and semi-open spaces. Open and semi-open spaces are the most important spaces to meet the needs of residents and its absence, in addition to increasing energy costs and social isolation of residents, also has a significant negative impact on human spirit and quality of life. Since the internal conditions of the house have serious effects on the health of the residents, the purpose of this research is to investigate the different dimensions of health, extract the conceptual model of how open and semi-open spaces influence the health of the residents, and examine the conceptual model in case examples. The method of the present study is qualitative, which in the first step through library and documentary studies to review the theoretical foundations in the field of health, factors affecting the health of home residents and how the effect of open and semi-open space in promoting residents' health and model The conceptual concept of the research has been extracted. In the next step, using field studies, the conceptual model in case studies (father and daughter house and Mayan villa) has been analyzed and the role of open and semi-open spaces in the samples has been investigated. . The results show that open space and semi-open space in both samples cause the connection of indoor space with outdoor environment, light entering the space, helping indoor air conditioning, providing vision and landscape, creating a suitable space for family members and as a result Improving the health of residents. The results show that about 45% of the infrastructure of the whole house of father and daughter is occupied by semi-open space, also in the entrance part of the yard and in the middle part of the house, there is an open space with an area of ​​approximately 50%. Covers the total area of ​​the site. In Mayan Villa, 25% of the infrastructure is allocated to the semi-open space (including two terraces), which provides the view of the house, and 60% of the site dimensions at the entrance are allocated to the open space (courtyard). Qualitatively, The results show that the open and semi-open space in both examples, through social components (spatial privacy and personal privacy), physical component (connection with nature and climate comfort) and functional component (providing the needs of residents), improves health components (physical health). , mental health and social health). 

Statement of the problem: 

Academic architecture education follows high-level documents describing already-approved curricula. In view of the fact that the communicated structure allows for no mistakes, this issue requires repeated reviews and adaptation to educational and professional architecture conditions, which reveals the long-term developmental nature of learning architecture. However, the conduct of reviews is impossible due to the waste of time, unfolding new needs, and incessant introduction of technology and development.

Goal: 

This study aims to reconstruct the existing model without dependence on time and content and identify the main variables affecting the challenge of ineffective architecture undergraduate curricula approved over the past four decades to provide a novel and dynamically generative model to respond to external changes and inherent reactions.

The present study makes use of a qualitative post-positivist approach and involves inductive and deductive reasoning to provide an idea. Here, because the test is time-consuming, the creativity of the proposed model is only evaluated in a futuristic construct mediated by causal reasoning.

Iran’s top universities enjoy a convergent system that aims to place students of all nationwide universities in a similar rationale consistent with the capacities and interests described by the undergraduate architecture course and provide similar outputs. However, top global universities use a divergent rationale to encourage students to incorporate their diverse differences and interests into their specific academic settings and develop their academic capacities.
The current architecture curricula model, which is dependent on the Higher Educational Planning Council and other central entities, is rigid and inflexible and lacks anticipated final results, given diverse learning settings and time changes. This issue can be resolved by changing institutionalized educational units from a transverse weekday context into a longitudinal context of educational semesters through changing already-defined curricula. The outcome provides more dynamic curricular management and restores and changes the curricula in various dimensions. The curricula are thus updated and adapted with the external factors and incorporate the greater interaction between education and industry, which has been a major long-term concern of the nation’s development in its weekly course definitions. In this way, not only is learning more in line with the profession but also the diversity of graduates in each city and university increases in proportion to the needs and talents of individuals. 

The distinct, varied, and multiple interpretations of religious architecture by various architects, art scholars, and theologians led this study to be conducted with the aim of studying part of this interpretations. Augustus Pugin and Quinlan Terry are prominent architects in the western cultural sphere who have gained an interpretations of this architecture in their thoughts. This study intends to study the interpretations of the mentioned architects of religious architecture. The research is fundamental-theoretical in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of strategy. Research is also a library in terms of data collection methods. The results of this research, in addition to providing an analytical study of the interpretations of the mentioned architects regarding religious architecture, also provide a comparative analysis of these interpretations. According to this analysis, the emphasis on the manifestation of faith and beliefs of human, or specifically architects, in religious architecture, was identified in the interpretations of these architects. The belief of these architects in the connection of architecture with spirituality, religion, or faith was also one of the common points of their interpretations. Also attributing purely spiritual function versus material and spiritual function to the architecture of religion and also, the differences in the characteristics of religious architects can be considered as points of difference between the ideas of the mentioned architects.

Concerns about how to teach architecture in schools of architecture were highlighted in 1976 at the University of California-Berkeley. The reasons for dissatisfaction with structural education in the schools of architecture at that time were summarized as follows: Separation of the field of knowledge of "structure" from other fields of knowledge in the field of architecture and inconsistency of structural concepts with the process Architectural design, traditional teaching methods, and concepts branched out from the curriculum in civil engineering schools that have not been developed to meet the needs of architects, superficial and weak concepts that are not satisfactory for the topics and technical needs of architecture. Many researchers have sought to investigate the causes of this problem and answer it. This article provides an overview of the research that has taken place in the field, and also examines the structural education curriculum at several selected universities, including Berkeley University, which initiated the movement. The results of this study show that teaching the basics and generalities of structure to architects is the first step in teaching structure. Understanding the behavior of structures and using structures as a creative force in design are higher educational goals that require educational activities on campus. The results of research show that working with physical models of structures, using structural software and also performing structural design exercises under the architectural design process, are among the effective activities in this regard. The use of physical models affects the initial understanding of the behavior of structures. Computer simulations of structural models visualize more complex analyzes of the behavior of structures, and perform structural design exercises under architectural design to teach the application of structural knowledge in Emphasizes architectural design.
Teaching architects the basics of structure in order to use it in solving architectural design problems. Therefore, it is necessary to teach the application of theoretical knowledge of structure in architectural design. This can be done with design exercises along with structural theoretical training. . This research has been done by collecting data libraries as well as content analysis-research method.
. The purpose of this study was to find effective methods tested for structural education for architects.
 

In Iran, "architecture" has always been part of the language of power and politics, and rulers have always tried to show their values and identity to society through architecture. In an authoritarian society where the aesthetics of politics and the staging of mass governments are part of the fabric and root of the legitimacy of their power, the entanglement of "politics" and "architecture" is doubly apparent. Therefore, it is important to know and analyze the formal and conceptual aspects of space created in the first Pahlavi period, which emerged through the construction of government buildings. Therefore, the research question is that with what style of architecture was the first Pahlavi government able to implement its "nationalist" and "modernist" approaches in Gilan province? The present article, entitled "Comparative study of the stylistic architecture of the first Pahlavi period in Gilan province", investigates the styles that were considered in terms of time in the first two decades of the fourteenth century (1304-1320 AHS). Due to the practical nature of the research and the need for descriptive-comparative studies and documents related to the studied samples, this research is of a qualitative type and its method is analytical, comparative and comparative and the collection of information is a library. Comparative method is mainly qualitative in nature in which comparable data are used in at least two societies and their similarities and differences are compared, because it is not the work of art alone that matters, but the "generality of the work" or the "specific space-time space" that it creates. The results of the analysis of specialized texts, the nostalgic desire for "Transition from Tradition to Modernity (Modernism)" and "Return to the Past with Authority and Glory(nationalism)" formed the essence of the worldview of "Reza Khan's Imperial Theory" in the first Pahlavi period. Gives. This worldview and philosophy of thought, like literature and architecture, were just one of the areas of its emergence that emerged through the construction of government buildings. For each of the buildings, we achieved common themes that "Common Features" express the features that can be clearly seen and evaluated in the architectural works of the first Pahlavi period in Gilan province and the government was able to express their will. "Northern Iran is a tourist area." Therefore, in choosing the approach by the government, the "model of modern European urbanism" with all its unique features was considered, which shows most of the "contemporary economic origin" so that Gilan province as the “origin of modern thinking, modernization and Innovation” The field of architecture and urban planning of the first Pahlavi government was known to the extent that everyone called it "Europe of Iran".

Theoretical foundations as the epistemological core of architecture are the basis of its identity. The undefined separation of different aspects of contemporary architecture from its theoretical foundations has led to: their independent and unbalanced growth, the formation of technology-based design instead of theoretical-based design, and, in general, the reduction of the influence of theoretical foundations. The resulting problems in various aspects of architecture, especially in design issues, along with the expansion of the applications of environmental psychology in architecture, has doubled the need to recognize and redefine the concepts, position and application of the theoretical foundations of architecture in a comprehensive and systematic way.
One of the many drawbacks of the vast majority of man-made schools is that they neglect other points and aspects by focusing on a particular point or aspect of a particular phenomenon or subject, and the same is true of architecture.Late schools have often focused on one subject (history, individual, collective, industry, nature, etc.) and have, as a result, forgotten the totality and universality of the living environment and naturally the needs of man and human life.While the relative comprehensiveness of an organized discourse was witnessed only in the age of modernism. That is, we have (regardless of direction and results) an organization based on organized and comprehensive theoretical foundations in the era of modernism.
The emergence of a scientific view of theoretical foundations as the lifeblood of architecture probably coincided with the beginning of postmodernism and the expansion of the construction of architectural schools. That is, in 1960 (AD) and in the same circumstances that, with the formation of the view of philosophy of science, systematic thinking and framework thinking to various sciences, other disciplines also realized the need to have a scientific framework for themselves.After that, the theoretical foundations of architecture were formed as a basis for which different parts of architecture directly or indirectly derive their content and processes, either from the theories reflected in it, or for the validity of the content. They themselves use it as a reference. Such a pivotal role and identity creation for theoretical foundations, expanded its scope, content and application in architectural studies.
The current fundamental research, in a qualitative way, seeks to examine the various opinions in library sources about the current situation of the theoretical foundations of contemporary architecture, through analysis and interpretation. The important purpose of this research is to identify the factors, their relationship and their basis on contemporary theoretical foundations. The important application of this research is in the practical introduction of systems thinking to the theoretical foundations of architecture, this will pave the way for the theory and production of science based on the pivotal and basic role of theoretical foundations. In the absence of such a view of theoretical foundations, we will see the deepening of content-knowledge gaps as well as method-knowledge gaps in architecture, due to passivity and several approaches in the field of theoretical foundations to design, research, education and new architectural technologies