نشریه علوم و تکنولوژی محیط زیست
سال بیست و چهارم شماره 11 (پیاپی 126، بهمن 1401)

Among all kinds of government resources, taxes, as a permanent and predictable source, have always been the focus of government officials. Economists are always trying to introduce new tax bases that create the least inefficiency in the economic system, among which the "green tax" that is applied on a cost basis has such a feature. This type of tax will be able to successfully increase the quality of the environment; but whether it can replace other taxes, is a double benefit hypothesis that must be considered separately. The purpose of this research is Interpretation of Effectiveness of the Consequences of Green Tax Sustainability based on Themes of Thick Decision.

Design/methodology/approach: 

The methodology of this research is a mix methodology and it has been used by Meta-synthesis, Delphi and Rough Theory. The target population was the qualitative, similar research and academic experts in the field of accounting. But the target population in a small part was 22 managers of capital market companies, which is acceptable from the statistical population due to the requirement of rough theory analysis. In this study, based on the meta-combined analysis of the selected researches, 6 crowded / pluralistic decision propositions and 4 consequential components of green tax sustainability were determined, which entered the Ruff collection analysis phase due to the confirmation of theoretical adequacy based on Delphi analysis.

The results in this section identify the most influential crowded / pluralistic decision-making proposition, the three propositions of social responsibility in decision-making; It was the reduction of conflict of interest in decision-making and the legitimacy of decision-making that affects green tax sustainability and reduces emissions as the most effective component of green tax sustainability consequence.

Estimation of emissions from wastewater treatment plant of an oil refinery is one of the issues that need to be addressed. Air pollutants such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia are among the most dangerous chemicals that affect personnel health and create environmental issues in industrial facilities because of their carcinogenic and toxic characteristics. The aim of this study is to estimate the amount of emission of air pollutants to the environment.

In this study, TOXCHEM software was used to estimate the emission rates from wastewater treatment plant of an oil refining company and these results were compared with the available real data from the company.

Results showed that this software is able to estimate the emission rates with high accuracy. According to simulation results, about 45,000 grams of hydrogen sulfide per day from biological treatment section and more than 50,000 grams of ammonia per day from chemical treatment section are emitted into the atmosphere. Due to the limited capacity of wastewater treatment unit in reducing the harmful emissions, it was concluded that the refining processes need to be improved in order to reduce the amount of air pollutants in the wastewater sent to treatment unit. Also simulation showed that since the biological treatment section plays major role in treatment process, the control of microorganisms is required in this unit.

Due to high surface area of wastewater treatment unit lagoons, aeration, wind direction and turbulence, high emission rates are observed and these emissions need to be controlled.

Today, one of the most important environmental problems is global warming and climate change. From the perspective of social psychologists and behavioral economists, environmental problems are more behavioral and cultural than the result of technological growth and the industrialization of societies. One of the most important causes of climate change problems is the existence of cognitive errors, or inconsistencies between the values ​​of individuals, organizations and institutions in relation to the environment and their actual behaviors towards the environment. Therefore, in this study, the effect of cognitive errors of the formatting effect, which includes two forms of profit or loss and distance, has been investigated on climate change issues.

The quasi-experimental method was used to answer the questions and the required information was collected in the field through a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of 280 students. Using random sampling and Cochran's formula, the sample of 160 people was selected.

The results show that in relation to the outcome format, when information is provided in the form of harm to individuals, participants show more concern about climate change issues, so they are more inclined to change their behavior in order to improve the existing climate conditions and in the form of distance, the participants have shown more concern about the climate change of the local format.

Designing policies in the form of flip can make people aware of cognitive errors in the field of climate change and guide their behavior to reduce climate change.

The patterns of people's behavior in urban public spaces are based on the role of location and situation. In other words, the place induces human behavior and actions in space. Vandalism as a subset of crime and one of the most important problems in cities.

The documentary method is an analytical method that uses Correlation to study the ratio of variables. The case study strategy is and the paradigm is positive. Locations and the extent of vandalism in urban public spaces with the most potential vandalism people have been investigated and evaluated. The collection of qualitative and quantitative data is objectively and subjective, which is dealt with by the etic approach to the conception of as a matter of fact and   as a matter of perception. The case study is a part of the urban public spaces of Hamadan district, which mainly focus on the use of boys' instructional skills, aged 15 to 25 in terms of gender, boys and men, and sex, income, and community base at the lower level of society. Data analysis using the Anova-based spss software is the most effective index of choice among selected indicators through exploratory factor analysis and through the regression analysis, the effectiveness of each of the factors is determined.

The findings of the data analysis indicate that, Location, Enclosure, care and maintenance of urban public spaces are effective in reducing Vandalism   tendencies and consequently the rate of occurrence of Vandalism   behaviors.

It can be said that the findings of this study are consistent with theoretical expectations and literature reviw. The first priority of the effectiveness was assessed, which should be policy and strategies by researchers, urban designers and urban planners to reduce the spatial effects of these components on the incidence of vandalism behaviors in urban public spaces.

The present study investigates the impact of green supply chain management on export performance through the mediating role of environmental performance.

Sampling method the present study is simple random sampling.  The research data was collected by library and field methods and the instrument used was a questionnaire.  The reliability of the questionnaires was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method of 0.899 and its validity was confirmed by content and structure methods and was analyzed using statistical, descriptive and inferential tests.

The results of this study indicate that green supply chain management has a positive effect on export performance.  The results also showed that environmental performance has a significant effect on export performance.

The results obtained for this study, according to the results of testing the research hypotheses, indicate the basic points that managers can use environmental performance to provide the basis for achieving the desired export performance.

The study, to assess the level of environmental radiation and to obtain the impact of the development of industry, including petrochemicals, on the formation of nuclear pollution, the specific activity of radionuclides, and the amount of absorbed dose were measured in the Miankaleh peninsula in the north of Iran, south-east of the Caspian Sea.

43 samples were collected from the north and south coasts of the Miankala peninsula, including 13 bottles of water and 30 bags of sediments, and the specific activities of radionuclides in the samples were determined using a high-purity germanium detector. The distribution map of radioactive elements was made using GIS software.

The average specific activity of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in sediment samples were 18.17±1.62, 16.21±1.36, 266.28±9.45, and 2.61±0.27 Bqkg-1, respectively, and the average specific activity of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in water samples was 0.78±0.12, 5.39±0.75 and 17.89±1.79 Bqkg-1, respectively. The average absorbed dose rate in air was calculated as 28.73±1.91 nGyh-1.

The specific activity of natural radionuclides was calculated to be lower than the global average. The amount of dose absorbed in this area is within the permissible limit. The average radioactive concentration in the water samples of the southern shores of the Miankala peninsula is higher than its northern shores, which are adjacent to the Caspian Sea. However, the concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in the northern coastal sediments is higher than that of the southern coasts. The concentration of 137Cs is higher on the southern coast of the Miankala peninsula, which located in a dry area, due to the lack of water flow.

This study aimed to investigate the possibility of heavy metals contamination in the soil next to MDF factory located in Sari, Mazandaran province, Iran and their effects on soybean yield.

Accordingly, in an area of 3600 square meters 32 soil samples from 16 points (0-15 and 15-30 cm) and 48 plant samples were collected. After transferring the samples to the laboratory, absorption of heavy metals in the soil was measured. Also, the correlation between the yield and yield components with heavy metals were determined.

Distribution map of heavy metals and stepwise regression results showed that the cadmium significantly affected the number of unfilled pods per plant. When Cd increased, the number of unfilled pod increased as the rate of 0.5 per unit. In addition, a significant interaction existed between cadmium and iron for the 1000 grain weight. Accordingly, the maximum 1000 grain weight (131 g) was observed at the areas with the lowest concentration of cadmium and iron. Also, overlapping of distribution map of Zn and the number of unfilled grain per plant indicated that this parameter mainly controlled by Zn. Hence, the number of unfilled grain per plant increased as the rate of 0.53 per unit of Zn in the soil.

In conclusion, determining distribution map of heavy elements and overlapping with the yield and yield components not only help to identify contaminated areas and effective factors on spread of heavy metals into the soils but also help to evaluate their consequence effects on plant performance.

One of the ways to reduce soil pollution is the use of plants, which is more effective than other methods due to its simplicity, cheapness and compatibility with the environment. Mycorrhizal fungi symbiotic with plants can further reduce pollution by changing and modifying plant physiological processes.

In order to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus muse species) on the phytoremediation potential of coriander, rosemary and ornamental cabbage in soils contaminated with lead, a completely randomized and factorial experiment with 3 types of plants (coriander, ornamental cabbage) And rosemary) had 6 levels of lead (0, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 mg of lead per kg of soil) and two levels of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungus (inoculation and non-inoculation) in 2017 in one of Abdanan greenhouses were done.

The results showed that with increasing soil lead levels, the concentration of lead in the roots and shoots of the plant increased. Arbuscular mycorrhiza increased the concentration of lead in the roots and shoots of rosemary. Mycorrhizal fungi also increased the concentration of lead in the aerial parts of ornamental cabbage but decreased the concentration of root lead. The highest concentration of shoot shoot was observed from rosemary plant and inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus and the lowest concentration of shoot shoot was observed from rosemary plant and not inoculated with mycorrhiza. The highest lead transfer factor was 5.8 from ornamental cabbage plant inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus and the lowest lead transfer factor was 0.7 from mycorrhizal plant inoculated with mycorrhiza.

The use of mycorrhizal arbuscular fungus increased the concentration of lead in the ornamental cabbage, which is used in phytoremediation of contaminated soils.

 climate change can be considered one of the biggest environmental challenges of the recent era, which indicates unusual changes in the internal climate of the earth's atmosphere and its consequences in different parts of the globe, which is a serious threat to the environment. The purpose of this research is to prepare a vulnerability zoning map of infrastructures in the southern regions of Khuzestan in the conditions of climate change.

 for this purpose, using previous sources and interviews with experts, eleven variables of total annual precipitation, average temperature of hot and cold season, the trend of maximum precipitation of more than 5 mm per day, the number of dust codes, the occurrence of heat waves above the 95th percentile, precipitation changes, displacement of coastline, underground water changes, floods and inundation and temperature changes during 2019 to 2019 were investigated. By using two trend analysis tests, i.e. Sence slope estimator trend analysis test and Mann-Kendall trend analysis test, the trend of the 32-year time series of these elements during the basic statistical period (1985-2017) was investigated.

 The southern parts of the studied region of Khuzestan had an average temperature of more than 38 degrees Celsius per year, while the northern and central parts of the studied region had a temperature of more than 38.5 degrees Celsius per year.The southern part of Khuzestan has an annual rainfall equivalent to more than 273 mm per year, while the southern parts of the studied area have less than 200 mm of rainfall per year and in some cases about 156 mm per year.

 The results show that high and very high risk areas cover 80% of the region.