فصلنامه فرهنگ رضوی
سال یازدهم شماره 41 (بهار 1402)

The first step to respond to doubts is to know the methods of doubting the opponents. One of the methods of skepticism of the opponents of Shia doctrines is to refer to Imami hadith sources. Dr. Nasser Ghafari, the author of the book Uṣūl Madhhab Shiʾa, Naghdun wa ʾArḍun (Religious Principles of the Shiite, Criticism and Commentary) has also benefited from this method. Using library sources and using the analytical descriptive method, this article seeks to find the methods of Ghafari's skepticism on those Shia doctrines that are documented in the book ʾUyun Akhbār al-Riḍā (as). For this purpose, all his references to this book have been checked from the methodology perspective. The result of the research is that his doubts has a methodological evaluation in three categories: the possibility of conflict between hadiths, the possibility of hadith conflict with Qurʿan and fallacy. Things like fragmenting the text, improper understanding of words, not paying attention to the hadith family, and exaggerating the problems of the hadith are included in the first category. Also, misunderstanding of Quranic concepts and fragmenting the texts of hadith has caused the possibility of conflict between hadiths and Qurʾan. In the field of fallacies, cases such as exclusivity, lexical fallacies, as well as the fallacy of extraneous reason, three frequent types are evaluated in Ghafari's method of skepticism.

"Jihad of explanation" has become one of the most frequent words in the works of analysts of the orders of the Supreme Leader, who in the Arbaʿīn of 1400, in a meeting with students, listed "jihad of explanation" as one of their duties. In this context, examining the religious foundations of this work is of great value; because it gives it a double religious effect. The Jihad of explanation is very important and necessary to remove objections and problems from the field of Islamic knowledge, especially Hadiths and to protect the religion from the enmity of opponents. With this approach, the present research seeks to answer the question of how Imam Riḍā (as) explained the "problem of hadith" of his ancestors and with the help of what approach and method? The following article, while expressing the religious basis of the keyword "Jihad of explanation", has examined the lifestyle of Imam Riḍā (as) within the scope of the book ʾUyun Akhbār al-Riḍā (as). According to the findings of the research, which is based on the documentary method; facing the problem of hadith, Imam Riḍā (as) tried to explain the hadith problem of his ancestors which had caused doubts and questions in the Islamic society with three approaches: "explanation", "denial" and "esoteric interpretation".  The main goal of this research is to show that the Jihad of explanation is a holy matter, that the main strivers of this Jihad are the purified infallible Imams (as); therefore, it is necessary for the Shia community, especially the educated scholars with following the example of the pure Imams (as), strive to explain Islamic teachings and truths, and even to explain the important social and political issues of the society.

Religious task within the limits of one's ability is mentioned in five Quranic verses and has created many challenges in the history of tafsir and theological sciences and has led Muslim scholars to group. Challenges in “tasks as much as possible" are often in four intellectual and auditory issues, possibility and refusal, occurrence and non-occurrence, and its goodness and ugliness. These challenges are answered in two hadiths of Imam Riḍā (as). Despite the importance of these two hadiths, so far no independent research has been published on the conceptual and propositional analysis and their logical components. The main issue of this research is the process of providing evidence and the source of proof in two hadiths of Razavi by examining the effect of the source of proof in these two hadiths on the Shiite exegesis heritage and comparing it with Sunni interpretations. The difference between the source of proof in Imam Riḍā's (as) statement, which is "justice", and the source of proof with Sunni interpretations, which is "mercy", shows the difference in the concept of "religious task within the limits of one's ability". The content of this hadith has a strategic role in the health and efficiency of legal, educational and moral systems. The fairness of the task in this narrative can be used as an indicator for evaluating professional tasks.

The purpose of this research is to provide a research synthesis of examples and main themes of Razavi's debates based on articles and studies conducted in various magazines and books. Based on this, this study is practical in terms of purpose and the research approach is qualitative. The statistical sample of the research included the research conducted in the field of Imam Riḍā (as) debates, and a total of 66 articles were selected and their abstracts were reviewed. According to the research criteria, 17 articles and 3 reference books were purposefully selected and reviewed. The findings also showed that the debates of Imam Riḍā (as) could be investigated in terms of methodology and content, and in this respect, 25 examples were identified in terms of the debate method and 24 examples in terms of content with the themes of ontology, epistemology and anthropology. As a result, it can be said that the debates of Imam Riḍā (as) in contemporary scientific centers are recommended for thinkers in terms of methods, principles, and the manner of the debate process in challenging scientific issues.

Hadith is the second source of Islamic teachings. Problems such as distortion, shifting of letters, forgetfulness and mistakes of narrators, etc. have made it difficult to access authentic hadiths. Muslim thinkers, especially Shia and Sunni hadith scholars, try to determine the correct hadiths by relying on reliable criteria. Although the difference in criteria has caused the result of their efforts to be different in most cases; but in some cases, both groups agree on the authenticity of a hadith. Based on the analytical descriptive method, this article tries to examine the approach of Sunnis understanding the hadith concept to the hadiths of Imam Riḍā (as). The result of the research shows that Sunni hadith scholars consider many hadiths of the virtues of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) and even the virtues of the Prophet (pbuh) as well as the medical hadiths of Imam Riḍā (as) to be weak or made up by his narrators. But the interpretative and moral hadiths of that imam have relative authenticity and acceptability among them. The result of this research is used in the field of "common hadith" studies as well as the scientific authority of the Ahl al-Bayt (as) as well as it is useful in the field of studies on the approximation of religions.

This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the content of children's prayers in purified Razavi Shrine. In order to achieve this goal, the child's understanding of the concepts related to the content of prayer such as pilgrimage, prayer and Imam Riḍā (as) was investigated. The statistical population in this survey were all children aged 6 to 11 who were present in the Holy Shrine at the time of the research. Considering gender and age diversity and with theoretical understanding, the research sample reached 100 people. The research method used is content analysis and interview research tool. Sampling was by available and random method. The content of their prayers show that material and worldly wishes are much higher than spiritual wishes. Comparing the content of prayers in different ages does not show much difference and the content of material and worldly prayers is more in all ages. Also, the results showed that children are mostly in the exchangeist functionalist category.

The debates of Imam Riḍā (as) have always been discussed because of his role model and have been discussed in various researches from different aspects. The number and variety of articles published in this field indicate the importance of this issue. The purpose of this research is meta-analysis of articles on the topics of Razavi debates to present and summarize and categorize the findings of the latest scientific efforts made in relation to the subject and review the components used in these studies. Therefore, this article has identified twenty scientific-research articles in Farhang Razavi Quarterly within the framework of qualitative meta-analysis - which is one of the best efforts of researchers to overcome repetitive research – then this article has analyzed and reviewed the studies on Razavi's debates using all the available examples; because the results of this research, on the one hand, fully introduce all the research done on a topic and prevent rework, and on the other hand, by drawing the strengths and shortcomings of the research, it opens up new research horizons for the researchers. The results of this research show that most of the selected articles include topics that deal with general principles in debates such as methodology, goals, foundations, educational axes of debate, free thinking in debate, etc. The most important components of Razavi's debate studies in the mentioned articles in terms of the general principles of debates include moral, scientific and technical principles. The distribution of studies shows that central, north and northeast, west and then south provinces have been more interested by researchers, which is more dependent on the universities where researchers study.