Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences
Volume:21 Issue: 2, Spring 2023

The present drought is a phenomenon that can occur in any climate, hence, due to its creeping and mysterious nature, economic losses, social effects as well as crises in agricultural, natural resources and ecosystems, its study is of great importance. Therefore, in this study, by using 9 drought indices including SPEI, SIAP, DI, SPI, PN, MCZI, CZI, RDI and ZSI, the drought was analyzed using 40 meteorological and synoptic stations in Fars Province, Iran during the last half century.  In order to select the best drought index, three methods including minimum amount of precipitation, normal distribution, and correlation were used. Also, the severity, duration and frequency of droughts and their return period were determined using Run Theory (RT) method and SDF curves.Finally, after determining the best index, the drought events of the region were interpolated using ArcGIS techniques along with the simple and conventional kriging methods with spherical, exponential, and Gaussian models as well as the inverse weighted distance (IDW) method. In order to determine the most appropriate interpolation method, Cross-Validation method and MAE and MBE indices were used. The results showed that the SPI index performed as the best indicator to describe the drought. The results of RT method and SDF curves showed that by increasing time scale and return period, drought continuity and magnitude increase and as drought persisted, the severity of drought not increase at a constant rate. According to the results, the most severe and widespread droughts in the province occurred in 1970, 1993, 1999, 2007, 2014 and 2016. Also, Gaussian conventional Kriging method was the best method of drought interpolation in the study area due to its lower error rate. Therefore, by spatial monitoring and distribution of droughts, necessary measures can be taken to better deal with and manage water and natural resources.

Trust and social participation are the basic prerequisites for achieving sustainable agricultural development, which creates sustainable employment, sustainable income and empowerment of the rural community. Sericulture is an important tool in achieving sustainable development in such societies, and in this regard, the position of the network of activists is important. This study has been conducted with the aim of analyzing the network of social trust and participation among activists of sericulture in Guilan Province, Northwestern Iran to achieve sustainable agricultural development. The statistical population was composed of two groups. The first included 7310 silk farmers in 16 counties of the province out of them, 365 farmers were selected by simple randomization. The second included 12 sericulture activists whose work activity was related to the sericulture industry of the province. A questionnaire was the main research instrument whose validity was examined by a panel of 15 experts and university teachers and its reliability was estimated at 0.81 by Cronbach’s alpha. The results showed that most silk farmers report their social trust at low level, while their social participation at moderate. The analysis of other sericulture activists reveals that the coherence and stability of social trust are at moderate level, while the coherence of the participation network is at weak level and its stability is at good level. Agriculture-Jahad Organization in Iran is also the most trusted activists in the social trust and participation network of silk farmers as it has the highest in-degree centrality, whereas the activists express that the cocoon-drying factory and the silk-extraction factory are at the lowest level among the activists of the trust network, while the silk extraction factory and the private service sector are at the lowest level in the participation network.

In recent years, the issue of the sustainable management and protection of water resources has gained increasing emphasis in environmental policies at the local, national and supranational levels. The goal of the present study is the analysis and assessment of water quality in the Bulgarian section of the Timok, Nishava and Erma (Jerma) rivers for the period 2015-2021. The quality status of the studied river courses was assessed by the values of ten physicochemical indicators and the concentrations of eight heavy metals. The analysis and assessment performed were based on the Water Act (WA) in accordance with the criteria by Directive 2000/60/EC or so called Water Framework Directive. The Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI) was applied for the analysis. Achieving the goal formulated in the study could serve as a good basis for making informed management decisions.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of adding varying amounts of broccoli waste (by-product) to the ration in ewes' diets based on some biochemical and hormonal markers in Kurdi ewes, which is the first of its kind in Iraq. Twelve Kurdi (Karadi) ewes aged 2-3 years were divided into three groups at random to ensure a non-significant difference between the groups. Each group had four ewes with an average body weight of 62.75 kg. T1 (no broccoli wastes), T2 and T3 treatments fed (250 g and 750 g broccoli wastes were introduced in the first and second months) and (500 g and 1000 g of broccoli wastes were added in the first and second months) respectively.  At the end of the trial, about 2 mL of blood was obtained from each animal's jugular vein before morning feeding. According to our results, lipid profile of the animals increased in BB fed animals compared to control group. Although TG and VLDL showed a decrease in the second treatment compared to control group. Concentrations of glucose, total protein, albumin, globulin, ALT, AST, creatinine, triiodothyronine and thyroxin hormone, did not change significantly (p > 0.05), while insulin hormone and urea showed a significant change between the BB treated groups compared to control group (p < 0.05). The ewes in our experiment fed by-product (BB) showed no clinical signs of glucosinolate toxicity because the concentration was low and there were no symptoms of toxicity.

This research was carried out to investigate the extraction of a protein concentrate from the viscera of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. to use as a partial substitute for fish meal in the diets of young common carp and to test its effect on growth indices and feeding efficiency. Two methods were adopted to extract the protein concentrate; physical method and chemical. Proximate composition of raw fish wastes, fish protein concentrates and different experimental feeds were analysed and several parameters of fish feeding and growth efficiency of cultured fish were studied. Fish were fed with a formulated diet for 60 days. The protein concentrate extracted by physical method was selected to prepare experimental diets for its higher yield. Four diets with substitution ratios of 0, 25%, 50% and 75% of fish meal were prepared. The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the experimental feeds as to total weight gain rates, specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and protein productive value (PPV). The study concluded the possibility of partial replacement of fish meal up to 50% in the diets of young common carp without any significant deleterious influence on feeding and growth indices or noticeable adverse effect on cultured fish.

This research was carried out in quail in a special place of the laboratory from 6/9/2018 through 23/11/2018 to detect effects of adding the alcoholic extract of propolis on the ovulation and fertility rate in the ovary and oviduct of quail. Eight groups and repetitions for each group were employed. Groups were homogenous in weights and were placed in 13 cages. Each group consists of 10 quail. In the first treatment (T1), quails were fed on regular feed without supplementation. Quails were fed in the second treatment (T2) by adding the alcoholic extract of propolis in an amount of 200 mg kg-1. The third group (T3) was the same as normal food after adding propolis alcoholic extract at a concentration of 400 mg kg-1. The results of the histological study showed that T3 (adding 400 mg kg-1) led to a physiological reproductive activity and an increase in the ovulation rate (%) than the normal limit and an elevation in the fertility rate without the appearance of unpleasant side effects or pathological or macroscopic or histological changes. The alcoholic extract of propolis led to the growth and increase of the ciliated and ciliated epithelial layer cells in their numbers and shapes in the oviduct, despite the rapid growth and rapid ovulation, unless there was no change in the shape of the egg or a change in its components.

This study aimed to investigate and evaluate the amount of antioxidants activity and total phenolic contents of the plant Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T.Anderson. Only the leaves and fruit were used for this study. These samples were washed, dried and grinded, then Soxhlet apparatus and methanol were used for extraction, and the end products were used for the study. Two methods were used for this study, 2, 2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity and the second assay was total phenolic content (TPC) to measure the quantity of phenols in leave and fruit extracts. Four standards were used for DPPH assay including ellagic acid, tannic acid, gallic acid and rutin. Their results were then compared with the two samples results. Twelve concentrations were prepared for the standards and samples. The antioxidant activity was expressed as the efficient concentration needed to scavenge 50% of free radicals. For TPC assay, gallic acid was the standards and six concentrations were prepared for the standards and samples. In both methods, microplate reader machine or spectrophotometer was used to read the absorbance. According to the results of both assays, the fruit extract exhibited higher antioxidant activity and higher total phenolic content compared to the leaves extracts. The efficient concentration of fruit extract was 4 mg mL-1, while in the case of leaves extract, it could not be attained. The mean of gallic acid in 1 mg of fruit extracts was 0.070, while in leaves extract was 0.069. It was also concluded that when the concentration increases, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content elevates as well.

Vegetation determines the percentage of soil covered with green vegetation. Spatial and temporal changes of vegetation occur in the same year due to plant cycle, crop harvesting, animal grazing, and plant pruning. Vegetation areas can be divided into five main types: forest, grassland, tundra, desert, and ice cover. Climate, soil, the soil's water-holding capacity, and the slope or angle of the land determine the types of plants that will grow in a particular area. Relative humidity is the amount of moisture in the air at a given temperature compared to what the air can hold at that temperature. The air is not able to hold onto the water vapour, since it is moving so fast. To understand the expected changes in the climatic elements of the atmosphere and water, alterations in the behaviour of temperature, relative humidity, and vegetation cover were studied. Four stations were used over Iraq extending from north to south. The reason for choosing these stations is due to the difference in climatic changes and also, the geographical nature plays an important role in determining the difference of these variables from one region to another and other weather phenomena. We obtained average monthly and annual temperatures, dew point, and relative humidity during 1988-2018 for selected stations in Iraq from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecast. Several results were reached, including that the highest value of vegetation cover for four selected stations during the study period recorded in Baghdad station was more than 0.9, and the lowest value observed in Basra station was less than 0.4. The highest relative humidity value was recorded in the Mosul Station where it covered 69% in the northern and central regions of the country specifically in the winter season, and 18% in the western regions of the Rutba Station in the spring and autumn, in addition, 13% in the southern regions in the summer as seen in the Basra Station. We note that the maximum temperatures were recorded in the summer in July and August due to evaporation in these areas as they are of a dry or semi-arid nature, reaching 55 ºC, while the lowest value in the Mosul station in December and January, since this area enjoys green plants and forests and precipitation. When using Spearman's test, it was found that the strength of the correlation is strong between relative humidity and vegetation cover and the relationship is positive between them. In contrast, the relationship between vegetation cover and temperature, the relationship is inverse and the strength of the correlation is weak to medium. Finally, it was found that the spring and autumn are characterized by dense vegetation cover, and this period is important for plant growth due to the availability of appropriate weather and environmental conditions.

This study was conducted on 50 buffaloes from Basrah Governorate, Iraq to study the genetic polymorphisms of the β-lactoglobulin gene in the local buffaloes. The lab examinations were conducted in the Genetic Engineering Laboratory, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah. DNA was extracted by kit (PureLink Genomic DNA kits, Invetrogen, USA).  The results of this technique showed the appearance of the expected gene bundle of 252 base pairs from all Iraqi buffalo samples, as the primer interacted with all DNA isolates taken from the studied buffalo samples. Digestion technique with restriction enzymes (HaeIII) was used to detect the genetic polymorphisms of β-lactoglobulin gene, exhibiting two bands to all studied buffalo samples. Only the homozygous BB genotype has been shown.

The study aimed to know, and get a picture of the condition of groundwater quality in the area of Ciracas Urban Sub-District, Ciracas District, East Jakarta, Indonesia. Besides, to know the groundwater in the residential area of Ciracas Sub-district, East Jakarta has been contaminated or not based on Permenkes RI's clean water quality standard. No.416 / Menkes / per / IX / 1990. This is a descriptive study based on laboratory analyses. To determine groundwater samples in the study area, we used a sampling technique based on settlement density. The results of the study exhibited that the condition of ground water quality in the study area, according to the physical quality parameters, was odorless. Total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 489.1 mg L-1 to 298.2 mg L-1; turbidity ranged from 0.30 to 45.08 NTU. Unwelcome, temperature was 30 °C, color ranged between 4 and 13 TCU. Chemical quality of iron (Fe) ranged from 1600 MPN / 100 mL, while total bacterial coliform content was allowed at 50 MPN / 100 mL. This means that groundwater in Ciracas Urban Sub-District, Ciracas District, East Jakarta can not be used as a source of clean water.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro anti-sporocyst efficiency of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves ethanolic extracts against Sarcocystis and using it as alternative therapy for Sarcocystis in dogs. 100 g of faeces collected from experimentally-infected puppies with Sarcocystis by feeding them on 300 g meat (oesophagus and diaphragm) of sheep infected with Sarcocystis. The faeces melted into distilled water and then the sample was centrifuged. After dividing the precipitate into sixteen equal samples, a sample was randomly selected and inspected using the flotation (sugar solution) technique, then the quantity of sporocysts was calculated using a haemocytometer, which was 5000 individuals/g. Afterward, the samples were divided to 3 group each containing on five samples. Finally, 3 mL from the neem extract was added in different concentrations (250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg; C1, C2, C3 and C4 respectively) and placed in incubator at 37 ºC. The first group was inspected after 24 h, the second after 48 h, and the third after 72 h. A significant reduction was observed in the number of sporocysts in the samples treated with high concentration of neem leaves extract. The number of sporocysts become zero in the sample with the higher dose (C4; 1000 mg mL-1) at 48 h and 72 h of incubation, and also significant reduction in number was observed at 24 h. The number of sporocysts was nil after 72 h of incubation in C3 (750 mg mL-1), and much lower after 48 and 24 h. In C2 (500 mg mL-1), the quantity of sporocysts was zero after 72 h of incubation and decreased after 48 h. The minimal impact was observed in C1 (250 mg mL-1). The best antisporocyst action was observed at C4 (1000 mg mL-1). As a result, it is suggested that an ethanolic extract of neem leaf at 1000 mg mL-1 can be utilized in the in vitro therapy of Sarcocystis.

The impact of earthquakes in Aceh, Indonesia, goes beyond property damage and human casualties. The destruction caused by earthquakes has intensified environmental pollution, particularly with construction waste or debris. Construction waste and debris are a significant source of air, soil, and water pollution, releasing harmful chemicals and toxins that can cause respiratory problems, skin irritation, and other health issues. The earthquake that struck Aceh in 2004, for example, resulted in a massive amount of debris that had to be cleared. The debris disposal process not only caused environmental damage, but also resulted in significant health risks for workers involved in the cleanup. The 2018 earthquake in Lombok, Indonesia, resulted in over 50,000 buildings being damaged or destroyed, generating an estimated 1.5 million tons of debris. The web GIS-based earthquake forecasting tool developed in this study has the potential to help preventing some of these environmental issues. By providing more accurate and timely earthquake predictions, this tool can help authorities better plan for post-disaster recovery efforts, including the proper management and disposal of construction waste and debris. Additionally, this tool can assist in identifying areas where construction activity should be avoided or minimized, reducing the amount of waste generated during the construction process. The application of the fuzzy time series method in the forecasting tool can improve the accuracy of earthquake predictions, making it easier to prepare for and mitigate the environmental impact of earthquakes. Overall, the web GIS-based earthquake forecasting tool developed in this study can help reducing the negative impact of earthquakes on the environment and public health. By improving our ability to predict earthquakes, we can better prepare for their aftermath, reduce the amount of waste generated during recovery efforts, and minimize the long-term environmental impact of earthquakes in Aceh, Indonesia.

Knowledge of the anatomical features of the digestive and reproductive systems in Japanese quails makes it possible to purposefully influence their growth and development, using breeding and selection in the right direction to preserve the health of animal and increase its productivity. Japanese quail at certain stages of postembryonic ontogenesis—neonatal (daily), juvenile (30 days), puberty (60 days), and morpho-functional maturity (90 and 240 days) were used in this study. A morphometric assessment of the stomach, ovary, and testes of Japanese quails and the development of its linear index were analysed based on the obtained data. Also, a histological study at different ages was conducted. The materials included the glandular and muscular sections of the stomach, ovaries, and testes obtained from clinically healthy Japanese quails. The material was taken in the middle of a certain stage of postembryonic ontogenesis and consisted of 10 specimens for each age group. The dissected organs of Japanese quails was weighed on an electronic balance to determine the absolute weight in grams. Next, the relative weight of the organ was calculated. Additionally, venire calipers were used to measure the studied organs length and width. In addition to studying the histological structure of the stomach, ovary, and testes. The Japanese quail's stomach was characterized by an age-related staging of formation, with the glandular part growing most intensively until 30 days and the muscular part forming only at 90 days. In the case of histological study, in the glandular stomach, the submucosal layer occupied an average of 63.03% of the total surface area on the 90th day, while the muscle layer increased by 6.32%, equivalent to an increase of 1.98 times. As for the muscular stomach. The rate of development of the inner layer of the muscular stomach varied from day 1 to day 720, increasing its surface area by 10.01 ± 0. A direct correlation between avian reproductive health, ovarian and testicular mass was recorded. Quail mature sexually between four and five weeks of age. At around 6 weeks of age, females begun to lay. In the time between 60 and 150 days of age, the ovary developed most rapidly.

Giardia duodenalis is considered as one of the important common protozoa between humans and animals in the intestine, which has eight groups (A-H) in different hosts. Studies have shown that the assemblages A, B, and E can infect livestock. In this study, the prevalence and genotype of Giardia duodenalis was determined by polymerase chain reaction of ssu-rRNA gene and by performing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) on glutamate dehydrogenase gene of the parasite in water buffalo (n = 60) from Iraq. Based on the results, prevalence of G. duodenalis infection in water buffalo was estimated 25 % (n = 15), and according to age groups, higher infection group was 40% at ≤ 6 months, followed by > 6 -12 months, 1 -2 years, >2 years which showed 26.6%, 13.3% and 20.1%, respectively. The result of distribution of genotypes of G. duodenalis showed that assemblages AI and E were recorded in water buffalo isolates by 60 % and 40 %. Infection of assemblage AI was reported in buffaloes under 12 months. The present study determined that G. duodenalis is highly prevalent in water buffalo, and is involved in creating a zoonotic disease for giardiasis in Iraq. Due to the direct relationship between food and public health, as well as the influence of geographic and host conditions on the spread and pathogenicity, it is necessary to further investigate different genotypes and their common aspects between humans and livestock.

Corn's multi-functionality as food, animal feed, and industrial raw material contributes to food security. Due to the infestation of the cob borer, maize yield frequently decreases. There have been reports of Helicoverpa armigera Hubner causing crop losses globally. The implementation of an integrated pest management (IPM) strategy employs an ecological IPM concept, one of which is the development of healthy plants employing fertilizer and weeding. This study was conducted to assess the impact of fertilizer and weeding on corn cob borer (H. armigera Hubner). The study technique employed was a factorial randomized block design (RAK) with two variables. The first component, fertilization, had three levels: P0 (no fertilizer), P1 (Papua Nutrient fertilizer), and P2 (NPK fertilizer). The second aspect is weeding, which has three levels: G0 (daily weeding), G1 (weeding every 4 days), and G2 (8 days interval weeding). The results indicated that the interaction between fertilization and weeding had no significant impact on any of the observational variables. The effect of NPK fertilization on the weight parameters of fresh corn cobs with and without cobs was considerable.

In routine physiological procedures and/or pathological conditions, the living tissues produce free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS). It has been well documented that the primarily responsible mechanism for cell damage and destruction would be the lipid peroxidation conducted by ROS. It is approved that human articular chondrocytes actively lead to significant ROS production. DNA damage and telomere shortening have been known as the most important consequences of any increase in ROS production. Therefore, the current research was designed to investigate the effect of pre- and post- osteoarthritis administration of glucosamine on induced osteoarthritis in rabbits. In this experiment, 20 adult female New Zealand white rabbits with an average weight of 2.14 ± 0.45 kg were used. Visual inspection evaluated the animals to be free of any joints and muscular disorders. The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 5); Group A was ovariectomized without any treatments, while rabbits in Group B were ovariectomized, and after radiographic confirmation of OA, they were administered 75 mg kg-1 glucosamine. Rabbits in Group C were neither ovariectomized nor administered glucosamine, while rabbits in Group D were ovariectomized and administered glucosamine immediately after ovariectomy. Rabbits' gaits were scored before ovariectomy and at 4, 8, 12, 18, and 24 weeks post-ovariectomy (PO). Stifle joints radiographs and blood samples were obtained at 12, 18, and 24 weeks PO. Gait assessment score (GAS) was significantly (p < 0.05) lower in group A than in groups B, C, and D. Plasma concentration of TBARS was higher in groups A and B than in groups C and D, while plasma SOD decreased significantly (p < 0.05) between weeks 4 and 12 PO in all the groups. However, there were no significant differences in plasma concentrations of GSH, GPx, GST, tCHOL, TRIG, HDL, and LDL in all the groups. It was concluded that glucosamine inhibits lipid peroxidation; its prophylactic use has no significant advantage over its post-OA use.

Studies have been conducted to gain understandings and generic knowledge of the equilibrium aspects of adsorption of different adsorbents, SA-Bn-TiO2 NPs surfaces. Removal of two pollutants, Amoxicillin drug AMX, 4-chlorophenol (CPH) from aqueous solutions by adsorption with SA-Bn-TiO2 NPs, SA-Bn and TiO2 NPs surfaces were experimentally determined. The best results were found at pH 6.6, temperature 30 ºC, and adsorbent dosage of 0.05 g of SA-Bn-TiO2 NPs for both studying adsorption capacity and removal percentage. The morphology and structure of the SA-Bn-TiO2 NPs hydrogel beads were investigated utilizing Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) and X-ray Diffraction Spectroscopy (XRD). The best contact time for equilibrium reached one hour. It is essentially due to saturation of the active site which does not let further adsorption to take place. For the two pollutants onto hydrogel, best adsorption was found to be at pH 11, and adsorption raised by increase in the pH solution. The value negative of ∆G confirmed that the nature adsorption process is spontaneous. The value positive of ∆S confirmed the raise randomness at the solid-solution interface pending adsorption and the value positive of ∆H confirmed that adsorption process is endothermic.

In this article, the process of absorption of various hydrogels and their optimal concentration in distilled, stream, underground (drainage) water at pH 5, 7 and 9 were determined. AQUASORB from France, STOCKOSORB from Germany, Mujiza hydrogel from Uzbekistan were used in the experiment. According to the results, 12.5 g AQUASORB, 15 g  STOCKOSORB, and 60 g Mujiza were used in 1 L distilled water with a medium pH of 5 and a gel of 100% volume was formed. When the pH of the distilled water was 7, 15 g AQUASORB, 20 g STOCKOSORB, and 50 g Mujiza  were used. Distilled water was alkaline, when pH was 9 and 10 g AQUASORB, 7.5 g STOCKOSORB, and 40 g Mujiza were used. It was determined that the hydrogels' sorption amount was in different concentrations even when the water of the stream and well (drainage) were pH 5, 7 and  9, and a recommendation was given for its use.

Probiotics are feed additives that have gained popularity in poultry. They are one of the more universal feed additives and can be easily combined with other additives. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of including recommended doses of probiotics and growth-promoting antibiotics in concentrated foods on productivity and gut health in broilers. Six hundred one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks (Ross 308 strain) were used in this study. They were divided into three groups (40 chicks per group). Group T0 received balanced feed with growth stimulating antibiotic (Zinc Bacitracin), while group T1 received balanced diet (no growth stimulating antibiotic) + probiotic (Bacillus subtilis sp.; 1.6 × 109 CFU g-1) at an inclusion rate of 500 g ton-1. Group T2 was fed the basal balanced diet with a growth-stimulating antibiotic (Zinc Bacitracin) and a probiotic (Bacillus subtilis sp.). Statistical analysis and processing the material were performed using the data analysis package "MS Excel 2010" and the program "Statistics for Windows". In this study, we assessed the effect of supplementation of probiotics and acidifiers as well as their combination on broiler live body weight, net carcass, along with dressing percentage, the weight of the internal organs, relative bowel length (small intestine length, large intestine length, caecum length, and fabric bag length) and weight of broiler cuts breast. The outcomes revealed a difference between the control and other treatment groups which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The ratio of villus height to crypt depth and villus height in the duodenum and ileum were both raised (p < 0.05) by the addition of either probiotics or synbiotics.

Dadiah is a traditional food for the people of West Sumatra made from fermented buffalo milk in a bamboo container. As a fermented product, dadiah contains many lactic acid bacteria that have the potential as probiotics, including Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from dadiah payakumbuh which has the potential as a probiotic. As a probiotic, L. plantarum exhibits a number of beneficial health effects in humans and animals. It is capable of enhancing the body's immune system or as an immune-modulator. Probiotics help regulate the intestinal microflora and have immunomodulatory properties. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of L. plantarum from dadiah payakumbuh as an immune-modulator, both bio-informatically and in vitro. This study looked at the activity of L. plantarum as an immune-modulator in bioinformatics by searching for secondary metabolites by looking at the structure of the canonical and isomeric SMILE (simplified molecular-input line-entry system) in the PubChem database, as well as analyzing IgA in jejunum tissue of Norway Rat White (Rattus novernicus) given hypertension treatment using KIT ELISA. It was found that there was a predictive result of SAR Way2 Drug pass server from L. plantarum as an immune-modulator with a value of 0.47 and the IgA value in the jejunum tissue of R. novernicus. Hypertension in the rats increased compared to those who were not treated. L. plantarum from dadiah payakumbuh is able to increase the body immunity, since it produces immunomodulatory secondary metabolites.

Humans and animal bites are a significant public health problem, with the majority of bites coming from dogs, cats and humans. According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data, 250,000 human bites, 400,000 cat bites, and 4.7 million dog bites occur each year in the United States in adults and children, and 20% of these victims require medical care for injuries sustained. The estimated healthcare cost associated with management of cat and dog bites in the United States is > $ 850 million annually and does not take into account the costs to the patient in terms of time off work, rehabilitation, and permanent impairment. Infection is the most common bite-associated complication. The relative risk is determined by the species of the inflicting animal, bite location, host factors, and local wound care. Most infections bring about by mammalian bites are poly-microbial, with mixed aerobic and anaerobic species. The clinical presentation and appropriate treatment of the infected bite wounds vary according to the causative organisms. Human bite wounds have long had a bad reputation for severe infection and frequent complication. This article reviews the dog, cat and human bite. The content of this article provide a comprehensive overview of the types of bites, epidemiology, risk factors, microbiology, as well as using clinical guidelines and treatment through antibiotic therapy.

The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of technology and information systems to realize sustainable livestock development through Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) and the Internet of Things (IoT). The literature study method was used in this study to search electronic data in order to write a collection of journals, publications, books, and websites, then analyze various kinds of literature that combines, among others, coding framework, in-depth assessment, and conclusions. We used a phenomenological approach, by trying to get the widest possible data, then trying to get a deep understanding, so that it becomes a valid and convincing finding. Sources of literature information used were various data published from 2005 to 2021 using the Google search application to find information using keywords such as Precision Livestock Farming (PLF), Internet of Things (IoT), sustainable livestock, creativity, innovation, and some which were related to this study. The results of this study indicated that digital technologies such as PLF and IoT can develop sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry. Management automation in livestock business with the application of these technologies can increase the capacity of livestock production systems.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has the same sequence as SARS-CoV and has been reported with clinical symptoms similar to those of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. This study reviewed the neuro-invasive potential of SARS-CoV2 reported in various studies. We searched keywords containing COVID-19, coronavirus, respiratory infection, SARS‐CoV2, and neuro-invasive potential in PubMed, WOS, Scopus, SID, and Google scholar. The results of our study led to the achievement of articles on the study of COVID-19. This study focused on published articles from 1970 to 2021. Respiratory failure was drawn as the most prominent symptom of COVID-19, while evidence suggests that SARS-CoV2 does not exclusively affect the respiratory system and may lead to neurological disease by invading the central nervous system. SARS-CoV may also cause severe brainstem infection. Some coronaviruses (CoVs) can spread through a synaptic connection to the medullary cardiorespiratory center of mechanical and chemical receptors in the lungs and lower respiratory tract. Neuro-invasive and neurotropic tendency of SARS-CoV2 has potential to cause neuropathological issues in the patients. Since there are many similarities between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2, recognizing the link between potential SARS-CoV2 virus attack and acute respiratory failure in COVID-19 infection is critically important in preventing and treating SARS-CoV-2 respiratory failure.

Random samples were collected from the field soil and pepper fruits in different agricultural areas in order to isolate and identify the associated Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan 1889) Migula 1895. The diagnosis process was carried out based on the culture, phenotypic and biochemical characteristics. Once isolation on the nutrient agar food media, pure single or double colonies of P. putida were appeared, exhibiting the ability to grow in Maconkey medium, negative for gram dye, capable of producing yellowish green Pyouverdin dye under ultraviolet rays, characterizing by an undesirable odor. The molecular diagnosis of bacteria was confirmed by DNA secquencing analysis of the complementary DNA (cDNA) of the double-stranded dsRNA (dsRNA) RNA that forms the genome of bacteria during replication. The extraction was performed using the dsRNA dsRNA extraction method from the studied samples and the results of the sequence analysis were compared with the nucleotide database of the NCBI using BLAST. The isolates of bacteria with similar nucleotide sequences were identified and the Iraqi isolate was placed in the phylogenetic tree diagram to show the relationship between the Iraqi isolate and the global ones. Bacterial isolates were recorded in the National Center for Genetic Bank NCBI, European ENA and the Japanese Information Bank, DNA with Accession Number (s) SUB9666355 AHM MZ209185, which is the first record of P. putida on pepper in Iraq.